WO2009019306A1 - Procédé de commande de récepteurs électriques dans un réseau à basse tension - Google Patents

Procédé de commande de récepteurs électriques dans un réseau à basse tension Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009019306A1
WO2009019306A1 PCT/EP2008/060405 EP2008060405W WO2009019306A1 WO 2009019306 A1 WO2009019306 A1 WO 2009019306A1 EP 2008060405 W EP2008060405 W EP 2008060405W WO 2009019306 A1 WO2009019306 A1 WO 2009019306A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
power
network
mains voltage
low
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2008/060405
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Gunnar Kaestle
Original Assignee
Gunnar Kaestle
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gunnar Kaestle filed Critical Gunnar Kaestle
Publication of WO2009019306A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009019306A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating a low-voltage network to which one or more controllable power consumers are connected.
  • the invention is particularly concerned with the provision of balancing or control energy in the power grid by loads on the low voltage grid.
  • Control energy is needed to keep the generation of electrical energy at the same level of consumption at the same time. This is necessary for stable operation of power networks. A distinction is made here between primary control power, secondary control power and tertiary control power (so-called minute reserve). Normally, control energy is supplied by throttled thermal power plants and quickly approachable and retractable power plants such. B. gas turbines and hydroelectric plants.
  • Primary control power serves to maintain the balance of power generation and consumption. It is usually automatically retrieved by an active power frequency statics generator sets of power plants. In this case, the active power is changed as a function of the grid frequency on the basis of the statics, a linear controller characteristic. If the mains frequency drops, the active power is increased and vice versa.
  • Secondary control power is used to restore the setpoint frequency of, for example, the 50 Hz in the UCTE network and is fully automatic by means of a network controller of the respective control zone (automatic generation control) with integrative behavior.
  • Activation of the Minute reserve is usually done manually, eg. By telephone call, and has the economic optimization of the interconnected operation for the purpose.
  • DSM Demand Side Management
  • One way of coordinating the network of electrical loads may be through a central control room, from which the control and optimization of the DSM takes place.
  • Conventional concepts for DSM require a communication link for each consumer in addition to the power supply. This extra effort for control technology pays off for large-scale, industrial-scale services, but less so for small consumers with a few kW connected load.
  • the costs of communication and control in the LV network are greater than those of the higher voltage levels due to the fine-grained structure of the DSM system and the size distribution of small consumers.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a simple and robust method for operating a low-voltage network that integrates a plurality of controllable power consumers in a stable and self-regulating network operation.
  • connection that the active power of a consumer related to the grid depends on the voltage level at its connection point is known per se, such as, for example, B. the voltage-dependent power ohmic loads (P ⁇ Uc).
  • P ⁇ Uc the voltage-dependent power ohmic loads
  • decoupling of the active power consumption from the grid sizes is noticeable due to the ever increasing spread of switched-mode power supplies, electronic ballasts and converter-fed drives.
  • the present invention proposes, in a first basic idea, to regulate the behavior of the (controllable) consumers according to the voltage level Ui at the connection point i.
  • the consumers are controlled so that the power consumption of the consumer increases with increasing mains voltage; with decreasing mains voltage the power decreases.
  • the rated load is varied depending on the voltage over a linear characteristic.
  • a battery charger which calculates a charging power of 3 kW for a recharge, continuously shift this charging power up and down, depending on the level at which the average value of the mains voltage is exceeded or fallen short of.
  • a linear shift of the turn-on and turn-off thresholds can occur, i.
  • the switching hysteresis of a two-position controller for refrigeration compressors of freezer chests is adjusted - at high voltage the compressor switches on earlier and off earlier at low voltage.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the basic idea of the invention: If the voltage Ui drops at the connection node i, the load reduces the reference power Pi and vice versa.
  • the consumers are designed as thermally acting devices with a heat or cold buffer; but there are also engines and similar consumers controllable type possible, which essentially depends on the work done in a defined period, such. As the energy that fills the battery of an electric vehicle during a nightly storage cycle again.
