WO2009052644A1 - Method of and device for anchoring a dowel using mechanical vibrations - Google Patents

Method of and device for anchoring a dowel using mechanical vibrations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009052644A1
WO2009052644A1 PCT/CH2008/000441 CH2008000441W WO2009052644A1 WO 2009052644 A1 WO2009052644 A1 WO 2009052644A1 CH 2008000441 W CH2008000441 W CH 2008000441W WO 2009052644 A1 WO2009052644 A1 WO 2009052644A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
anchoring
force
counter
liquefied
causing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CH2008/000441
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mario Lehmann
Laurent Torriani
Jörg Mayer
Marcel Aeschlimann
Original Assignee
Woodwelding Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Woodwelding Ag filed Critical Woodwelding Ag
Priority to PL08800485T priority Critical patent/PL2205429T3/pl
Priority to ES08800485.8T priority patent/ES2439704T3/es
Priority to EP08800485.8A priority patent/EP2205429B1/en
Priority to JP2010530240A priority patent/JP5496900B2/ja
Priority to CN200880122876.6A priority patent/CN101909860B/zh
Priority to US12/739,563 priority patent/US8518314B2/en
Publication of WO2009052644A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009052644A1/en
Priority to US13/945,991 priority patent/US9688019B2/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/561—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using screw-threads being integral at least to one of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/564—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined hidden in the joint, e.g. dowels or Z-pins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/64—Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force
    • B29C65/645—Joining a non-plastics element to a plastics element, e.g. by force using friction or ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/001—Joining in special atmospheres
    • B29C66/0012—Joining in special atmospheres characterised by the type of environment
    • B29C66/0016—Liquid environments, i.e. the parts to be joined being submerged in a liquid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30325—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30326—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined in the form of porosity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/723—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/727—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/816—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the mounting of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8161—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the mounting of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps said pressing elements being supported or backed-up by springs or by resilient material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
    • B29C66/822—Transmission mechanisms
    • B29C66/8227—Transmission mechanisms using springs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
    • B29C66/824—Actuating mechanisms
    • B29C66/8242—Pneumatic or hydraulic drives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
    • B29C66/826—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/8266—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined using fluid pressure directly acting on the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/82661—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined using fluid pressure directly acting on the parts to be joined by means of vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/832—Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322—Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B13/00—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose
    • F16B13/04—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose with parts gripping in the hole or behind the reverse side of the wall after inserting from the front
    • F16B13/08—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose with parts gripping in the hole or behind the reverse side of the wall after inserting from the front with separate or non-separate gripping parts moved into their final position in relation to the body of the device without further manual operation
    • F16B13/0858—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose with parts gripping in the hole or behind the reverse side of the wall after inserting from the front with separate or non-separate gripping parts moved into their final position in relation to the body of the device without further manual operation with an expansible sleeve or dowel body driven against a tapered or spherical expander plug
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B13/00—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose
    • F16B13/14—Non-metallic plugs or sleeves; Use of liquid, loose solid or kneadable material therefor
    • F16B13/141—Fixing plugs in holes by the use of settable material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • B29C65/0609—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding characterised by the movement of the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/0627—Angular, i.e. torsional
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/08—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/001—Joining in special atmospheres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29C66/3022—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
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    • B29C66/3032—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30321—Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protrusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7315—Mechanical properties
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
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    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/44—Furniture or parts thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B3/00—Key-type connections; Keys
    • F16B3/005—Key-type connections; Keys the key being formed by solidification of injected material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/47—Molded joint
    • Y10T403/477—Fusion bond, e.g., weld, etc.

Definitions

  • the invention is in the field of construction, especially building industry, timber construction, furniture industry and mechanical construction and concerns a method of anchoring an anchoring element (such as for example a dowel) in a construction object comprising construction material.
  • the invention also concerns a corresponding device.
  • connecting elements in an opening in a fibrous or porous building material with the aid of mechanical vibrations are known from publications such as WO 98/00109, WO 00/79137 and WO 2006/002569, and for example from the international patent application PCT/CH 2007/000460.
  • a connecting element is placed in a prefabricated opening of the object or pressed against the surface of the object by a directed force, which in turn creates an opening. While a force acts upon the connecting element in the direction of an axis of the opening the element is excited by mechanical vibrations.
  • the connecting element comprises thermoplastic material at least on one surface, which comes into contact with the material of the object during this procedure.
  • the energy of the mechanical vibrations is set to liquefy thermoplastic material in the area of a predetermined anchoring point by mechanical vibrations and to press it into the pores or surface structures of the object by pressure building up at the anchoring point between a wall of the opening and the connecting element, thus forming a most effective macroscopic anchoring.
  • anchoring element refers to any element that is suitable of being anchored and forming or being part of, after anchoring, an anchor.
  • anchors include but are not restricted to connecting elements, such as a dowels, rivets, nails, etc. or any other piece to be anchored directly in the object.
  • Anchors in this sense are suitable of attaching a further part to the construction object, or they may in themselves have a function, for example for decoration.
  • the construction object, in which the anchoring element may be anchored may as a first option have a porous or structured surface or surface in which pores can be generated by a liquid under hydrostatic pressure.
  • the object may then be of wood, a wood composite (such as chipboard, particle board, oriented strand board etc), cardboard, concrete, brick, plaster, stone (such as sandstone) or industrial hard foam, into which a liquefied material can penetrate under pressure, or a composite of any combination of the mentioned materials.
  • the object may have a cavity into which liquefied material can get during the anchoring process to thereby anchor the anchoring element.
  • a material of the construction object may be of any one of the materials mentioned for the first option, or of any other construction/engineering material, including, but not limited to, metals, such as steel, aluminum etc..
  • the object may correspond to both, the first and the second option.
  • an anchoring method of anchoring an anchoring element in a construction object where a surface of which object has at least one of:
  • thermoplastic material a thermoplastic material
  • thermoplastic material at least one interface, thereby creating liquefied material, wherein said at least one interface is at least one of an interface between the first element and the third element, of an interface between the first element and the second element, and of an interface between parts of the first element;
  • the first element comprises the thermoplastic material and is compressed during anchoring while at least some of the thermoplastic material is liquefied.
