WO2009102259A1 - Method of increasing the burn rate, ignitability and chemical stability of an energetic fuel, and an energetic fuel - Google Patents
Method of increasing the burn rate, ignitability and chemical stability of an energetic fuel, and an energetic fuel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009102259A1 WO2009102259A1 PCT/SE2009/000085 SE2009000085W WO2009102259A1 WO 2009102259 A1 WO2009102259 A1 WO 2009102259A1 SE 2009000085 W SE2009000085 W SE 2009000085W WO 2009102259 A1 WO2009102259 A1 WO 2009102259A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- base particles
- coating
- energetic fuel
- fuel
- metal
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 23
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- -1 metal oxide hydroxide Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005569 Iron sulphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical class OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013681 dietary sucrose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxy(oxo)iron Chemical compound [O][Fe]O AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 229910000015 iron(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021506 iron(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021519 iron(III) oxide-hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003842 bromide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SYCDITZJLRZOBU-UHFFFAOYSA-K cesium zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn++].[Cs+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O SYCDITZJLRZOBU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- RAQDACVRFCEPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-L ferrous carbonate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C([O-])=O RAQDACVRFCEPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IEECXTSVVFWGSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron(3+);oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Fe+3] IEECXTSVVFWGSE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UMPKMCDVBZFQOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[K+].[Fe+3] UMPKMCDVBZFQOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/18—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component
- C06B45/30—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B33/00—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of increasing the burn rate, ignitability and chemical stability of an energetic fuel which contains particles selected among Al, Mg, B, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Si, Ca and alloys of two or more of the same.
- the invention also relates to a modified energetic fuel for use in propellant and explosive compositions.
- Solid energetic fuels in finely divided form e.g. powder, fibres or flakes
- propellants and explosives to provide increased energy.
- a drawback of energetic fuels is that as a rule they do not burn completely within the time scale in which it is desirable to utilise their energy.
- One way of improving the burn properties is to grind the metals or semimetals concerned to a very fine powder. Grinding of metals/semimetals, however, is expensive, and it is difficult in fine grinding to check the quality of the powder as to surface structure, particle size, specific surface etc.
- the explosive or propellant will be more sensitive to impact and friction the finer the powder. Additional improvements may be achieved with nanometre-sized powder, although this requires special manufacturing processes which make the energetic fuel significantly more expensive. It is therefore desirable to be able to control the burn properties of the metal/semimetal in some other way than by particle size and shape.
- Aluminium fuel requires a very high ignition temperature. This is due to the natural aluminium oxide layer on the surface of the metal, which prevents the oxidising agent used from entering into contact with the fuel.
- the advantage of an oxide layer is that it allows aluminium powder to mix with oxidisers and explosives in propellant and explosive compositions without any great risks, in spite of the fact that the element in itself is highly reactive.
- the surface of the aluminium particle usually must be heated until the oxide layer evaporates, which requires a temperature above 2000°C. Such a high temperature must also be maintained during the entire combustion process since otherwise the aluminium particle is extinguished by a new oxide layer forming.
- WO 2004/048295 and WO 2005/121055 disclose different ways of improving the burn rate and ignitability of energetic fuels by providing the individual fuel particles with a surface coating.
- use is made of a fluoride complex which, upon ignition, dissolves the oxide layer occurring naturally on aluminium fuel particles.
- the fluoride complex is applied to the surface of the aluminium fuel particles by treating the fuel with a solution of hydrofluoric acid and a fluoride salt and/or complex fluoride salt of an alkaline metal or an alkaline earth metal.
- the fluoride and/or complex fluoride salt reacts with the normal oxide layer of the particle and causes the formation of a surface layer of a fluoride complex on the fuel particle.
- use is made of an alloying material which, upon ignition, causes an exothermal alloying reaction with the base metal.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an alternative method of improving the ignitability and burn rate by means of components reacting exothermally in intimate contact with each other on each individual fuel particle.
- Another object is to provide more chemically stable fuel particles, which may be handled and used in the same way as the currently used energetic fuels and replace these in prior-art propellant and explosive compositions in order to improve the performance of the compositions.
- Base metal is defined as the metal or semimetal onto which the surface coating described below is to adhere.