  • the mains voltage in the low-voltage network increases or decreases as a function of the active power taken from the respective network segment and fed in decentrally.
  • the invention proposes an active variation of the mains voltage, i. H.
  • a variable reference value for the voltage is specified by a superordinate point, for example a control room with automatically operating master computers.
  • the low-voltage line L itself and, if appropriate, the medium-voltage line serving this purpose serve as the physical layer of the data connection for the network guidance.
  • the usable date, which conveys these as a data bus, is the voltage level.
  • low voltage lines In contrast to the inductive property of medium and high voltage lines, low voltage lines have a predominantly ohmic characteristic. It can therefore be concluded from the voltage drop to the load state of the network segment.
  • the above-described consumer behavior in the case of grid management results in a uniform flow of energy over the network segment or the low-voltage line L supplying transformer T.
  • the variation will expediently take place in the time range of minutes, on the one hand to minimize the switching operations on the tap changer, on the other hand, a fast primary control is easier to implement via the frequency signal.
  • the variable secondary voltage serves as a signal carrier for the request of the regulated power. It should expediently the tolerance band of the standard voltages, z. B. Do not leave according to DIN IEC 60038, as otherwise damage to connected devices may occur and decentralized feeders switch off automatically, thereby provoking network instability.
  • a transformer with a variable transmission ratio for example a series regulator with transformer-coupled additional voltage or else an on-load tap changer, is preferably used.
  • the voltage variation can be done in local network stations, but also at a higher voltage level in the substations.
  • additional resources for voltage regulation in distribution networks are mains voltage regulator in the form of autotransformers, decentralized power generation units with active and reactive power control or medium-voltage DC couplings to call.
  • a voltage-variable transformer slightly lowers the voltage, then in the network segment supplied by it, the displaceable LV loads are stimulated to reduced energy consumption, which leads to a reduced network load. Conversely, raising the voltage causes a higher active power reference and thus a larger network load.
  • the shift of the reference value for the active variation of the mains voltage is preferably carried out via the on-load tap-changer on the power transformer, but also possible is the variation by means of voltage-variable distribution transformer at the local network station.
  • the presented method of the invention deviates from the arrangements known in the prior art by violating the iron principle of the energy technology for the operation of AC networks to couple the active power P with that of the frequency f and the reactive power Q with the mains voltage U.
  • the distributed primary regulation of voltage and frequency by means of local proportional controllers based on Pf and QU statics in the past to a stable Pf and QU-Statiken in the past led to a stable and robust network operation, so that a deviating methodology with the combination of the active power P with the voltage U seems to be inappropriate.
  • Influencing the voltage at the medium voltage level in order to move voltage-sensitive consumers in the low-voltage network for the purpose of tertiary control energy supply to increased or reduced active power consumption contradicts the practiced practice of regulating the active power as a function of the grid frequency.
  • the inventive use of the voltage level as an information carrier for the active power reference in low-voltage networks has the advantage that consumers show a self-organizational behavior to the day. They communicate with each other via the voltage as a local signal, so that loads which are equipped with disposable power due to available storage capacities can automatically at least partially compensate for the fluctuating power requirements of non-controllable loads.
  • the proposed method of complexity reduction since autonomous controls interact with the network based on the product parameters of the current, such as voltage and possibly also frequency.
  • the voltage can be influenced as local size as opposed to the frequency in a dedicated network segment.
  • the requirements for the communication effort are greatly reduced, since only sensors for voltage and possibly frequency are needed.
  • the transmitter for the message "less or more load" is already available as equipment with the tap-changer on the power transformer.As a uniform communication standard, only voltage-quality standards such as EN 50160 must be adhered to also integrates participants who have no stress-sensitive behavior.
  • a heat pump The method according to the invention is explained below using the example of a heat pump.
  • Fig. 2 the energy flows are shown within a building B, further the composite to other buildings B via a common low-voltage line L, which is fed by a distribution transformer T with variable transmission ratio.
