WO2009081585A1 - 半導体受光素子 - Google Patents
半導体受光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009081585A1 WO2009081585A1 PCT/JP2008/003949 JP2008003949W WO2009081585A1 WO 2009081585 A1 WO2009081585 A1 WO 2009081585A1 JP 2008003949 W JP2008003949 W JP 2008003949W WO 2009081585 A1 WO2009081585 A1 WO 2009081585A1
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- Prior art keywords
- receiving element
- semiconductor light
- protective film
- light receiving
- mesa
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 143
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 claims description 18
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- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/102—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier
- H01L31/107—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor light receiving element.
- semiconductor light-receiving elements having a wavelength band of 1 to 1.6 ⁇ m include a PIN photodiode made of a compound semiconductor (hereinafter referred to as PIN-PD) (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2) and an avalanche photodiode (hereinafter referred to as “PIN-PD”). (Referred to as non-patent document 3 and patent document 1).
- a semiconductor light-receiving element having a planar structure or a pseudo-planar structure has a structure in which, for example, an APD multiplication layer to which a high electric field is applied or a semiconductor layer such as a light absorption layer in which a tunnel current easily occurs due to a narrow gap is not exposed. For this reason, it is advantageous in terms of high reliability as compared with a semiconductor light receiving element having a mesa structure.
- planar type semiconductor light receiving element it is indispensable to form a guard ring by ion implantation or the like in order to suppress edge multiplication in the peripheral region of the light receiving part.
- the planar type semiconductor light-receiving element generally has a limited degree of freedom in structural design, and the manufacturing method tends to be complicated. As a result, there are problems such as ease of manufacturing, cost reduction, and difficulty in improving device characteristics, which are important in practical use.
- a semiconductor light-receiving element having a mesa structure has a light-receiving region formed by etching, so that the manufacturing process is easy and the cost is reduced.
- the pn junction portion is formed by an epi growth process, the device characteristics can be easily controlled, and the degree of freedom in structural design is higher than that of a planar type semiconductor light receiving device.
- the ion implantation process and the diffusion process are not required, the element characteristics and the reproducibility of the manufacturing process are high.
- a semiconductor light-receiving element having a mesa structure for example, as in the APD shown in FIG.
- the multiplication layer 703, the light absorption layer 705, and the like are formed on the side wall of the light-receiving region having the mesa structure (hereinafter referred to as the mesa side wall). Since the side surfaces of the semiconductor layers 703 to 707 are exposed, it is necessary to form a protective film 711 covering these exposed portions. Conventionally, a method in which such a protective film 711 is formed of an organic compound insulating film such as a polyimide resin film or a benzocyclobutene resin film or an inorganic compound insulating film such as a silicon nitride film or a silicon oxide film is known. ing. In FIG.
- reference numeral 712 is an AR (antireflection) coat
- 701 is a substrate
- 702 is a buffer layer
- 704 is an electric field relaxation layer
- 706 is a cap layer
- 707 is a contact layer
- 708 and 709 are An electrode is shown.
- the mesa structure is used that allows easy control of element characteristics and excellent reproducibility. Is effective.
- a technique for protecting the exposed semiconductor portion of the mesa side wall is essential.
- a semiconductor light-receiving element made of a compound semiconductor has the following problems with respect to a protective film covering a mesa side wall, and this causes problems in terms of element characteristics and reliability.
- the mesa-type semiconductor light-receiving element in which a protective film is formed of an organic compound-based insulating film can be applied with film forming means such as a spin coating method.
- film forming means such as a spin coating method.
- the organic compound insulating film has insufficient chemical resistance, solvent resistance, moisture absorption resistance, and the like, and thus has a problem that element characteristics and reliability are lowered.
- a mesa-type semiconductor light-receiving element in which a protective film is formed of an inorganic compound-based insulating film has a semiconductor surface exposed on the mesa side wall, and further, the interface between the semiconductor surface and the protective film is a film forming condition for the protective film. It is easily affected by film quality and its stability.
- a protective film 711 made of a nitride film is formed. Hydrogen radicals generated in the film formation step are taken into the semiconductor layer (light absorption layer 705, multiplication layer 703, electric field relaxation layer 704, etc.) surface on the mesa side wall or the interface between the semiconductor layer surface and the protective film 711.
- leakage current is generated at the semiconductor layer surface and at the interface between the semiconductor layer surface and the protective film 711, and the carrier concentration in the semiconductor layer is reduced.
- the PIN-PD in FIG. 10 is obtained by forming an n-type buffer layer 802, an i-type layer 803, a p-type layer 804, and a p-type contact layer 805 on an n-type substrate 801.
- Reference numerals 806 and 807 denote electrodes
- reference numeral 809 denotes a protective film.
- Reference numeral 810 denotes an AR coat. The generation of leakage current and the like causes deterioration of reliability, device characteristics, and the like, so that control of hydrogen radicals is an important issue when applied to a protective film having a mesa structure.
- the present invention provides a semiconductor light-receiving element that can prevent deterioration in reliability and element characteristics, and that does not complicate the manufacturing process.
- a semiconductor light receiving element including a semiconductor substrate and a semiconductor layer including a light absorption layer stacked on the semiconductor substrate, wherein at least the semiconductor layer including the light absorption layer has a mesa structure.
- a protective film covering the side wall is provided on the side wall of the mesa, the protective film is a silicon nitride film containing hydrogen, and the hydrogen concentration of one surface of the protective film on the side of the mesa side wall is A semiconductor light receiving element having a lower hydrogen concentration than the other surface of the protective film on the side opposite to the mesa side wall is provided.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a semiconductor light receiving element that can prevent deterioration in reliability and deterioration of element characteristics and that does not complicate the manufacturing process.