  • the liquefied material is caused to flow sideways with respect to an axis defined by the force, i.e. at least partially into lateral directions.
  • the liquefied material may be caused to flow in all lateral directions to substantially form a ring surrounding the initial position of the anchoring element.
  • the compression of the first element in the method according to the invention is made possible by the liquefaction of thermoplastic material, and the compression causes the liquefied material to evade (usually sideways) into the structures/pores/cavity.
  • the first element in its solid state need not be compressible (and preferably is not compressible) along the axis defined by the bore or opening direction. This is in contrast to the teaching of PCT/CH 2007/000460, where liquefaction is based on contact with the material surface, which contact is caused by a compression that causes a lateral distance of an outermost surface to the axis to be increased, in the solid state.
  • the anchoring element does, in its solid state, does not exhibit any substantial compression under 'normal' conditions (i.e.
  • the first element is also denoted anchoring element in this text. This does not imply that the anchor necessarily consists of the anchoring element only; the anchor may comprise further elements, including, optionally, the third and/or the second element.
  • the second element may be any dimensionally stable element suitable of applying a counter force to the first element. It may be of one piece or it may comprise a plurality of parts connected to each other or resting against each other during the anchoring process.
  • the second element may be of a material not liquefiable by the mechanical vibrations - such as metal, a thermosetting plastics or a thermoplastic material with a substantially higher glass transition temperature than the thermoplastic material of the first element.
  • the second element may comprise liquefiable material (however, in most cases liquefaction of such material will only occur indirectly by heat or vibration transmission through the first element, the second element preferably being vibratory decoupled from the third element with the exception of the path through the first element).
  • the second element will be held still (and only vibrate by weakly being vibratory coupled to the third element through the first element), this need not be the case. Rather, the second element may also be actively caused to vibrate, the vibrations being different from the vibrations of the third element (and for example of opposite or different phase and/or a different frequency etc.)
  • the third element as a whole is suitable of transmitting the mechanical vibrations from a mechanical vibration generator (that may include a piezoelectric transducer; more in general mechanical vibration generators are known in the art and will not be described in any more detail here) to a contact face with the first element.
  • a mechanical vibration generator that may include a piezoelectric transducer; more in general mechanical vibration generators are known in the art and will not be described in any more detail here
  • the third element is preferably designed so that at the vibrating frequency, it oscillates so that the interface where the vibrations are to be coupled into the first element should be at a place of maximum amplitude or close thereto.
  • the third element is of one piece of material and has a substantially constant cross section, the vibrations are longitudinal vibrations, and the wavelength of the vibrations of the vibration frequency is ⁇ , the length of the third element is preferably approximately n* ⁇ /2, where n is any natural number.
  • the third element may be a one-piece element or comprise a plurality of pieces that are rigidly fixed to each other (e.g. by a positive-fit connection such as screwing, by welding, or by gluing).
  • the vibrations in the third element may be longitudinal vibrations, transversal vibrations, torsional vibrations, other kinds of vibrations, or combinations (superpositions) of different vibration modes.
  • the method according to the invention is based on a liquefaction of the thermoplastic material by way of (external or internal) friction forces at at least one interface between the first, second and/or third element (or parts thereof) an/or at at least one interface within the first element.
  • the elements involved in the method are arranged in a manner that the thermoplastic material would melt even in the absence of the object in which the anchoring element has to be anchored, purely by the joint action of the forces applied to the first element through the second and third element and the mechanical vibrations.
  • This makes the application of the necessary forces in a pre-defined manner possible. Automation of the process as a consequence is possible more easily, for example by having the necessary forces applied within a load frame and without external forces onto said load frame.
  • thermoplastic material is then caused to flow into pores/structures and/or at least one cavity. This may necessitate hydrostatic pressure to build up (due to the effect of the compression of the anchoring element).
  • hydrostatic pressure may necessitate hydrostatic pressure to build up (due to the effect of the compression of the anchoring element).
  • almost no or only little hydrostatic pressure is necessary in case the object is already porous or in case it is (locally) of a weak material.
  • the possibly only impact on the material is a very small hydrostatic pressure.
  • the interface to the vibrating third element is automatically the default place for the liquefying to start, and this is desired in many embodiments of the invention.
  • the anchoring element may also - deviating from the constant cross section - comprise an energy director (energy concentrator) or a plurality of energy directors to ensure that the liquefaction takes place at the desired location.
  • Such energy directors may be structural energy directors, such as at least one of
  • Energy directors may, however, in addition or as an alternative, also be due to material properties. They thus may comprise:
  • the anchoring element may comprise two parts adhering to each other, the part adjacent the interface to the third element being softer than the part adjacent the interface to the second element (or vice versa).
  • the anchoring element may comprise a softener with a concentration gradient over the anchoring element's length, etc.
  • the anchoring element may for example comprise a first and a second coupling face, different from the first coupling face, where the force is caused to impinge on the anchoring element by pressing the third element against the first coupling face, and where the counter-force is caused to impinge on the anchoring element by pressing the second element against the second coupling face.
  • the coupling faces may for example be on opposite sides of the anchoring element. They may be substantially perpendicular to or at an angle to the axis defined by the direction of the force. They can optionally be substantially parallel to each other.
  • the force and the counter force are preferably equal in magnitude but have opposite directions. This condition, however, has to be fulfilled only approximately, as the anchoring element may for example contact, during anchoring, a sidewall of the object and thereby absorb a further force compensating for minor inequalities of magnitude and/or direction of the force and counter force.
  • the force and the counter force are such that during anchoring the surface comprising the pores/structures/inhomogeneous characteristic/cavity does not need to be mechanically loaded. All processes leading to the liquefaction of at least a part of the thermoplastic material and to the pressing out of the liquefied materials (that will then be caused to flow into pores or structures or the cavity) are independent of the object in which the anchoring element is anchored. As mentioned, the liquefaction of the thermoplastic material would also work absent the object — even in vacuum or under water.