  • a clocking electric heating cartridge H2 is also shown. If necessary, it serves to provide the desired high temperatures for hot water preparation, as a reserve for the event of a fault and as a peak load, should the performance of the heat pump unit no longer suffice at the lowest outside temperatures.
  • the heating current 1 is composed of the proportion for the heat pump 2 and the heating element 3.
  • Heat pump H1 and heating element H2 generate heat flows at low 4 and high 5 temperature level, which are cached in the heat storage S.
  • the thermal load 6 absorbs this heat.
  • Neighboring houses B connected to the same low-voltage power L may also have bidirectional power flows.
  • the heat storage S Thanks to the heat storage S, a temporal decoupling between the heat demand and production is possible. This allows a network management of electrical loads, d. H.
  • the plant operation of the consumers H1 and H2 depends on the conditions in the power grid. As a result, the reference power is reduced in the event of a heavy network load and the heat pump charges the storage tank during periods of low load.
  • the system control measures the voltage curve and determines typical trajectories depending on the season and the day of the week. Furthermore, it learns the typical requirement profile of the heat requirement as a function of weather conditions, in particular the outside temperature as well as the year and time of day on the basis of measured past heat reference data. Using the requirement profile, the plant controller can create a forecast that estimates the electricity purchase within a forecast horizon. This period depends on the size of the energy storage (here as a heat storage) and the average load this period.
  • an adaptive controller adjusts the mode of operation of the heater depending on the expected voltage curve and the energy requirement as well as stored tariff information.
  • the value of the current at the transmission network level usually correlates positively with the measured network load at the low-voltage level.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates how live loads in the low voltage grid G-2 are controlled from a central location.
  • the central point of the on-load tap-changer of the power transformer T1 which is connected to the high-voltage network GO, feeds the medium-voltage grid G-1 and also supplies the low-voltage grid G-2 via the local grid transformer T2.
  • the system boundary S includes the controllable load, which is connected to the low voltage node G2-i.
  • the global grid frequency f G o and the voltage at the connection point U G2 - ⁇ are measured.
  • a primary control of the referenced active power PQ 2 - shown.
  • the active power consumption P G2 - ⁇ is linked to the voltage via a parameter pair U ref (setpoint for the voltage [V]) and Ku (power factor of the voltage [V / Hz]).
  • U ref setpoint for the voltage [V]
  • Ku power factor of the voltage [V / Hz]
  • a processing of the input signal U G2 - ⁇ (Mains voltage at low voltage node i [V]) by suitable estimators or filters to hide fast voltage changes.
  • the signal to be used is the slow voltage changes in the time range of minutes, as defined, for example, in EN 50160.
  • the voltage regulator on the on-load tap-changer of the power transformer can now deviate from a fixed reference value for U GI - O and select a value slightly above or below it. This change in voltage propagates through the medium-voltage and low-voltage links to the consumer, where it is stimulated to draw more or less power.
  • the same methodology can also be implemented for the reactive power Q at the low-voltage level, eg. B. when consumers are freely adjustable in the choice of their reactive power current, as is the case, for example, for inverter-controlled drives, which have a four-quadrant operation.
  • the setpoint value for the reactive power Q is dependent both on a voltage statics and on a frequency statics and the parameterization of these statics varies (slope and setpoint value for the voltage U) with the network size.
  • One way to determine changing network sizes is the impedance-hopping method, which is used to detect small island meshes. The emergence of large network islands, such as a distribution network with sufficient self-generation can be communicated for example by a (radio) ripple control system.
  • the control technology behind the voltage regulator can not assume a deterministic behavior of a single load on the given voltage change.
  • the system response is statistically detectable in a variety of live loads.
  • the power flow Po can be measured and brought into relation with the reference voltage voltage Uo.
  • Voltage changes DU cause power changes DP in the subordinate distribution network segment.
  • measured annual and time-dependent dP / dU voltage elasticities of the active power are stored. These values can be used to determine which control energy pulse can be generated.
  • a higher-level control system can thus also fulfill DSM tasks via the voltage control equipment in order to optimize network operation or power consumption, for example. On the one hand, this can be done by generating power strokes DP, on the other hand, upper limits Pmax or quantities derived therefrom can be set to specific operating means, such as eg transformers or lines.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