- the semiconductor light receiving element 1 includes a semiconductor substrate 101 and a semiconductor layer including a light absorption layer 105 stacked on the semiconductor substrate 101.
- the semiconductor layer including at least the light absorption layer 105 of the semiconductor light receiving element 1 has a mesa structure, and a protective film 113 covering the side wall is provided on the side wall of the mesa.
- the protective film 113 is a silicon nitride film containing hydrogen, and the hydrogen concentration (hydrogen atom concentration) on one side of the mesa side wall of the protective film 113 is hydrogen on the other side of the protective film 113 opposite to the mesa side wall side. Lower than the concentration (hydrogen atom concentration).
- the semiconductor light receiving element 1 is a surface incident type mesa APD.
- a p-type InAlAs cap layer 106 and a p-type InGaAs contact layer 107 are sequentially stacked.
- the light receiving region 110 is formed by forming a mesa structure by wet etching or dry etching.
- An AR coat 114 is provided on the back surface of the substrate 101.
- the side wall of the mesa that is the light receiving region 110 is covered with a protective film 113 composed of a plurality of layers.
- the side wall of the mesa is covered with a protective film 113 having a two-layer structure including a first silicon nitride film 111 and a second silicon nitride film 112 formed on the first silicon nitride film 111. Yes.
- the first silicon nitride film 111 is in direct contact with the side wall of the mesa.
- the hydrogen concentration in the first silicon nitride film 111 is lower than the hydrogen concentration in the second silicon nitride film 112 as the outermost layer.
- the hydrogen concentration in the first silicon nitride film 111 is 5 ⁇ 10 21 (atoms / cm 3 ) or more and 1 ⁇ 10 22 (atoms / cm 3 ) or less
- the second silicon nitride film The hydrogen concentration of 112 is preferably not less than 2 times and not more than 10 times the hydrogen concentration in the first silicon nitride film 111.
- the first silicon nitride film 111 is formed by, for example, a plasma CVD method using SiH 4 gas as a silicon supply source and N 2 gas or NH 3 gas or both as a nitrogen (N) supply source. Is. With this combination of source gases, the number of H atoms involved in film formation can be reduced, and generation of hydrogen radicals can be easily suppressed. Even when NH 3 gas is used as the nitrogen (N) supply source, the gas composition during film formation (for example, changing the amount of dilution gas such as Ar gas to adjust the decomposition efficiency of the source gas), pressure A film equivalent to that when only N 2 gas is used by setting conditions such as RF power can be formed.
- the second silicon nitride film 112 is formed directly on the first silicon nitride film 111.
- the second silicon nitride film 112 is formed, for example, by plasma CVD using SiH 4 gas as a silicon supply source and NH 3 gas as a nitrogen (N) supply source.
- the hydrogen atom concentration contained in the second silicon nitride film 112 is higher than the hydrogen atom concentration in the first silicon nitride film 111 by setting conditions such as gas composition, pressure, and RF power during film formation.
- the nitrogen supply source of the second silicon nitride film 112 it is preferable to use a material having a higher hydrogen atom content than the nitrogen supply source of the first silicon nitride film 111.
- the thickness of the protective film 113 is preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the first silicon nitride film 111 is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- the second silicon nitride film 112 is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- n-type electrode 108 and a p-type electrode 109 are formed on the n-type InP buffer layer 102 and the p-type InGaAs contact layer 107, respectively.
- the hydrogen concentration on one surface of the protective film 113 on the mesa side wall side is lower than the hydrogen concentration on the other surface of the protective film 113 opposite to the mesa side wall side.
- the hydrogen concentration on one surface of the protective film 113 on the side of the mesa side wall By reducing the hydrogen concentration on one surface of the protective film 113 on the side of the mesa side wall, deterioration of device characteristics and device lifetime due to hydrogen radicals is suppressed.
- by increasing the hydrogen concentration on the other surface of the protective film 113 opposite to the mesa side wall intrusion of moisture and the like, and deterioration of element characteristics and element lifetime due to oxidation are suppressed. As shown in FIG.
- each semiconductor layer of the type InGaAs contact layer 107 is exposed. Therefore, when forming a silicon nitride film to be the protective film 113 after the mesa structure is formed, the semiconductor surface on the side wall of the mesa is exposed to the material gas atmosphere and plasma.
- the carrier concentration in the relaxation layer 104 is reduced, and leakage current is generated at the interface between the semiconductor layer and the first silicon nitride film 111.
- the carrier concentration of the InAlAs multiplication layer 103 and the p-type InAlAs electric field relaxation layer 104 is a parameter that requires strict control in the operation principle of APD.
- the InGaAs light absorption layer 105 has a small band gap (0.75 eV) and easily generates a tunnel current. Therefore, a leak current at the interface with the silicon nitride film is also easily generated. Susceptible to radicals.
- the first silicon nitride film 111 that starts film formation with the semiconductor layer on the mesa sidewall exposed is formed on the second silicon nitride film 112 so that the generation of hydrogen radicals during film formation is reduced.
- the silicon nitride film having a lower hydrogen concentration in the film the deterioration of the device characteristics and the device life due to the silicon nitride film formation is suppressed.
- the semiconductor light-receiving element 1 composed of a semiconductor layer composed of a III-V group semiconductor, it is particularly susceptible to hydrogen radicals, and therefore it is particularly preferable to provide the first silicon nitride film 111 having a low hydrogen concentration. Useful.
- the first silicon nitride film 111 has few hydrogen atoms in the film, there are many unbonded bonds, and the film has poor denseness.
