Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
  • H10K10/20—Organic diodes
  • H10K10/26—Diodes comprising organic-organic junctions
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
  • H10K10/701—Organic molecular electronic devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
  • H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
  • H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
  • H10K10/40—Organic transistors
  • H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
  • H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

• Electronic rectifiers restrict current flow in certain directions, and are essential components in electronic devices. Rectification occurs when electrons transfer more favorably in one direction than another. This may occur in a number of physical structures, such as p-n junctions, charge transfer complexes, or Schottky diodes. Rectification is critical for electronic memory and crossbar structures to limit stray currents. With the push for smaller electronic devices, nanoscale rectifiers have become more important. The ultimate limit is a molecular rectifier, formed by a single molecule or molecular layer which could be sandwiched between two electrodes. Requirements for rectifiers include high on-off ratio, thermal as well as electrical stability, and consistent turn-on voltage.
• a molecular rectifier comprised of a diamondoid molecule and an electron acceptor attached to the diamondoid molecule.
• the electron acceptor is generally an electron accepting aromatic species which is covalently attached to the diamondoid. Depending upon the particular diamondoid, these molecules may act as rectifiers, resistors, p-n junctions, or a combination thereof.
• the diamondoid molecule fulfills the role of an electron donor, and by combining the diamondoid molecule with an electron acceptor, and most notably an aromatic electron acceptor, rectification at the molecular level can be achieved.
• the chemistry in preparing the molecules is flexible, allowing tuning of the specific behavior.
• the use of diamondoids permits the realization of a practical rectifying junction at the molecular level, and its application in diodes, basic transistors, light-emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.
• the figure graphically depicts the tunneling current observed for a p-n junction comprised of a diamondoid molecule.
• Diamondoids are one example of an electron donor molecular material that has excellent electronic properties. Diamond itself has one of the highest hole mobilities measured. Diamondoids are also believed to have exceptional properties. Diamondoids have proven to be effective electron emitters as they display a negative electron affinity.
• a molecular rectifier or p-n junction may be formed.
• N-type materials as anything that can serve as an electron acceptor (or electron-withdrawing group) when in contact with the diamondoid, such materials include but are not limited to Ceo.
• diamondoids refers to substituted and unsubstituted cage compounds of the adamantane series including adamantane, diamantane, triamantane, tetramantanes, pentamantanes, hexamantanes, heptamantanes, octamantanes, nonamantanes, decamantanes, undecamantanes, and the like, including all isomers and stereoisomers thereof.
• the compounds have a "diamondoid" topology, which means their carbon atom arrangement is superimposable on a fragment of a FCC diamond lattice.
• Substituted diamondoids typically comprise from 1 to 10, and more preferably from 1 to 4 independently- selected alkyl substituents.
• Diamondoids include “lower diamondoids” and “higher diamondoids,” as these terms are defined herein, as well as mixtures of any combination of lower and higher diamondoids.
• lower diamondoids refers to adamantane, diamantane and triamantane and any and/or all unsubstituted and substituted derivatives of adamantane, diamantane and triamantane. These lower diamondoid components show no isomers or chirality and are readily synthesized, distinguishing them from “higher diamondoids.”
• higher diamondoids refers to any and/or all substituted and unsubstituted tetramantane components; to any and/or all substituted and unsubstituted pentamantane components; to any and/or all substituted and unsubstituted hexamantane components; to any and/or all substituted and unsubstituted heptamantane components; to any and/or all substituted and unsubsitiuted nonamantane components; to any and/or all substituted and unsubstituted decamantane components; to any and or all substituted and undecamantane components; as well as mixtures of the above and isomers and stereoisomers of tetramantane, pentamantane, hexamantane, heptamantane, octamantane, nonamantane, decamantane, and undecamantane.
• Adamantane chemistry has been reviewed by Fort, Jr. et al. in "Adamantane: Consequences of the Diamondoid Structure," Chem. Rev. vol. 64, pp. 277-300 (1964). Adamantane is the smallest member of the diamondoid series and may be thought of as a single cage crystalline subunit. Diamantane contains two subunits, triamantane three, tetramantane four, and so on.
• the number of possible isomers increases non-linearly with each higher member of the diamondoid series, pentamantane, hexamantane, heptamantane, octamantane, nonamantane, decamantane, etc.
• Adamantane which is commercially available, has been studied extensively.
• the four tetramantane structures are iso-tetramantane [1 (2)3], anti- tetramantane [121], and two enantiomers of skew-tetramantane [123], with the bracketed nomenclature for these diamondoids in accordance with a convention established by Balaban et al. in "Systematic Classification and Nomenclature of Diamond Hydrocarbons-I," Tetrahedron vol. 34, pp. 3599-3606 (1978). All four tetramantanes have the formula C 22 H 28 (molecular weight 292).
• pentamantanes nine having the molecular formula C 26 H 32 (molecular weight 344) and among these nine there are three pairs of enantiomers represented generally by [12(1 )3)], [1234], [1213] with the nine enantiomeric pentamantanes represented by [12(3)4], [1212].
• pentamantane [1231] represented by the molecular formula C 25 H 30 (molecular weight 330).
• Octamantanes possess eight of the adamantane subunits and exist with five different molecular weights. Among the octamantanes, 18 have the molecular formula C 43 H 3S (molecular weight 446). Octamantanes also have the molecular formula C 38 H 44 (molecular weight 500); C 37 H 42 (molecular weight 486); C 36 H 40 (molecular weight 472), and C 33 H 36 (molecular weight 432).