  • this liquefaction independent of a contact to the construction object is, according to the invention, the predominant liquefaction mechanism, this does not exclude additional melting by friction between the anchoring element and the object.
  • thermoplastic material Due to the approach according to the invention, it is not necessary any more to transport vibration energy through the thermoplastic material from a coupling-in face to a place where the thermoplastic material is in contact with the object it is anchored in. Rather, the liquefaction may take place directly at the interface between the first and third elements, within the first element (due to internal friction) or at other interfaces. Due to this, the vibration energy transportation capabilities of the thermoplastic material are less important than in prior art methods, and consequently the skilled person, if confronted with a specific task, can choose between more materials.
  • Automated anchoring may for example be useful in a manufacturing line of furniture or of pre-fabricated building elements or other objects. It may also be used in a handheld device, for example to be utilized by a professional or do-it-yourselfer in building. Depending on the implementation, an automated device does not need to be pressed against the object any more, but all forces may be created within a load frame of the automated device. If many anchors are set, the process is thus less exhausting for the user. Also, the anchoring will be successful independent of the knowledge the user has of the object and of the user's skills.
  • a preferred variant of any one of the herein described embodiments therefore, features the step of automatically applying, by means of a spring element, a hydraulic or pneumatic element or an other suitable mechanism, the force acting on the anchoring element during anchoring.
  • the spring element/hydraulic element/pneumatic element may be arranged so as to exert a well-defined force between a non-vibrating part of the vibration generator (and thus indirectly the third element) and the counter element.
  • the anchoring element is anchored in a pre-fabricated opening (blind hole or through hole).
  • a pre-fabricated opening blind hole or through hole.
  • the flowing of the liquefied material into lateral directions may then cause the liquefied material to penetrate pores and/or structures of the lateral side walls of the opening.
  • the anchoring takes place by means of a cavity behind (on the rear side of) a pre-fabricated bore.
  • a cavity may have an unlimited width or a larger diameter than the pre-fabricated bore, measured perpendicularly to the axis.
  • Pre-fabricated does not imply that a bore necessarily has to be made for the purpose of the anchoring only; rather, any already present opening or space may be used for anchoring also.
  • anchoring axis is defined by the direction of the forces applied during the anchoring process.
  • the axis is often coaxial with an axis of the bore.
  • the person or apparatus carrying out the method according to the invention has or needs access to the element to be anchored and the tools from one side only (often, for example, if the anchoring element serves as a "dowel” or fastening nail or fastening screw).
  • the side from which the person or apparatus carrying out the method accesses the tool(s) - the "front" side - is referred to as the "fore” side, whereas the opposite side of the elements - the side protruding the deepest into the object or reaching the rear side — is termed the “rear” side in this text.
  • the "forward” direction regarding the driving an element into the construction object is the direction away from the user or apparatus (the “ordinary” direction for example for driving a nail or dowel into an object) and "backward” denotes the opposite direction towards the user.
  • the force is coupled into the third element - that may be a sonotrode - as a pulling (tensile force).
  • the mechanical vibrations may be coupled into the first element (anchoring element) from the rear side.
  • the third element - that may for example be a sonotrode of a vibration generating device - reaches through the first element and accesses the first element from behind, so that the first coupling face of the first element is in contact with a coupling section of the third element.
  • the sonotrode In order to be able to access the anchoring element from the rear side, the sonotrode is usually long and narrow enough to reach through the anchoring element - or alongside it - to its rear end.
  • the anchoring element is hollow (thus for example tube shaped or sleeve shaped), a shaft of the sonotrode reaching through the axial through hole of the anchoring element.
  • the anchoring element can be one part or comprise a plurality of parts, each having an axial through opening.
  • the anchoring element (consisting of one piece or of several parts) has an axial through opening through which a shaft of the sonotrode reaches, the sonotrode - or a part attached to it for transferring the mechanical vibrations - has to have a rear broadening so that an outward-facing outcoupling face is formed, the outcoupling face to be brought in contact with the first coupling face of the anchoring element.
  • the rear broadening together with the shaft remains in place after anchoring and forms part of the anchor.
  • the rear broadening and the shaft may be one-piece (and for example metallic) and together form the sonotrode. This possibility is especially advantageous if the shaft is to be used to attach a further element.
  • the shaft may optionally comprise structures such as a threading or elements of an other kind of fitting.
  • the rear broadening and the shaft may be separated from each other after anchoring.
  • the rear broadening is formed by a base element, preferably of a different material than the shaft.
  • the rear broadening may be made of a thermoplastic material fit to a rear end of the shaft, which shaft may for example be metallic.
  • the thermoplastic material may be the same as the one of the anchoring element, or it may be different. Due to a softening or melting of the thermoplastic material during or after the anchoring process, the shaft may be retracted.
  • the base element may be welded to the anchoring element during anchoring and forms part of the anchor after anchoring.
  • the shaft and the base element may both be made of material that does not melt under the anchoring conditions (for example, they both may be made of a same material), and may be connected together with a mechanical locking (such as a threaded connection or a bayonet fixing) that may be released after anchoring.
  • the sonotrode can be removed towards the rear side. For practical reasons, this is most often not an option, however.
  • the anchoring element comprises two coupling faces on opposite sides thereof, the most general description is that the second and third element are moved relative to each other so that the anchoring element is compressed between the coupling faces (the coupling faces approach each other).
  • the second element (often named “counter element” in this text) is kept still relative to the construction object.
  • the second element may for example comprise a surface portion resting against a front surface of the construction object.
  • the third element (the sonotrode, possibly including an element connected to the sonotrode) is then pulled towards the front side to compress the anchoring element.
  • the third, vibrating element is kept at a fixed position, and the second element is pushed towards the rear side to compress the anchoring element.
  • This second variant is especially advantageous in cases where the depth of the opening in the construction object is limited.
  • the anchoring element may initially be longer than the depth of the opening.
  • the force by an element kept at a fixed position does not produce any work in the physical sense. It thus does not need not be an active force but can be caused by the respective element - or a part affixed to it - is merely supported by a dimensionally stiff item that is not movable relative to the object - such as a foremost surface of the object itself.