- the protective film 711 of the mesa structure APD having the light absorption layer 705 and the multiplication layer 703 is formed by the silicon nitride film alone having a low hydrogen concentration in the film, the environment Oxidation and moisture intrusion from the film surface exposed to the atmosphere is likely to occur, and device characteristics and reliability are reduced due to other than hydrogen radicals.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the hydrogen concentration in the protective film, which is a silicon nitride film, and the element lifetime of the mesa-type PIN-PD.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a change with time of dark current due to high-temperature energization of the semiconductor light receiving element.
- the vertical axis in FIG. 7 indicates the increase rate of the dark current of the element, and the larger the numerical value, the more deteriorated.
- a device having a low hydrogen concentration in the film has a long device life, but its resistance to humidification is reduced.
- An element with a high hydrogen concentration has a short element life but high humidity resistance.
- the silicon nitride film 112 has a high hydrogen concentration on the first silicon nitride film 111 (preferably 2 to 10 times the hydrogen concentration of the first silicon nitride film 111). Is forming.
- the second silicon nitride film 112 having such a high hydrogen concentration is dense and has few unbonded bonds. For this reason, the movement of molecules or atoms such as water and oxygen through the unbonded bond is unlikely to occur, and water immersion and oxidation from the film surface are suppressed.
- decomposition / deterioration due to water immersion at the interface between the InP layer and the silicon nitride film has been reported. It is particularly important in terms of reliability to prevent moisture from entering.
- the hydrogen concentration is set to 5 ⁇ 10 21 to 1 ⁇ 10 22 [atoms / cm 3 ]. This is because when the silicon nitride film is used as the protective film on the mesa side wall, the lifetime of the light receiving element is likely to be shortened at the hydrogen concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 22 [atoms / cm 3 ].
- the silicon nitride film has a low density. In this case, the original effect of the protective film covering the mesa side surface may be reduced and the device characteristics may be deteriorated. Therefore, even if the film has a low hydrogen concentration, 5 ⁇ 10 21 to 1 ⁇ 10 22 The range of [atoms / cm 3 ] is preferably maintained.
- the hydrogen concentration of the second silicon nitride film 112 is preferably 2 to 10 times the hydrogen concentration of the first silicon nitride film 111. There is an effect that the humidification resistance can be improved by setting the hydrogen concentration of the second silicon nitride film 112 to at least twice the hydrogen concentration of the first silicon nitride film 111. In addition, by setting the hydrogen concentration of the second silicon nitride film 112 to 10 times or less the hydrogen concentration of the first silicon nitride film 111, cracks due to an extreme film stress difference with the first silicon nitride film 111 are caused. This has the effect of suppressing the occurrence and peeling of the film.
- the semiconductor layer is formed of a compound semiconductor such as InP, InGaAs, or InAlAs, and has a lower hardness than Si or the like, and is easily affected by the stress of the protective film.
- a protective film is formed with a silicon nitride film having a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m on the mesa side wall of the mesa APD, a leakage current is generated at the interface between the semiconductor and the protective film due to stress due to the stress of the protective film. There is a possibility that the characteristics and device life may deteriorate.
- an extremely thin film having a protective film thickness of less than 0.1 ⁇ m may reduce the protection against the intrusion of water and oxygen from the surface of the protective film.
- the total thickness of each silicon nitride film is preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less as a film thickness that does not cause deterioration of element characteristics and element life due to stress of the protective film, and is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more. It is preferable that
- the protective film 113 of the present embodiment is made of a silicon nitride film, it can be formed by plasma CVD, and the manufacturing process of the semiconductor light receiving element 1 is not complicated. By mounting the semiconductor light receiving element 1 on a device such as optical communication, optical information processing, or optical measurement, high performance of the device can be obtained.
- the structure of the protective film 214 is different from the protective film of the semiconductor light receiving element 1 of the above embodiment.
- Other points are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the side wall of the mesa portion that is the light receiving region 110 is formed on the intermediate protective film 212 and the intermediate protective film 212 made of the silicon nitride film 211 and one or more silicon nitride films formed on the silicon nitride film 211.
- the outermost surface silicon nitride film 213 is covered with a multilayer protective film 214 having three or more layers.
- the silicon nitride film 211 can be manufactured by the same method as the first silicon nitride film 111 of the first embodiment.
- the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 211 is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 21 (atoms / cm 3 ) or more and 1 ⁇ 10 22 (atoms / cm 3 ) or less.
- the thickness of the silicon nitride film 211 is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 0.5 ⁇ m or less, for example.
- the silicon nitride film 211 is in direct contact with the side wall of the mesa.
- the outermost silicon nitride film 213 has a high hydrogen concentration (preferably 2 to 10 times the hydrogen concentration in the silicon nitride film 211).
- This silicon nitride film 213 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing method as the silicon nitride film 112 of the first embodiment.
- the silicon nitride film 213 is preferably not less than 0.1 ⁇ m and not more than 0.5 ⁇ m, for example.
- the intermediate protective film 212 may be a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the hydrogen concentration of the intermediate protective film 212 is not particularly limited, and may be equal to or higher than the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 211, and may be equal to or higher than the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 213. For example, if the hydrogen concentration of the intermediate protective film 212 exceeds the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 211 and less than the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 213, the water resistance and oxidation resistance can be improved.
- the hydrogen concentration of the intermediate protective film 212 is less than the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 213, when the silicon nitride film 213 having a thickness including the intermediate protective film 212 is formed (the region of the intermediate protective film 212 is silicon nitrided). The increase in film stress can be suppressed as compared with the film 213).