- particles of a base metal are provided with a coating selected among oxide, hydroxide, oxide hydroxide or carbonate of a more noble metal than the base metal.
- the coating reacts exothermally with the base metal in the ignition of the fuel particles.
- the base metal is selected among Al, Mg, B, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Si, Ca and alloys of two or more of the same or mixed with metals outside this group.
- the coating is dimensioned so as to react with a surface portion of the base metal bringing about rapid heat generation to accelerate the ignition of the base metal.
- the continued combustion of the base metal is achieved by means of another oxidiser, which preferably may be part of the composition in which the energetic fuel is used.
- the coating preferably constitutes not more than 10% of the weight of the base particles and, most preferred, constitute from 0.5% to 5% of the weight of the base particles.
- the coating is selected among oxides, hydroxides, oxide hydroxides or carbonates of nickel, iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, lead, tin, antimony, bismuth and vanadium so that the coating metal is more noble than the base metal already selected. The exothermal reaction between the base metal and the coating starts when the fuel particle (i.e.
- coated fuel particles according to the invention can be made chemically more stable than untreated particles of the base metal. Since the entire surface of the base metal is coated by the coating material, the coating will determine the chemical appearance of the fuel particles at normal temperatures. Many of the conceivable coating materials are highly corrosion-resistant and inert materials, which make it possible to use the coated particles in compositions where the base metal would normally not be fit.
- the coating is applied to particles of the base metal by a wet-chemical method.
- the metal particles are suspended in a sufficient amount of distilled water to obtain a low- viscosity suspension, which can be vigorously agitated without difficulty.
- a concentrated solution of a soluble salt of the metal selected for coating of the base metal is added to the suspension.
- a powdered salt of the metal selected for coating may be added, but this requires checking that the added powdered salt is dissolved in the amount of water used.
- Particularly suitable salts are nitrates, perchlorates and fluoroborates of the selected coating metal. These are highly soluble and do not cause corrosion of the base metal. Chlorides and bromides are also highly soluble salts, but are less appropriate since they cause corrosion of the base metal.
- a precipitation chemical which may be a soluble carbonate or a hydroxide.
- Particularly suitable are potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate as well as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. They precipitate the coating metal as a carbonate or a hydroxide, whereby the suspension becomes highly viscous and gelatinous. Agitation is continued to enable conversion of the metal carbonate or metal hydroxide on the surface of the base metal for forming a metal oxide or metal oxide hydroxide on the surface of the base metal. An increased temperature is often required for the conversion of the metal carbonate or metal hydroxide into metal oxide or metal oxide hydroxide to take place.
- the suspension can be filtered under pressure, thereby triggering the conversion.
- the temperature for forming metal hydroxide or metal carbonate on the surface of the base metal may be from 18°C to HO 0 C depending on which metal hydroxide or metal carbonate that is to be precipitated on the surface of the base metal.
- the best way for most metals is to start at room temperature, from 18°C to 22 0 C, and then heat the solution, once the precipitation chemical has been added under agitation, until the suspension reaches the boiling point, whereupon the suspension is rapidly cooled by adding ice to the suspension to bring the temperature down to room temperature.
- the increased temperature serves to break down the gelatinous structure of the suspension, which is formed in the precipitation step, and enables the final filtering. It is also possible to work close to the boiling point right from the start, but often not all of the hydroxide or carbonate will adhere to the surface of the base metal and the outcome is instead a finely divided, loose precipitate in the suspension.
- the suspension is filtrated and the precipitate washed with clean, cold water.
- the coated metal powder is dried at room temperature to avoid corrosion and when the powder is dry it is placed in an oven at a temperature from 250 0 C to 300 0 C for at least four hours. This step ensures that the remaining hydroxides or carbonates decompose into metal oxide, that the metal oxide adheres to the surface of the base metal particles and that the remaining water rests adsorbed by the material are evaporated.
- Metal complexes with a high oxidation state in particular potassium permanganate and potassium ferrate, can be reduced to a lower oxidation state by adding a reducing agent to the suspension of base metal powder.
- the reducing agent may be aldehydes such as formaldehyde, sugar (saccharose), glucose, sulphites, dithionites.