  • hybrids between the first and second variant are possible, i.e. methods in which both, the second and the third element are moved relative to the construction object.
  • the mechanical vibrations are applied, conventionally, from the fore side, whereas the counter force is applied from the rear side by the second element.
  • the second element can then be such that it reaches to the front object surface and can be held from there - either by propping on the object front surface or by the person or apparatus applying the method. This is preferred in situations, where the bore in the construction object is either a through bore or where the construction material at the base of the bore is relatively weak or brittle.
  • other embodiments of the "forward" anchoring principle may feature the counter element resting against the base of the bore during the anchoring process.
  • the counter element may for example be a receptacle formed by a sleeve with a plurality of holes and a receptacle mouth, the first element being placed within the receptacle.
  • the counter element may comprise a flange protruding sideways in the region of the mouth, so that the counter element may prop on a stable front surface of the construction object.
  • the sleeve may be anchored in a counter sunk manner, the sleeve resting against the base of the bore in the construction object during anchoring.
  • the embodiments where the counter element is a sleeve with a plurality of holes have the additional - sometimes advantageous - feature that the flow of the liquefied material is spatially restricted. It takes place only at characteristic outflow (opening) locations that moreover may remain at a fixed location during anchoring.
  • thermoplastic material is used for describing a material comprising at least one thermoplastic component able to be liquefied by mechanical vibrations due to external and/or internal friction.
  • the thermoplastic material makes up at least a part of the anchoring element; it may form the whole anchoring element.
  • the thermoplastic material can also comprise non-thermoplastic components, such as reinforcing fibers, reinforcing splints, filling materials etc. Non- thermoplastic components can be evenly distributed in the thermoplastic material or be present in varying concentrations.
  • the anchoring element can further comprise areas free of thermoplastic material. Such areas may be of metal, glass, ceramic material, or of non-thermoplastic materials or thermoplastic material (s) liquefiable at substantially higher temperatures compared to the basic thermoplastic material.
  • thermoplastic material is to take over a load bearing function and is to liquefy only in the named contact areas, it ought to have a coefficient of elasticity of more than 0.5 GPa, preferably 1 GPa or higher.
  • new classes of thermoplastic materials may be used for anchoring, including thermoplastic materials with a comparably low modulus of elasticity, in special applications even less than 1 GPa or less than 0.5 GPa.
  • thermoplastic materials include a wide variety of harder and softer polymer materials, including their copolymers and their blends. In fact, almost any polymer that can be injection molded may be used.
  • a table of suitable materials can for example be found in "Plastics and Composites Welding Handbook"; Grewell D.A., Benatar A., Park J.B (eds.) Hanser Publishers, Kunststoff, 2003, pp. 176-179 .
  • the invention also concerns a device for producing an anchor in a construction material object.
  • the device is preferably designed for carrying out the above- described method and comprises the elements mentioned in the description of the method.
  • the device may for example comprise
  • an anchoring element comprising thermoplastic material and comprising a first and a second coupling face
  • the third element being suitable of being coupled to a generator of mechanical vibrations and of transferring the mechanical vibrations to an outcoupling face of the third element
  • a compressing force can be applied onto the anchoring element by loading the third element and the counter element with a force and a counter force, respectively, of equal magnitude and opposite directions;
  • Figs. Ia and Ib illustrate a first embodiment of the device and method according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a variant of the device of Figs. Ia and Ib;
  • Fig. 3 depicts an alternative principle of a method and device according to the invention
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an assembly, including a device according to the invention, to carry out an embodiment of the method according to the invention
  • Figs. 5a-5e show method steps of an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • FIGs. 6a and 6b illustrate yet a further embodiment of a method and device according to the invention
  • Figs. 7a and 7b illustrate an even further embodiment of a method and device according to the invention
  • Figs. 8a and 8b show yet another embodiment of a method and device according to the invention.
  • Figs. 9a-9e illustrate method steps of a further embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • Figs. 10a and 10b show an embodiment of a method and device according to the invention applied for anchoring in a hollow core board
  • Figs. 11a and lib depict an embodiment of a method and device according to the invention applied for anchoring at a hollow wall
  • Figs. 12a and 12b show an embodiment of a method and device according to the invention applied for anchoring in vertically perforated brick
  • Figs. 13a-13c illustrate variants of anchoring elements and sonotrode shafts in section
  • Fig. 14 shows a coupling suitable for transmission of a pulling force
  • Fig. 15 illustrate yet another embodiment of a method and device according to the invention
  • Figs. 16 and 17 show top views of sonotrodes according to variants of several embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig. 18 illustrates, in sectional view, an other arrangement of an anchoring element and a counter element for "forward" anchoring;
  • Figs. 19a and 19b depict an embodiment of a method and device according to the invention.
  • Figs.20a and 20b show a further embodiment of a method and device according to the invention.
  • Fig. 21 shows a variant of an arrangement for different embodiments of the invention.
  • the first element (anchoring element 1) of Figure Ia is formed by a sleeve of a thermoplastic material with a sleeve axis 7.
  • the end faces of the anchoring element 1 define a first and a second coupling face 1.11, 1.12.
  • the anchoring element in the illustrated configuration is located in a bore of the construction object 11. With respect to an axial direction, it is sandwiched between a second element (counter element 2) and an outcoupling face 3.1 of a third element (tool 3).
  • the tool 3 comprises a tool shaft 3.4 and a rear broadening 3.2 that in the illustrated version is disk-like and defines the forward facing outcoupling face 3.1.
  • a pulling force is applied onto the tool 3, and at the same time a counter force of the same magnitude but of an opposite direction is applied onto the counter element, so that the anchoring element 1 is compressed between the tool and the counter element.
  • the counter element rests against the front surface 11.1 of the object 11, so that the force externally applied to the counter element 2 does not need to be precisely defined but can be larger than the pulling force, as the normal force from the object 11 onto the counter element 2 compensates a possible surplus of the external force and in this situation automatically adjusts the counter force to be equal in magnitude to the pulling force.