• Nonamantanes exist within six families of different molecular weights having the following molecular formulas; C 42 H 48 (molecular weight 552), C 4 iH 46 (molecular weight 538), C 40 H 44 (molecular weight 524), C 38 H 42 (molecular weight 498), C 37 H 40 (molecular weight 484) and C 34 H 36 (molecular weight 444).
• Decamantane exists within families of seven different molecular weights. Among the decamantanes, there is a single decamantane having the molecular formula C 35 H 36 (molecular weight 456) which is structurally compact in relation to the other decamantanes. The other decamantane families have the molecular formulas: C 46 H 52 (molecular weight 604); C 45 H 50 (molecular weight 590); C 44 H 48 (molecular weight 576); C 42 H 46 (molecular weight 550); C 4 -
• undecamantanes there are two undecamantanes having the molecular formula C 39 H 40 (molecular weight 508) which are structurally compact in relation to the undecamantanes.
• the other undecamantane families have the molecular formulas C 4 iH 42 (molecular weight 534); C 42 H 44 (molecular weight 548); C 45 H 48 (molecular weight 588); C 46 H 50 (molecular weight 602); C 48 H 52 (molecular weight 628); C 49 H 54 (molecular weight 642); and C 50 H 56 (molecular weight 656).
• the diamondoid p-n or rectifier junction may be created by chemical functionalization of the diamondoid, or by simple physical contact, for instance by depositing an n-type conductive layer on top of the diamondoid.
• the molecule p-n junction comprises a diamondoid molecule and a molecular or chemical functionality covalently attached to the diamondoid molecule.
• the chemical functionality covalently attached generally functions as an electron acceptor.
• the diamondoid molecule is selected from the group of higher diamondoids, lower diamondoids, functional ized diamondoids and heterodiamondoids. In another embodiment the diamondoid molecule is adamantane, diamantane, triamantane or tetramantane.
• a functionalized molecule is used, in one embodiment the diamondoid is functionalized with an -SH, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , vinyl, butadienyl, or alkynyl group, or other similar functional moieties. These groups, particularly the third functionality, provide for a well defined attachment point for the diamondoid itself to guarantee proper orientation for a rectifier or p-n junction operation.
• the molecule or chemical functionality which generally functions as an electron acceptor is generally an electron accepting aromatic species, such as, but not limited to a conducting polymer, -NO2, -CN, halogens, i.e., F, Cl, Br, and I, alkenes, alkynes and the like.
• the electron acceptor covalently attached is a fullerene, carbon nanotube or functionalized variations thereof; as well as polyacenes, graphenes, polyaromatics, polyheteroaromatics and substituted variations thereof.
• the fullerene is preferably a C 6 o molecule.
• connecting groups In connecting the electron acceptor to the diamondoid, a number of connecting groups can be used.
• suitable connecting groups are a cyclohexene connector, an azomethine connector, a cyclopropane connector, (e.g. Bingel coupling) and the like, as well as variations/combinations thereof.
• the method generally used in making the molecule p-n junction involves first chemically modifying a diamondoid derivative with a diene functionality. The modified diamondoid is then reacted with an electron acceptor to yield a molecular rectifier junction as a Diels - Alder adduct.
• the diene functionality used determines the particular connecting group that results.
• the electron acceptor aromatic species is a fullerene molecule, and specifically a Ceo-
• One application may be for splitting excitons within solar cells, though any application where conventional rectifier or p-n-junctions are used may also benefit from the present junctions comprising diamondoids.
• LEDs light emitting diodes
• holes and electrons are injected into the p- and n- type materials, respectively. They recombine within the depletion region, emitting light equal to the difference in energy between the two carriers in the materials.
• the specific emission wavelength can be tuned by adding functional groups to the p- and n-type molecular units to increase or decrease the energy between the two. This allows rational design of multicolor LED elements based upon the same starting material, which will reduce the difficulty of integrating different materials into one device element.
• These devices can be made by orienting a monolayer of the diamondoid- electron acceptor conjugate on an electrode such that the molecules are pointing the same way, or by random mixtures of the molecule. In this case the two components locally phase separate giving p- or n- type percolation paths through the material. Unlike conventional LED's based on opaque semiconductors, the ultra-thin and relatively transparent diamondoids would allow light to pass through the device itself. This allows large-area illumination, similar to organic LEDs (OLEDs), which is ideal for illumination or display technologies.
• OLEDs organic LEDs
• any electron acceptor can be connected with a diamondoid to operate as a rectifier or p-n-junction.
• the attachment points for the organic diodes are either on the side of the fullerene (potentially complicated because of many stereoisomers) or on the side of the diamondoid (much more feasible). Accordingly, in some embodiments, substitution of the diamondoid with functional groups such as -SH, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , vinyl, butadienyl or alkynyl groups are therefore preferred.
• any aromatic electron-acceptor will be useful for molecular p-n junctions (Scheme 2, below). This includes polyacenes, graphenes, polyaromatics, polyhetereoaromatics, substituted polyheteroaromatics and the like.
• connection of the diamondoid to aromatics can be made readily through bromination of the diamondoid and Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
• Alternative synthetic approaches include Pd-catalyzed coupling.
• a cyclohexene derivative can be used as the connector for the sake of using a thermal [4+2] Diels-Alder reaction utilizing the underivatized fullerene and a 2-diamondoidyl substituted 1 ,3-butadiene (for available dienes and their synthesis see Scheme 3, below).
• a thermal [4+2] Diels-Alder reaction utilizing the underivatized fullerene and a 2-diamondoidyl substituted 1 ,3-butadiene (for available dienes and their synthesis see Scheme 3, below).
• the reaction is thermally reversible, other connectors can be used.

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• 2009
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