- the amount of reducing agent is calculated to be just enough to reduce the metal complex to metal oxide and form a coating on the surface of the base particle.
- Fig. 1 shows TG analysis curves for weight increase as a function of temperature for a. untreated aluminium powder; b. aluminium powder with an iron oxide coating; c. aluminium powder with a nickel oxide coating; and d. aluminium powder with a manganese oxide coating.
- Fig. 2 shows DSC analysis curves for heating capacity as a function of temperature for a. aluminium powder with an iron oxide coating; b. aluminium powder with a nickel oxide coating; and c. aluminium powder with a manganese oxide coating.
- thermogravimetric (TG) analysis The rate at which the coated fuel particles were reacted with air was measured by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and compared with untreated fuel particles of the same particle size and particle shape, see Fig. 1.
- the heating capacity of the coated fuel particles was measured by calorimetric (DSC) analysis, see Fig. 2.
- a sample quantity of (1.8 ⁇ 0.05) mg was placed in an aluminium oxide pot and measured in a thermobalance in a dry air gas flow, 70 ml/min, at a heating rate of 207min in the range of 100-1200°C.
- the weight increase and the heating capacity, respectively, owing to oxidation were registered as a function of the temperature to 1200 0 C and this temperature was then kept constant for another 15 minutes in order to complete the oxidation of the sample to a stationary level. These data are used as a base for the following assessments of how much quicker the coated powder burns as compared with untreated aluminium powder.
- Example 1 Coating of Base Metal Particles of AL Mg. B. Ti. Zr, Hf, Be, Si, Ca with Iron Oxide Hydroxide, Iron Oxide, Iron Hydroxide or Iron Carbonate
- the base metal powder is suspended in clean water, which has been made slightly basic.
- the pH is above 8 but below 10.
- the temperature may be from 0°C to 100°C.
- the preferred temperature is from 10 0 C to 60 0 C and the most preferred temperature is from 20 0 C to 40 0 C.
- Iron(III) sulphate in powder form or iron(II) sulphate in powder form is added to the water.
- the amount of iron sulphate may be from 0.01 mole % to 10 mole % of the amount of base metal.
- from 0.1 mole % to 5 mole % of iron sulphate is used, most preferred from 0.5 mole % to 2 mole % of iron sulphate.
- the amount of hydroxide or, alternatively, carbonate is selected so as to be sufficient for precipitating all the added iron ions as oxide hydroxide, FeO(OH), or carbonate, Fe 2 (COs) 3 , if iron(III) sulphate is used, and as hydroxide, Fe(OH) 2 , or carbonate, FeCO 3 , if iron(II) sulphate is used.
- the alkaline hydroxide solution or carbonate solution is added at a low rate under smooth agitation so that a coating of FeO(OH), Fe(OH) 2 , Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 or FeCO 3 is applied to the surface of the base metal particles.
- the powder is then filtered off and dried at room temperature, whereupon the coated fuel particles are dried in an oven at a temperature from 200°C to 300°C for at least four hours in order to convert the coating into FeO and Fe 2 O 3 , respectively.
- Aluminium powder treated in this way burns 5-10 times quicker than untreated powder of the same particle size and particle shape.
- the coating method is the same as in Example 1 but instead nickel(II) sulphate is added to the suspension. A coating OfNi(OH) 2 and NiCO 3 , respectively, is applied to the surface of the base metal particles. After filtering and drying at room temperature and in an oven, a coating of NiO is obtained on the base metal particles.
- Aluminium powder treated in this way burns 10-20 times quicker than untreated powder of the same particle size and particle shape.
- Aluminium powder (Carlfors Bruk AlOO, 50-100 ⁇ m) is suspended in clean water, which has been made slightly basic.
- the pH is above 8 but below 10.
- the temperature may be from 0°C to 100°C.
- a preferred suitable temperature is from 1O 0 C to 60°C and the most preferred temperature is from 2O 0 C to 4O 0 C.
- a concentrated solution of potassium permanganate, KMnO 4 is added to the water.
- the amount of potassium permanganate may be from 0.01 mole % to 10 mole % of the amount of base metal.
- a solution of a reducing agent is then added under agitation, which reducing agent may be any arbitrarily selected compound, which is oxidised by permanganate.