  • the force applied to the vibrating element (and from the vibrating element onto the anchoring element) is generally symbolised by an arrow 4, whereas the counter force being applied by the counter element is represented by a dotted arrow 6, irrespective of whether the respective force is a holding force (i.e. the element upon which it acts is held still by it) or whether it actually moves the element to compress the anchoring element.
  • the force applied onto the tool, or the force applied onto the counter element, or both, the force on the tool and the force on the counter element may cause the respective element to move and thereby to compress the anchoring element between the tool and the counter element.
  • thermoplastic material at first coupling face 1.11 starts melting.
  • the liquefied thermoplastic material Due to the pulling force, the liquefied thermoplastic material is caused to flow sideways into pores or pre-existing structures of the construction object or to penetrate into inhomogeneities of the construction object material (thereby creating and filled pores in it). This is illustrated in Figure Ib.
  • the pressure by which the liquefied material portions are pressed into pre-existing pores or inhomogeneities may be influenced by the tool shape. For example, if the rear broadening 3.2 is such as to cover the full width of the bore, liquid material may not flow rearward, so that the pressure may be higher than if liquid material could evade to the rear side.
  • the portions 1.22 of the liquefied material pressed into the pores after re- solidification define a form-fit connection that due to its deep anchoring in the construction object is sound also if the construction object material is comparably soft or brittle and/or has substantial inhomogeneities.
  • the tool 3 after the anchoring process cannot be removed any more.
  • the tool may serve as functional part of the anchoring element, and for example be used for affixing a further element to it. It may for example comprise a threading (not shown) or other structure enabling such connection, or the other element may be glued or soldered or welded etc. to it.
  • the rear broadening of the tool may moreover, as an alternative to the above-mentioned embodiment, be such that it does not have the full width of the bore, so that some liquefied material may also flow behind the broadening so that, after anchoring, there is a form-fit connection between the tool 3 and the anchoring element 1, too.
  • the bore may be a through hole, and the tool may be removed towards the rear side. Possibilities of having the tool removed from the fore side are illustrated further below.
  • Figure 2 is distinct from the one of Figures Ia and Ib in that the sleeve-like anchoring element 1 is comparably thin-walled and does not have any energy directors.
  • Figure 3 shows the anchoring element in a through hole.
  • the shown configuration is also distinct from the configurations of Figures Ia and 2 in that the tool 3 (sonotrode) is not pulled during the anchoring process but pushed.
  • the sonotrode is tube shaped.
  • the counter element on the other hand has a shaft 2.4 reaching through the anchoring element and further has a rear broadening for being pressed against the second coupling face 1.12 of the anchoring element. The counter element may remain in place after anchoring, or it may be removed from the rear side if such removal is possible.
  • the anchoring element 1 may be caused to start melting at the interface to the counter element 2, too, or even only at that interface (and not at the interface to the sonotrode).
  • the anchoring element comprises a first taper towards the sonotrode, and a second, more prominent taper towards the counter element.
  • the thermoplastic material may be caused to start liquefying at the interface to the sonotrode or to the counter element or even both.
  • thermoplastic material may start being liquefied at both interfaces.
  • Such configurations both, of the "foreward” and of the "rearward” type
  • a special advantage of the approach according to the invention is that it is especially suited for the case where the anchoring element starts melting at the interface to the sonotrode (or other vibrating element). Therefore, in all figures (except in Fig. 3 and where explicitly mentioned to be otherwise) the situation is illustrated where the liquefying (initially) takes place at the interface to the vibrating element. The skilled person will, however, recognize that based on the teaching of Fig. 3 it would also be possible to modify the configuration of other figures to enable initial melting at other places, too.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the principle of a base element 31 that is used for applying the vibrations and that allows removal of the sonotrode after anchoring of the anchoring element.
  • the base element is coupled to the sonotrode 3 before anchoring. This can be done for example by a threading of the sonotrode 3 and the base element 31 or by the sonotrode having appropriate structures (such as ribs/grooves 3.11, as illustrated in Fig. 4, a surface roughness, etc.), and causing thermoplastic material of the base element, in an assembly step, to be locally liquefied and to flow into these structures.
  • the assembly of the elements needed for the anchoring process includes the steps of:
  • the base element 31 may, during this, be held by an appropriate device.
  • Such device may even be formed as a mold for the base element, so that the base element need not be pre-fabricated but can be manufactured by casting liquid thermoplastic material into the mold.
  • the base element may be pre-fabricated, and the sonotrode may be pressed into while it vibrates.
  • the assembly may be placed in an appropriate pre-fabricated opening in the construction object.
  • This opening (bore) is made with a slightly larger diameter than the outer diameter of the base element and the anchoring element.
  • the opening may be a through opening or a blind hole and in the latter case may be slightly deeper than the length of the anchoring element. Then, the sonotrode with base element and anchoring element is inserted into the opening and brought into the desired position.
  • FIG. 5a illustrates the step of inserting the sonotrode with the anchoring element and the base element in the opening.
  • the anchoring element When the anchoring element has reached its position (Fig. 5b), the counter element is pressed against the front surface 11.1 of the object (arrow 6), and the mechanical vibrations start (arrow 5). Then, while the mechanical vibrations and the counterforce continue to be active, the sonotrode is retracted by a pulling force, causing the material liquefied by the joint action of the pulling force and the mechanical vibrations to penetrate lateral walls of the bore of the construction object (Fig. 5c).
  • thermoplastic material surrounding the sonotrode is also softened, and after a certain time, the sonotrode may be retracted as illustrated in Figure 5d.
  • the anchoring element and the base element together remain anchored in the object 11. Since the thermoplastic material has melted at the interface, the anchoring element 1 and the base element 31 will be welded together, together forming, after re-solidification, an anchor 41 that may for example serve as a dowel for affixing a further object (Fig. 5e).
  • This "dowel" utilization - also anchors made by other embodiments of the method according to the invention may be used as dowels - is especially suited for affixing screws to weak or locally weak construction objects, such as objects of porous concrete (as illustrated) or other weak, soft or brittle materials.
  • the anchoring element comprises two initially separate anchoring element parts 1.1, 1.2 that may be both of the same thermoplastic materials or may be made of different materials.