- the hydrogen concentration of the intermediate protective film 212 is equal to or higher than the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 213, the water resistance and oxidation resistance can be improved with certainty. In this case, the thickness of the intermediate protective film 212 may be adjusted as appropriate according to the film stress.
- the hydrogen concentration of the intermediate protective film 212 is less than the hydrogen concentration of the silicon nitride film 211, a film having a very small film stress is formed.
- the thickness of the protective film 214 is preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, as in the above embodiment. According to the second embodiment as described above, the same effects as those of the first embodiment can be obtained.
- FIG. 3 A third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- the structure of the protective film 311 is different from the protective film 113 of the semiconductor light receiving element 1 of the above embodiment.
- Other points are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the side wall of the mesa portion that is the light receiving region 110 is formed from a single silicon nitride film 311 in which the hydrogen concentration in the film changes from a low concentration to a high concentration continuously or stepwise from the surface on the mesa side to the outermost surface. It is covered with a protective film.
- the silicon nitride film 311 is deposited by a plasma CVD method using both nitrogen (N) NH 3 gas supply source or the N 2 gas and NH 3 gas, the gas flow rate during deposition, pressure, feedstock
- N nitrogen
- NH 3 gas supply source or the N 2 gas and NH 3 gas
- the hydrogen concentration in the film can be changed continuously or stepwise in two or more steps.
- the hydrogen atom concentration contained in the first region including the mesa sidewall surface of silicon nitride film 311 is lower than the hydrogen atom concentration in the second region including the surface opposite to the mesa sidewall surface.
- the film is formed such that the hydrogen concentration in the film is low on the semiconductor surface side (the initial stage of silicon nitride film formation) of the mesa side wall, and the hydrogen concentration in the film increases toward the outermost surface side.
- the hydrogen concentration per unit volume is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 21 (atoms / cm 3 ) or more and 1 ⁇ 10 22 (atoms / cm 3 ) or less.
- the hydrogen concentration per unit volume is preferably 2 to 10 times the hydrogen concentration of the first region.
- FIG. 4 shows a profile example of the hydrogen concentration in the silicon nitride film.
- the hydrogen concentration continuously increases from the mesa side wall side toward the outermost layer side in a constant amount so as to be proportional to the thickness of the silicon nitride film from the mesa.
- profile B the hydrogen concentration continuously increases from the mesa side wall side toward the outermost layer side, but the hydrogen concentration rapidly increases from a certain point.
- profile C the hydrogen concentration hardly increases from the mesa side wall to a predetermined position, but the hydrogen concentration increases rapidly and continuously from a certain point.
- the hydrogen concentration increases stepwise from the mesa side wall.
- the thickness of the protective film 311 is preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, as in the above embodiment.
- the same effect as a 1st embodiment can be produced, and the following effect can be produced.
- the protective film 311 since the protective film 311 is composed of a single film, the protective film 311 can be formed in one step, and no labor is required for manufacturing the semiconductor light receiving element 3.
- the semiconductor light receiving element 4 is a waveguide structure APD which is an end face incident type.
- FIG. 5A is a perspective view of the semiconductor light receiving element 4
- FIG. 5B is a view showing the main part of the semiconductor light receiving element 4.
- the semiconductor light receiving element 4 includes an n-type InP buffer layer 402, an n-type InAlGaAs guide layer 403, an InAlAs multiplication layer 404, a p-type InAlAs electric field relaxation layer 405, an InGaAs light absorption layer 406, p on an InP substrate 401 which is a semiconductor substrate.
- a type InAlGaAs guide layer 407 and a p-type InGaAs contact layer 408 are sequentially stacked.
- the light receiving region 409 is formed by forming a mesa structure by wet etching or dry etching.
- an n-type electrode 410 and a p-type electrode 411 are formed on each of the n-type InP buffer layer 402 and the p-type InGaAs contact layer 408, an n-type electrode 410 and a p-type electrode 411 are formed.
- the side wall of the mesa portion that is the light receiving region 409 is covered with the protective film 113, the protective film 214, or the protective film 311.
- the semiconductor layer is exposed at the side wall portion of the mesa structure that forms the light receiving region as in the case of the surface incident type mesa APD. Important in terms of life.
- An electrode wiring 412 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 401 of the semiconductor light receiving element 4, and an AR film (antireflection film) 414 is formed on the light incident side end surface of the semiconductor light receiving element 4.
- the same effects as in the first to third embodiments can be obtained.
- the protective film 311 when used, the following effects can be obtained.
- the semiconductor light receiving element 4 of the present embodiment has an end face incident type, that is, a structure in which light enters from the side wall side of the mesa. Therefore, the reflectance of light incident on the end surface (the side wall of the mesa) can be adjusted by forming the protective film in a multilayer structure like the protective film 311. Thereby, the semiconductor light receiving element 4 can receive light efficiently.
- the semiconductor light receiving element 5 is a mesa PIN-PD.
- the semiconductor light receiving element 5 includes an n-type InP buffer layer 502, an undoped InGaAs layer 503, a p-type InP layer 504, and a p-type InGaAs contact layer 505 on an n-type InP substrate 501 that is a semiconductor substrate.
- the light receiving region 506 is formed by forming a mesa structure by wet etching or dry etching. The side wall of the mesa portion that is the light receiving region 506 is covered with the protective film 113, the protective film 214, or the protective film 311.
- n-type electrode 508 and a p-type electrode 509 are respectively formed on the n-type InP buffer layer 502 and the p-type InGaAs contact layer 505.
- the semiconductor layer is exposed at the side wall portion of the mesa structure that forms the light receiving region, and in particular, the pn junction and the light absorption layer exposed at the mesa side wall are InGaAs. Formation of a protective film on the layer is important in terms of device characteristics and device life.