- reducing agent may be any arbitrarily selected compound, which is oxidised by permanganate.
- ordinary sugar sacharose
- aldehydes such as formaldehyde and sulphites are used.
- the amount of reducing agent is selected to be just enough to reduce the permanganate ions to manganese oxide, MnO 2 .
- the manganese oxide is precipitated in colloidal form and forms a coating on the surface of the base metal particles.
- Aluminium powder treated in this manner burns 50-100 times quicker than untreated powder of the same particle size and particle shape.
- Aluminium powder coated with manganese oxide exhibits an increased heating capacity, i.e. an activation of the powder, at the melting point of pure aluminium (660°C) according to Fig. 2.
- an increased heating capacity with a powder of pure aluminium at the same temperature the particles must be of nanometre size (Jones et al., Thermal Characterisation of Passivated Nanometer Size Aluminium Powders. J. Therm. Anal. CaL, 61 (200) 805-818).
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
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Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09709548.3A EP2247557A4 (en) | 2008-02-14 | 2009-02-13 | Method of increasing the burn rate, ignitability and chemical stability of an energetic fuel, and an energetic fuel |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE0800328A SE532026C2 (sv) | 2008-02-14 | 2008-02-14 | Sätt att öka brinnhastighet, antändbarhet och kemisk stabilitet hos ett energetiskt bränsle samt energetiskt bränsle |
| SE0800328-7 | 2008-02-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2009102259A1 true WO2009102259A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2009/000085 WO2009102259A1 (en) | 2008-02-14 | 2009-02-13 | Method of increasing the burn rate, ignitability and chemical stability of an energetic fuel, and an energetic fuel |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2247557A4 (sv) |
| SE (1) | SE532026C2 (sv) |
| WO (1) | WO2009102259A1 (sv) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017064711A1 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-20 | Newrocket Ltd. | Hypergolic system |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3976521A (en) * | 1974-11-20 | 1976-08-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Method of coating boron particles with ammonium perchlorate |
| WO2005121055A1 (en) * | 2004-06-08 | 2005-12-22 | Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut | Modified metal powder and method of increasing the bum rate and ignitability of a metal powder fuel |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3381473A (en) * | 1964-06-22 | 1968-05-07 | United Aircraft Corp | High energy fuel systems |
| US3474732A (en) * | 1968-10-02 | 1969-10-28 | Dow Chemical Co | Layered magnesium containing structure |
| US4877649A (en) * | 1987-09-08 | 1989-10-31 | United Technologies Corporation | Coating of boron particles |
| DE10020363A1 (de) * | 2000-04-26 | 2001-10-31 | Kunkel Klaus | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Antriebes |
| EP1335889B1 (en) * | 2000-10-26 | 2007-04-25 | SMG Technologies Africa (PTY) Ltd | Metal and metal oxide granules and forming process |
| WO2006093519A2 (en) * | 2004-07-01 | 2006-09-08 | Advanced Ceramics Research, Inc. | Compositions for preparing materials having controlled reactivity |
-
2008
- 2008-02-14 SE SE0800328A patent/SE532026C2/sv unknown
-
2009
- 2009-02-13 WO PCT/SE2009/000085 patent/WO2009102259A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-02-13 EP EP09709548.3A patent/EP2247557A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3976521A (en) * | 1974-11-20 | 1976-08-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Method of coating boron particles with ammonium perchlorate |
| WO2005121055A1 (en) * | 2004-06-08 | 2005-12-22 | Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut | Modified metal powder and method of increasing the bum rate and ignitability of a metal powder fuel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of EP2247557A4 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017064711A1 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-20 | Newrocket Ltd. | Hypergolic system |
| EP3362538A4 (en) * | 2015-10-13 | 2019-06-26 | Newrocket Ltd. | HYPERGOLIC SYSTEM |
| US11242295B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2022-02-08 | Newrocket Ltd. | Hypergolic system |
| US11572320B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2023-02-07 | Newrocket Ltd. | Hypergolic system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE0800328L (sv) | 2009-08-15 |
| SE532026C2 (sv) | 2009-10-06 |
| EP2247557A1 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
| EP2247557A4 (en) | 2017-01-18 |
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