  • the second anchoring element part 1.2 - the one that is not in direct contact with the vibrating element may be made of a thermoplastic material with a higher glass transition temperature than the first anchoring element part 1.1 or of a not thermoplastic material.
  • the first anchoring element part 1.1 melts, starting from the first contact face 1.11 (the contact face to the vibrating element) to an extent that also thermoplastic material in contact with the second anchoring element part 1.2 is melted and the anchoring element parts are welded together.
  • the counter element is not disk-like or plate like with a central through opening, as shown in the previous figures, but comprises a flange like collar capable of protruding into the opening and thus making possible that the anchoring element is not flush with the object front surface but countersunk.
  • Other shapes of the counter element defining diverse anchoring element positions, including positions where the anchoring element protrudes from the construction object front surface — are possible.
  • thermoplastic base element of the anchoring element is during the anchoring process, also welded to the anchoring element and thus may be viewed as a further part (a third part in the illustrated embodiment) of the anchor 41.
  • the anchor after removal of the sonotrode 3, serves as a dowel for a screw 22 that may be screwed into the thermoplastic material after the re-solidification step.
  • the screw may for example be used to affix a further element 23 - illustrated only very schematically in the Figure - to the object 11.
  • the second element (counter element) 2 need not be made of a metal, but may be made of a plastics, for example of a thermoplastic material the glass transition temperature is well above the glass transition temperature of the anchoring element 1 itself, or of a thermosetting material;
  • a further element may be arranged.
  • any number of number of elements including washers, sleeves, sockets etc. may be present.
  • the anchoring element or its foremost (closest to the user or apparatus carrying out the method) anchoring element part may comprise an anchoring element head for directly affixing a further element to the construction object — instead of or in addition to the "dowel" function.
  • FIG 7a shows the arrangement — for illustration purposes, the construction object is shown to have a through opening (the considerations referring to this Figure also apply to blind holes), and the sonotrode is illustrated to be of the type remaining in place after anchoring and being part of the anchor - at the onset of the anchoring process. Similar to the process described referring to Figures 5a through 5e, the anchoring process features a pulling motion of the sonotrode 3. In the figures, also structures 3.11 of the sonotrode for affixing the same to the vibration generating device - are shown.
  • Figure 7b illustrates the anchor - being made up of the anchoring element 1 and of the sonotrode 3 remaining in place — after anchoring. As illustrated, in this embodiment, the front surface 1.12 of the anchoring element remains unaffected by the anchoring process.
  • FIGS 8a and 8b An other basic possibility is shown in Figures 8a and 8b illustrating an anchoring arrangement at the onset of the anchoring process and the anchor after the anchoring process.
  • the opening is a blind hole, but the same process also applies to through openings.
  • the pulling force 4 acting on the anchoring element 1 serves to hold the anchoring element still, whereas the counter element 2 is pushed towards the rear end of the anchoring element.
  • the mechanism is basically the same as the one illustrated in Figures 7a, 7b, but the
  • a further advantage of the approach according to the invention is - as mentioned above - the suitability for automated anchoring, for example in a manufacturing line of furniture or pre-fabricated building elements or other objects, or also by a handheld device.
  • An according method features the step of automatically applying the force on the sonotrode and on the counter element (or rather, between the sonotrode or an item connected thereto and the counter element).
  • a spring element may be present between the sonotrode and the counter element.
  • the according method is illustrated in Figures 9a through 9e. While in the illustration, the arrangement is of the kind described referring to Figs 4 and 5a-5e, the described principle also applies to other arrangements, for example with a sonotrode as shown in Fig. 1 with a rear broadening 3.2.
  • Figure 9a illustrates the step of inserting the sonotrode with the anchoring element and the base element in the opening.
  • the arrangement further comprises a spring element 34 under tension between the sonotrode (or more precisely, a casing or the like that is connected to the sonotrode but vibratory de-coupled from it such as the vibration generating device's 32 casing or, as in the drawing, a frame 33 or other object attached to it) and the counter element 2.
  • the spring force may be released.
  • both the force onto the sonotrode 3 and the counter force onto the counter element 2 may then be exerted by the spring element.
  • the vibration generating device 32 Since during the anchoring process, the vibration generating device 32 has an at least approximately unchanged position, the spring force will cause the counter element 2 to move forward during anchoring, as illustrated in Figure 9c. Since the liquefaction primarily takes place at and around the interface between the base element 31 and the anchoring element 1, there will not be any liquidized thermoplastic material at the interface between the anchoring element 1 and the counter element 2, and the counter element may — as in the previous embodiments - be removed together with the sonotrode (Figure 9d) after anchoring.
  • Figure 9e shows the anchor after the process. In the illustrated configuration, the spring element is shown to abut a separate, sleeve or ring shaped counter element 2. This is not necessarily the case.
  • a (for example ring shaped) abutment face of the spring element itself may serve as the counter element instead.
  • a spring element - that has been pictured in the Figures for illustration purposes - in a load frame
  • other mechanisms for applying a force may be used such as a hydraulic element, a pneumatic element etc.
  • the method according to the invention is especially suited for affixing an anchor to a weak or brittle porous material. It is moreover suited for anchoring in objects with no or only very weak material behind a thin, hard wall. Such objects may for example be hollow walls or hollow core boards etc.
  • Figures 10a and 10b show the anchoring in a construction object 11, where the construction object is a hollow core board 11.
  • the hollow core board comprises two comparably thin and hard panels 51 and a soft filling material 52 therebetween.
  • the filling material may for example be a core or isolation material such as polystyrene foam or glass wool etc.
  • the anchoring takes place by a process as for example described referring to Figs. 1 and 2 (with or without automatically applying the force as illusrated in Fig. 9).
  • the anchoring especially the securing against pulling forces, is takes place irrespective of properties of the filling material and even works if no filling material is present at all. If, however, the filling material 52 has some stiffness and porosity, the anchoring is even more effective than for a completely hollow filling space.
  • the anchoring in a hollow wall is illustrated in Figures l la and lib.
  • the object 11 is a plank (or a wall made of a plurality of planks or other flat objects) attached, by means of distance holders, in front of a wall 61 that may be made of very hard material such as hard concrete.