- the same effects as in the first to fourth embodiments are realized. Note that the same effect can be realized also in a semiconductor light receiving element having a waveguide structure in which the PIN-PD is an end-face incident type.
- an InAlAs layer is used as a multiplication layer.
- the multiplication layer constituting the semiconductor light receiving element of the present invention is not limited to these, and InP, InGaAsP, InAlAs A device structure using a superlattice layer or a single bulk layer made of InAlGaAs, GaAs, AlGaAs, GaSb, or AlGaAsSb may be used.
- the semiconductor light-receiving elements of the first to third embodiments and the fifth embodiment are elements that receive light from the back surface of the semiconductor. There may be.
- the semiconductor light receiving element is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and the semiconductor layer including the light absorption layer is preferably configured to include a III-V group compound semiconductor.
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Abstract
Description
これらの半導体受光素子においては、素子特性の他にも、高い信頼性、低コスト化、さらに高い生産性が要求されている。
波長1~1.6μm帯の半導体受光素子の例としては、化合物半導体からなるPINフォトダイオード(以下、PIN-PDという。)(例えば非特許文献1,2参照)や、アバランシェフォトダイオード(以下、APDという。) (例えば、非特許文献3、特許文献1参照) 等がある。
これらの半導体受光素子では、非特許文献1,3ようなプレーナ型構造あるいは擬似プレーナ型構造、または非特許文献2および特許文献1のようなメサ型構造が採用されている。
プレーナ型構造や擬似プレーナ型構造の半導体受光素子は、例えば高電界が印加されるAPDの増倍層等やナローギャップでトンネル電流が生じやすい光吸収層等の半導体層が露出しない構造である。このためメサ型構造の半導体受光素子に比べて高信頼化の点で有利である。
しかし、プレーナ型構造の半導体受光素子は、受光部周辺領域でのエッジ増倍を抑制するためにイオン注入等によるガードリングの形成が不可欠である。そのため、プレーナ型構造の半導体受光素子は、一般に構造設計上の自由度が制限され、製造方法も複雑になる傾向がある。その結果、実用上重要となる製造の容易性や低コスト化、素子特性の向上における困難性等の問題がある。
しかし、メサ型構造の半導体受光素子では、例えば図9に示したAPDのように、メサ型構造を有する受光領域の側壁(以下、メサ側壁という。)で増倍層703や光吸収層705等の半導体層703~707の側面が露出することから、これらの露出部分を覆う保護膜711の形成が必要である。従来こうした保護膜711は、ポリイミド樹脂膜やベンゾシクロブテン樹脂膜などの有機化合物系の絶縁膜、あるいはシリコン窒化膜やシリコン酸化膜などの無機化合物系の絶縁膜などで形成される方法が知られている。
なお、図9において、符号712は、AR(反射防止)コート、701は、基板、702はバッファ層、704は電界緩和層、706は、キャップ層、707は、コンタクト層、708,709は、電極を示す。
しかしながら、メサ型構造においては、メサ側壁の半導体露出部分を保護する技術が必須である。特に化合物半導体からなる半導体受光素子ではメサ側壁を覆う保護膜について従来技術では以下のような課題があり、これに起因して素子特性や信頼性等の点で問題が生じている。
成膜工程で発生する水素ラジカルがメサ側壁の半導体層(光吸収層705、増倍層703、電界緩和層704等)表面や半導体層表面と保護膜711の界面に取り込まれる。これにより、半導体層表面および半導体層表面と保護膜711の界面でのリーク電流の発生や半導体層中のキャリア濃度の低下が生じる。
リーク電流の発生等は、信頼性や素子特性等の劣化の原因となるため、水素ラジカルの制御はメサ型構造の保護膜に適用する上での重要な課題である。
図1を参照して、本発明の第一実施形態の半導体受光素子について説明する。
はじめに、半導体受光素子1の概要について説明する。
半導体受光素子1は、半導体基板101と、この半導体基板101上部に積層された光吸収層105を含む半導体層とを有する。
半導体受光素子1の少なくとも光吸収層105を含む半導体層は、メサ型構造とされ、メサの側壁には、前記側壁を被覆する保護膜113が設けられる。
保護膜113は、水素を含むシリコン窒化膜であり、保護膜113のメサ側壁の一方の面の水素濃度(水素原子濃度)は、保護膜113のメサ側壁側と反対側の他方の面の水素濃度(水素原子濃度)よりも低い。
半導体受光素子1は、面入射型のメサ型APDである。図1に示されるように、n型InP基板(半導体基板)101上にn型InPバッファ層102、InAlAs増倍層(アバランシェ増倍層)103、p型InAlAs電界緩和層104、InGaAs光吸収層105、p型InAlAsキャップ層106、p型InGaAsコンタクト層107を順次積層した構造である。
受光領域110はウェットエッチングあるいはドライエッチングによるメサ構造形成により形成される。
基板101の裏面には、ARコート114が設けられている。