  • the anchoring method may be any one of the above- described methods.
  • the liquefied thermoplastic material expands into the cavity behind the planks - as illustrated in Fig. lib - and reliably secures the anchor (that comprises the anchoring element 1 as well as the sonotrode 3), especially against pulling forces.
  • Figures 11a and lib are also a further illustration of excerting the force between the sonotrode and the counter element by means of a spring element, here comprising two springs guided by appropriate guiding means 38.
  • the spring causes the sonotrode 3 to retract while the counter element 2 rests against the front surface of the construction object.
  • the tool may comprise an outer casing in which the vibration generating device 32 is translationally movable, so that the outer casing held by the user keeps its position during the process, whereas the vibration generating device retracts inside the outer casing.
  • the outer casing may for example be connected to the counter element 2.
  • Figures 12a and 12b illustrate the anchoring in a vertically perforated brick 11, where expansion of the liquefied polymer material (Fig. 12b) takes place into the cavities 11.3 of the brick.
  • the bore in this case is rectangular or at an angle to the vertical perforation and opens out to the vertical perforation.
  • a shaft 3.4 of the sonotrode in some way has to reach through the anchoring element.
  • the so far described, preferred embodiment is to form the anchoring element in a tube or sleeve shape and have the shaft of the sonotrode reach through its central opening.
  • the outer diameter of the sonotrode shaft 3.4 is always smaller than the inner diameter of the anchoring element 1.
  • FIG. 13c shows yet a configuration where the anchoring element comprises two separate anchoring element pieces 1.1, 1.2 arranged at different sides of the sonotrode 3. This makes a T-bar-shaped sonotrode shaft possible, which is advantageous in view of the mechanical stability.
  • the place where the counter element 2 would be located is also illustrated in the Figure 13c.
  • the force 4 to be coupled into the anchoring element acts a tensile force on the sonotrode 3.
  • Such coupling means are known to one skilled in the art. They are often based on a form fit (screw joints, snap fastenings, bayonet catches, etc.) or possibly a material fit (glued, welded or soldered connections) or a friction fit (clamped connections). Such generally known coupling means are not further discussed here.
  • the principle of a form-fit coupling means is shown in Figure 14.
  • the vibration generating device comprises an extension protruding into a clearance at the proximal end of the tool 3 and widening towards its distal end so that it can transmit a tensile force.
  • these are moved perpendicular to the plane of Fig. 14 relative to each other. Dovetails or similar modifications may be considered.
  • the same coupling means may also be used to couple a further element to the anchor (of course, in these embodiments an essentially irreversible coupling of the sonotrode to the vibration generating device — such as gluing, welding soldering or the like — is not well suited)
  • FIG 15 shows a further embodiment of a method and device according to the invention.
  • This embodiment is based on the concept illustrated referring to Figures 1 and 2, but with the substantial difference that the anchoring element is configured so that the liquefaction of the thermoplastic material starts at the interface between the anchoring element 1 and the counter element 2 and not at the interface between the acnhoring element 1 and the sonotrode 3, as in the embodiments of Figures 1 and 2.
  • the anchoring element comprises energy directors in contact with the interface to the counter element.
  • the energy directors are constituted by a taper towards the fore side of the anchoring element.
  • the counter element slightly protrudes into the opening of the construction object so that the thermplastic material that flows sidewards after liquefaction does not ooze out of the opening but protrudes into the pores/structures of the construction material.
  • FIGs 16and show variants of sonotrode properties that may be used for arrangements/methods of the "rearward" type in accordance with the present teaching.
  • the sonotrode of Figure 16 comprises a plurality of liquid guiding channels 3.21 that are for example provided as grooves in the forward facing surface of the rear broadening ( Figure 16 shows a view onto this surface facing towards the user/apparatus applying the method).
  • the material of the anchoring element will liquefy in contact with the foremost surface of the rear broadening 3.2 and then can evade into the channels and from there towards the lateral sides.
  • This embodiment is suitable to concentrate the liquefied material to certain azimuth angles.
  • the rear broadening comprises openings or interruptions 3.22 allowing the liquefied material to pass through. Due to this concept, rather than causing the anchoring element to become ever shorter during the anchoring process by being confined between the sonotrode rear broadening and the counter element, the sonotrode is partly moved through anchorig element material, leaving a cushion of such material on the rear side of the sonotrode.
  • This embodiment is especially suited for situations, where the anchoring is to bear axial, rearward facing loads as well, as the cushion can absorb such forces, especially if it fills the space between the rear broadening and the base of the opening in the construction object.
  • the rear broadening may comprise a plurality of holes of same or different sizes.
  • such openings may be arranged in radially directed rays and comprise sizes that increase with increasing distance from the shaft 3.4. Further examples of "forward" type devices and methods are described referring to Figures 18-21.
  • Figure 18 shows a sectional view of an arrangement of an anchoring element 1 and a counter element 2.
  • the portion of the counter element reaching trough the anchoring element 1 is arranged at the periphery of the anchoring element.
  • it comprises two rods 2.4 guided sideways along the length of the anchoring element.
  • This configuration - and other configurations with counter elements hold from the outer circumference rather than from the core of the anchoring element - may have advantages in handling the counter element and the sonotrode/vibration generating device, compared to the embodiment of Fig. 3.
  • Figures 19a and 19b show a first example of a device and method, where the counter element 2 is formed as a receptacle such as a sleeve.
  • Fig. 19a shows the arrangement at the onset of the anchoring process
  • Fig. 19b shows the arrangement towards the end of the anchoring process.
  • the receptacle comprises a single outward facing mouth 2.2 and a plurality of openings 2.1 in the lateral surface (on the side) and possibly also in the inward facing surface (not shown).
  • the anchoring element 1 may, prior to the anchoring process, be present in the receptacle and for example be fix in it. As an alternative, the anchoring element may initially be separated from the receptacle and inserted in it prior to anchoring.
  • the sonotrode 3 presses against the anchoring element from the front side while it vibrates (mechanical vibrations 5).
  • the counter element comprises a flange 2.3 that rests on the outer surface of the construction object in vicinity to the opening and thus causes the counter force 6 to be created as a normal force acting on the flange 2.3. Due to the effect of the mechanical vibrations and the pressing force applied to the anchoring element, the anchoring element starts melting and thereafter is pressed through the openings 2.1 into pores of the surrounding material 52 that may be substantially less mechanically stable than the front panel 51 that creates the normal force (Fig. 19b).
  • either the receptacle 2 or the anchoring element 1 or both comprise according energy directing structures such as narrowings, edges, tips etc.
  • the anchoring element comprises inward facing protrusions 2.4 in vicinity to the openings 2.1.
  • Figures 19a and 19b may for example also be used in connection with an anchoring element material that is softer than anchoring element materials of other embodiments, so that the heat for melting the material may also, predominantly or in a substantial proportion, be created by internal friction instead of predominantly by absorption of mechanical energy at interfaces.
  • the sleeve like receptacle anchored in the for example relatively soft and/or brittle material may for example be used as a dowel. It may even comprise pre-fabricated structures - such as a threading - to affix a further element, such as a screw, to it. Such a further element can bear upon the sleeve itself and/or remaining thermoplastic material inside the sleeve.
  • the flange 2.3 may be used - like a head of a screw - to affix an other element — placed before anchoring - to the front surface.
  • the counter force is created, by means of a flange, as a normal force.
  • the sleeve like counter element 2 could equally well be held by other means - for example actively by the user/apparatus carrying out the method.
  • Figures 20a and 20b show yet an other embodiment of a device/method where the counter element is formed as a sleeve like receptacle.
  • the counter force 6 is created by the normal force at the base of the blind bore in the construction element 11 , i.e. by the counter element being pressed against the base of the blind hole.
  • This embodiment is suitable for construction objects that are comparably stiff and mechanically stable, such as construction objects of wood or wood composites or (porous) concrete or dense metal foams etc.
  • Figures 20a and 20b is among other things, especially suited for forming a dowel for a further element 22, where the connection to the further element has to bear heavy loads and/or loads for a long time.
  • dowels based on polymer materials feature the problem that polymer material flows over a long time. This problem is significantly reduced due to the effect of the — for example metallic - sleeve 2, to which the further element may be affixed. For example, as illustrated in Fig.
  • the sonotrode may be chosen to displace substantially all polymer material over a substantial portion of the depth of the sleeve, so that the further element 22 — illustrated is a screw — is directly secured to the sleeve 2.
  • the variant of a device illustrated in Figure 21 is distinct from the previously shown embodiments in that it comprises openings 2.1 also (or only) at the base of the sleeve.
  • An energy director assuring melting of the thermoplastic material at the base is formed by a rearwardly facing protrusion 2.11 at the base of the sleeve.
  • This variant could also be provided with a flange feature like the embodiment of Fig. 19a.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Standing Axle, Rod, Or Tube Structures Coupled By Welding, Adhesion, Or Deposition (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
PCT/CH2008/000441 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 Method of and device for anchoring a dowel using mechanical vibrations WO2009052644A1 (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL08800485T PL2205429T3 (pl) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 Sposób i urządzenie do kotwienia kołka ustalającego z zastosowaniem drgań mechanicznych
ES08800485.8T ES2439704T3 (es) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 Método y dispositivo para anclar una espiga usando vibraciones mecánicas
EP08800485.8A EP2205429B1 (en) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 Method of and device for anchoring a dowel using mechanical vibrations
JP2010530240A JP5496900B2 (ja) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 機械的振動を用いてダボを固定する方法および装置
CN200880122876.6A CN101909860B (zh) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 用机械振动锚固销钉的方法和装置
US12/739,563 US8518314B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 Method of fixation for a mechanical dowel
US13/945,991 US9688019B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2013-07-19 Method of fixation for a mechanical dowel

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US98244907P 2007-10-25 2007-10-25
US60/982,449 2007-10-25

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US12/739,563 A-371-Of-International US8518314B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2008-10-22 Method of fixation for a mechanical dowel
US13/945,991 Division US9688019B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2013-07-19 Method of fixation for a mechanical dowel

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EP (1) EP2205429B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP5496900B2 (ja)
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EP2711092A1 (de) 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 Adolf Würth GmbH & Co. KG Transformatorfreier Ultraschall-Generator für ein Handgerät
EP2711093A2 (de) 2012-09-25 2014-03-26 Adolf Würth GmbH & Co. KG Ultraschall-Generator mit ausgangsseitigem Tiefpass für ein Handgerät
EP3115626A1 (de) 2015-07-09 2017-01-11 Weeke Bohrsysteme GmbH Verfahren zum verbinden eines verbindungselements, insbesondere eines dübels, mit einem werkstück und verbindungselement zur verbindung mit einem werkstück
WO2017005720A1 (en) * 2015-07-06 2017-01-12 Multimaterial-Welding Ag Bonding objects together
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DE102012109037B4 (de) * 2012-09-25 2020-11-26 Adolf Würth Gmbh & Co Kg Ultraschall-Generator mit ausgangsseitigem Tiefpass für ein Handgerät
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DE102015212853A1 (de) 2015-07-09 2017-02-02 Weeke Bohrsysteme Gmbh Verfahren zum Verbinden eines Verbindungselements, insbesondere eines Dübels, mit einem Werkstück und Verbindungselement zur Verbindung mit einem Werkstück
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JP2011501007A (ja) 2011-01-06
US9688019B2 (en) 2017-06-27
CN101909860B (zh) 2015-09-02
JP5496900B2 (ja) 2014-05-21
US20130302086A1 (en) 2013-11-14
ES2439704T3 (es) 2014-01-24
CN105216304B (zh) 2018-03-13
CN101909860A (zh) 2010-12-08
US20110062617A1 (en) 2011-03-17
EP2205429B1 (en) 2013-09-18
EP2205429A1 (en) 2010-07-14
CN105216304A (zh) 2016-01-06
PL2205429T3 (pl) 2014-02-28
US8518314B2 (en) 2013-08-27

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