第一のシリコン窒化膜111はメサの側壁に直接接触している。
具体的には、第一のシリコン窒化膜111中の水素濃度は、5×1021(atoms/cm3)以上、1×1022(atoms/cm3)以下であり、第二のシリコン窒化膜112の水素濃度は、好ましくは第一のシリコン窒化膜111の膜中の水素濃度の2倍以上10倍以下である。
この原料ガスの組み合わせでは成膜に関与するH原子の数を少なくすることができ、水素ラジカル発生の抑制が容易である。なお、窒素(N)供給源にNH3ガスを用いた場合においても、成膜時のガス組成(たとえば、Arガス等の希釈ガス量を変えて、原料ガスの分解効率を調整する)、圧力、RFパワー等の条件設定によりN2ガスのみを使用する場合と、同等の膜が形成可能である。
この第二のシリコン窒化膜112は、たとえば、シリコン供給源にSiH4ガスを使用し、窒素(N)供給源にNH3ガスを使用したプラズマCVD法により成膜されたものである。
ここでは、成膜時のガス組成、圧力、RFパワー等の条件設定により、第二のシリコン窒化膜112に含まれる水素原子濃度が、第一のシリコン窒化膜111の水素原子濃度よりも高くなるようにする。
なお、第二のシリコン窒化膜112の窒素供給源には、第一のシリコン窒化膜111の窒素供給源よりも水素原子の含有量が多い原料を使用することが好ましい。
また、第一のシリコン窒化膜111は0.1μm以上、0.5μm以下であることが好ましい。さらに、第二のシリコン窒化膜112は、0.1μm以上、0.5μm以下であることが好ましい。各シリコン窒化膜111,112の厚みを0.5μm以下とすることで、半導体層に対する応力低減という効果がある。
また、各シリコン窒化膜111,112の厚みを0.1μm以上とすることで、保護膜113により確実にメサを保護することができる。
本実施形態の半導体受光素子1では、保護膜113のメサ側壁側の一方の面の水素濃度は、保護膜113のメサ側壁側と反対側の他方の面の水素濃度よりも低い。保護膜113のメサ側壁側の一方の面の水素濃度を低くすることで、水素ラジカルに起因する素子特性および素子寿命の劣化が抑制される。また、保護膜113のメサ側壁側と反対側の他方の面の水素濃度を高くすることで、水分等の侵入や、酸化に起因する素子特性および素子寿命の劣化が抑制される。
図1に示すように受光領域110のメサ側壁には、n型InPバッファ層102、InAlAs増倍層103、p型InAlAs電界緩和層104、InGaAs光吸収層105、p型InAlAsキャップ層106、p型InGaAsコンタクト層107の各半導体層の側面が露出している。そのため、メサ構造形成後に保護膜113となるシリコン窒化膜を形成する際にはメサの側壁の半導体表面が材料ガス雰囲気およびプラズマに曝される。
シリコン窒化膜成膜時において、水素ラジカル発生が多い状態では、この成膜時に水素ラジカルが半導体層内あるいは半導体表面とシリコン窒化膜の界面に取り込まれるため、InAlAs増倍層103やp型InAlAs電界緩和層104でのキャリア濃度低下や半導体層と第一のシリコン窒化膜111との界面でのリーク電流発生が生じる。
InAlAs増倍層103やp型InAlAs電界緩和層104のキャリア濃度はAPDの動作原理上、厳密な制御が必要とされるパラメータであり、このキャリア濃度の低下はAPDの素子特性劣化やメサ側壁でのリーク電流増加を引き起こす。
また、APDを構成する半導体層中、特にInGaAs光吸収層105はバンドギャップが小さく(0.75eV)、トンネル電流を生じやすいため、シリコン窒化膜との界面でのリーク電流も発生しやすく、水素ラジカルの影響を受けやすい。
なお、III-V族半導体で構成される半導体層から構成される半導体受光素子1においては、特に水素ラジカルの影響をうけやすいので、水素濃度の低い第一のシリコン窒化膜111を設けることは特に有用である。
図7は、シリコン窒化膜である保護膜における膜中水素濃度とメサ型構造のPIN-PDの素子寿命の関係を示し、図8は、シリコン窒化膜である保護膜における膜中水素濃度とメサ型構造のPIN-PDの加湿耐性の関係を示す。図7は、半導体受光素子の高温通電による暗電流の経時変化を示す図である。図7の縦軸は、素子の暗電流の増加率を示し、数値が大きいほど、劣化していることを示す。図7,8より明らかなように膜中の水素濃度が低い素子は素子寿命が長いが、加湿に対する耐性は低下する。また、水素濃度が高い素子では素子寿命が短いが、加湿耐性は高い。
例えば、本実施形態に記載したような構造のメサ型APDでは、InP層とシリコン窒化膜との界面での浸水による分解・劣化も報告されており、第二のシリコン窒化膜112において膜表面からの水分の浸入を防ぐことは、信頼性の上で特に重要である。
ただし、1×1021[atoms/cm3]を下回るような極端に水素濃度が低い膜の場合には密度の荒いシリコン窒化膜となる可能性がある。この場合、メサ側面の被覆という保護膜本来の効果が低下する可能性があり、素子特性が劣化する可能性があるため、水素濃度が低い膜であっても5×1021~1×1022[atoms/cm3]の範囲は維持することが好ましい。
第二のシリコン窒化膜112の水素濃度を、第一のシリコン窒化膜111の水素濃度の2倍以上とすることで加湿耐性を向上できるという効果がある。
また、第二のシリコン窒化膜112の水素濃度を、第一のシリコン窒化膜111の水素濃度の10倍以下とすることで、第一のシリコン窒化膜111との極端な膜応力の違いによるクラックの発生や剥がれを抑制するという効果がある。
このため、メサ型APDのメサ側壁に1μm程度の厚膜のシリコン窒化膜で保護膜を形成すると、保護膜の応力によるストレスに起因した半導体と保護膜の界面でのリーク電流が発生し、素子特性や素子寿命が劣化する可能性がある。一方で、保護膜膜厚0.1μm未満のような極度の薄膜化は保護膜表面から水や酸素の浸入に対する防護性を低下させる可能性がある。半導体受光素子1では、保護膜の応力による素子特性や素子寿命の劣化を生じない膜厚として各シリコン窒化膜の膜厚の総和が0.8μm以下であることが好ましく、また、0.1μm以上であることが好ましい。
半導体受光素子1は、光通信、光情報処理、光計測等の装置に搭載することにより、装置の高性能化が得られる。
次に、図2を参照して、第二実施形態について説明する。
本実施形態の半導体受光素子2は、保護膜214の構造が前記実施形態の半導体受光素子1の保護膜と異なっている。他の点は、第一実施形態と同様である。
具体的には、受光領域110であるメサ部分の側壁は、シリコン窒化膜211とシリコン窒化膜211上に形成された一層以上のシリコン窒化膜から成る中間保護膜212と中間保護膜212上に形成される最表面のシリコン窒化膜213とを有する3層以上の多層の保護膜214により被覆されている。
シリコン窒化膜211の厚みは、たとえば、0.1μm以上、0.5μm以下であることが好ましい。シリコン窒化膜211は、メサの側壁に直接接触している。
このシリコン窒化膜213は、第一実施形態のシリコン窒化膜112と同様の製造方法で製造することができる。シリコン窒化膜213は、たとえば、0.1μm以上、0.5μm以下であることが好ましい。
たとえば、中間保護膜212の水素濃度を、シリコン窒化膜211の水素濃度を超え、シリコン窒化膜213の水素濃度未満とすれば、耐水性、耐酸化性を向上させることができる。さらに、中間保護膜212の水素濃度は、シリコン窒化膜213の水素濃度未満であるため、中間保護膜212を含んだ厚みのシリコン窒化膜213を形成する場合(中間保護膜212の領域をシリコン窒化膜213とする)に比べ、膜応力の増加を抑制することができる。
一方、中間保護膜212の水素濃度を、シリコン窒化膜213の水素濃度以上とすれば、確実に耐水性、耐酸化性を向上させることができる。なお、この場合には、中間保護膜212の厚みを膜応力に応じて適宜調整すればよい。
さらに、中間保護膜212の水素濃度をシリコン窒化膜211の水素濃度未満とした場合には、膜応力の非常に小さい膜が形成されることとなるので、半導体層にかかる応力を緩和する手段となる。
保護膜214の厚みは、前記実施形態と同様、0.8μm以下であることが好ましく、また、0.1μm以上であることが好ましい。
以上のような第二実施形態によれば、第一実施形態と同様の効果を奏することができる。
図3を参照して、本発明の第三実施形態について説明する。
本実施形態の半導体受光素子3では、保護膜311の構造が前記実施形態の半導体受光素子1の保護膜113と異なっている。他の点は、第一実施形態と同様である。
受光領域110であるメサ部分の側壁は、メサ側壁側の面から最表面に向かって膜中の水素濃度が低濃度から高濃度へ連続的あるいは階段状に変化する1枚のシリコン窒化膜311からなる保護膜により被覆されている。
シリコン窒化膜311のメサ側壁側の面を含む第一の領域に含まれる水素原子濃度が、メサ側壁側の面と反対側の面を含む第二の領域の水素原子濃度よりも低くなるようにする。
本実施形態では、メサ側壁の半導体表面側(シリコン窒化膜成膜初期)は膜中の水素濃度が低く、最表面側に向かって膜中の水素濃度が高くなるように成膜する。
メサ側壁側の面を含む第一の領域において、単位体積あたりの水素濃度は、5×1021(atoms/cm3)以上、1×1022(atoms/cm3)以下であることが好ましい。
また、最表面を含む第二の領域において、単位体積あたりの水素濃度は、第一の領域の水素濃度の2倍以上10倍以下となることが好ましい。
プロファイルAでは、メサ側壁側から、最表層側に向かい水素濃度が一定量つづ、シリコン窒化膜のメサからの厚み量に比例するように連続的に増えている。
プロファイルBでは、メサ側壁側から、最表層側に向かい連続的に水素濃度が増加しているが、ある地点から急激に水素濃度が増加している。
プロファイルCでは、メサ側壁側から所定の位置までは水素濃度がほとんど増加しないが、ある地点から急激に連続的に水素濃度が増加している。
プロファイルDでは、メサ側壁側から階段状に水素濃度が増加している。
保護膜311の厚みは、前記実施形態と同様、0.8μm以下であることが好ましく、また、0.1μm以上であることが好ましい。
本実施形態では、保護膜311は、1枚の膜で構成されているため、保護膜311の成膜を一工程で行うことができ、半導体受光素子3の製造に手間を要しない。
図5を参照して、第四実施形態の半導体受光素子4について説明する。
この半導体受光素子4は、端面入射型である導波路構造APDである。図5(a)は半導体受光素子4の斜視図であり、図5(b)は、半導体受光素子4の要部を示す図である。
半導体受光素子4は、半導体基板であるInP基板401上にn型InPバッファ層402、n型InAlGaAsガイド層403、InAlAs増倍層404、p型InAlAs電界緩和層405、InGaAs光吸収層406、p型InAlGaAsガイド層407、p型InGaAsコンタクト層408を順次積層した構造であり、受光領域409はウェットエッチングあるいはドライエッチングによるメサ構造形成により形成される。
n型InPバッファ層402とp型InGaAsコンタクト層408の各層上には、n型電極410とp型電極411とがそれぞれ形成されている。
受光領域409であるメサ部分の側壁は、保護膜113、保護膜214、あるいは保護膜311により被覆されている。
導波路構造APDにおいても、上記面入射型のメサ型APDと同様に受光領域を形成するメサ構造の側壁部分で半導体層が露出しており、メサ側壁を被覆する保護膜形成は素子特性および素子寿命の点で重要である。
また、半導体受光素子4の半導体基板401上には、電極配線412が形成されるとともに、半導体受光素子4の光入射側の端面にはAR膜(反射防止膜)414が形成されている。
なお、本実施形態において、保護膜311を使用した場合には、以下の効果を奏することができる。
本実施形態の半導体受光素子4は、端面入射型、すなわち、メサの側壁側から光が入射する構造である。従って、保護膜311のように保護膜を多層構成とすることで、端面(メサの側壁)に入射する光の反射率を調整することができる。これにより、半導体受光素子4で効率よく受光することができる。
図6を参照して、本実施形態の半導体受光素子5を説明する。
半導体受光素子5は、メサ型PIN-PDである。
図6に示されるように、半導体受光素子5は、半導体基板であるn型InP基板501上にn型InPバッファ層502、アンドープInGaAs層503、p型InP層504、p型InGaAsコンタクト層505を順次積層した構造であり、受光領域506はウェットエッチングあるいはドライエッチングによるメサ構造形成により形成される。
受光領域506であるメサ部分の側壁は、保護膜113、保護膜214、あるいは保護膜311により被覆されている。
n型InPバッファ層502とp型InGaAsコンタクト層505の各層上には、n型電極508とp型電極509が各々形成される。
メサ型PIN-PDにおいても、上記メサ型APDと同様に受光領域を形成するメサ構造の側壁部分で半導体層が露出しており、特にメサ側壁に露出するpn接合部や光吸収層であるInGaAs層への保護膜形成は素子特性および素子寿命の点で重要である。この第五実施形態に係る半導体受光素子においても、第一~第四実施形態と同様な効果が実現される。なお、PIN-PDが端面入射型である導波路構造をとる半導体受光素子においても同様な効果が実現される。
例えば、第一実施形態~第四実施形態では、増倍層としてInAlAs層が用いられているが、本発明の半導体受光素子を構成する増倍層はそれらに限定されず、InP、InGaAsP、InAlAs、InAlGaAs、GaAs、AlGaAs、GaSb、AlGaAsSbからなる超格子層または単一バルク層を用いた素子構造であってもよい。
さらに、本発明においては、第一実施形態~第三実施形態および第五実施形態の半導体受光素子は、半導体裏面より光を入射した素子としているが、逆転構造である表面より入射する構造でも、あってもよい。
この出願は、2007年12月26日に出願された日本出願特願2007-334669号を基礎とする優先権を主張するものであり、その開示の全ては、本明細書の一部として援用(incorporated herein by reference)される。
Claims (8)
- 半導体基板と、
この半導体基板上部に積層された光吸収層を含む半導体層とを有する半導体受光素子であって、
少なくとも前記光吸収層を含む半導体層は、メサとされ、
前記メサの側壁には、前記側壁を被覆する保護膜が設けられ、
前記保護膜は、水素を含むシリコン窒化膜であり、
前記保護膜の前記メサ側壁側の一方の面の水素濃度は、前記保護膜の前記メサ側壁側と反対側の他方の面の水素濃度よりも低い半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体受光素子において、
前記保護膜は、水素を含むシリコン窒化膜が複数積層されたものであり、
前記メサ側壁に最も近い前記シリコン窒化膜の水素濃度は、前記保護膜の最表層となる前記シリコン窒化膜の水素濃度よりも低い半導体受光素子。 - 請求項2に記載の半導体受光素子において、
前記保護膜は、水素を含む前記シリコン窒化膜が3層以上積層されたものである半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体受光素子において、
前記保護膜の水素濃度は、前記保護膜の前記メサ側壁側の前記一方の面側から、前記メサ側壁側と反対側の前記他方の面側に向かって、連続的に増加、あるいは、2段階以上にわたって階段状に増加する半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の半導体受光素子において、
前記保護膜には、前記保護膜の前記メサ側壁側の一方の面を含むとともに、単位体積あたりの水素濃度が5×1021(atoms/cm3)以上、1×1022(atoms/cm3)以下である第一の領域と、
前記保護膜の前記メサ側壁側と反対側の他方の面を含むとともに、単位体積あたりの水素濃度が、前記第一の領域の単位体積あたりの水素濃度の2倍以上、10倍以下である第二の領域とが形成されている半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の半導体受光素子において、
前記メサは、前記光吸収層、アバランシェ増倍層、電界緩和層を含む前記半導体層により構成されており、
当該半導体受光素子は、アバランシェフォトダイオードである半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の半導体受光素子において、
前記保護膜の厚みが0.8μm以下である半導体受光素子。 - 請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の半導体受光素子において、
当該半導体受光素子は、前記半導体層が、III-V族化合物半導体を含んで構成される半導体受光素子。
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JP2016111294A (ja) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-06-20 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 半導体受光素子を作製する方法 |
JP2018006415A (ja) * | 2016-06-28 | 2018-01-11 | 富士通株式会社 | 赤外線検知素子、赤外線検知素子アレイ及び赤外線検知素子を用いて赤外線を検知する方法 |
US11133427B2 (en) | 2019-08-28 | 2021-09-28 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Light receiving device |
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KR20150012303A (ko) * | 2012-05-17 | 2015-02-03 | 피코메트릭스 엘엘씨 | 평탄 애벌란시 포토다이오드 |
US20190153307A1 (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2019-05-23 | Merck Patent Gmbh | A color conversion sheet and an optical device |
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US11133427B2 (en) | 2019-08-28 | 2021-09-28 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Light receiving device |
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JP5218427B2 (ja) | 2013-06-26 |
US20100276775A1 (en) | 2010-11-04 |
JPWO2009081585A1 (ja) | 2011-05-06 |
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