Des récepteurs de courant pouvant être commandés selon l'invention sont connectés au réseau à basse tension NS. Ces derniers peuvent produire de l'énergie régulée. Le réglage de la puissance de fonctionnement délivrée par les récepteurs de courant est réalisé par une variation active de la tension du réseau au moyen d'un transformateur T à rapport de conversion variable.
PCT/EP2008/060405 2007-08-07 2008-08-07 Procédé de commande de récepteurs électriques dans un réseau à basse tension WO2009019306A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007037277.0 2007-08-07
DE200710037277 DE102007037277A1 (de) 2007-08-07 2007-08-07 Verfahren und System zur Nachfragesteuerung im Niederspannungsnetz

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WO2009019306A1 true WO2009019306A1 (fr) 2009-02-12

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010028954A2 (fr) 2008-09-15 2010-03-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Régulation de puissance pour un parc éolien
DE102010030093A1 (de) 2009-06-15 2010-12-16 Technische Universität Clausthal Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Steuern des Austausches von elektrischer Energie
EP2592709A1 (fr) * 2011-11-08 2013-05-15 SAG GmbH Procédé et dispositif de commande de la stabilité d'un réseau basse tension
CN104821587A (zh) * 2015-05-19 2015-08-05 重庆大学 一种基于轨迹灵敏度法的移相变压器相位角调节方法
EP3148034A1 (fr) * 2015-09-28 2017-03-29 AEG Power Solutions GmbH Unité de contrôle pour un consommateur électrique, consommateur électrique et circuit avec unité de contrôle et utilisation de l'unité de contrôle

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011108255A1 (de) 2011-07-22 2013-01-24 ct.e Controltechnology Engineering GmbH Verfahren zur adaptiven Regelung der Versorgungsspannung in Ortsnetzen
DE102011122580B4 (de) 2011-12-29 2022-10-13 Bob Holding Gmbh Verfahren zum Betreiben eines elektrischen Versorgungsnetzes und zugehörige Steuereinheit
DE102012202273A1 (de) * 2012-02-15 2013-08-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Transformatoranordnung für die Ortsnetz-Spannungsversorgung
DE102012106466B4 (de) * 2012-07-18 2021-07-01 Sma Solar Technology Ag Steuerung von Betriebsmitteln über Beeinflussung der Netzspannung
CN104201698B (zh) * 2014-09-05 2016-11-23 广东电网公司佛山供电局 基于双pwm型储能变流器的直流母线电压动态稳定控制系统和方法

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US4346341A (en) * 1981-03-02 1982-08-24 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for automatic voltage reduction control
US4413189A (en) * 1981-11-09 1983-11-01 Bottom Jr Dudley Demand reduction system for regulated electric utility distribution circuits
US4494010A (en) * 1982-08-09 1985-01-15 Standum Controls, Inc. Programmable power control apparatus responsive to load variations
US5117175A (en) * 1990-10-16 1992-05-26 Pettigrew Robert D Remote bias voltage setting LTC control system
US20050275386A1 (en) * 2002-06-23 2005-12-15 Powerlynx A/S Power converter

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US436397A (en) * 1890-09-16 Feed-trough

Patent Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4346341A (en) * 1981-03-02 1982-08-24 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for automatic voltage reduction control
US4413189A (en) * 1981-11-09 1983-11-01 Bottom Jr Dudley Demand reduction system for regulated electric utility distribution circuits
US4494010A (en) * 1982-08-09 1985-01-15 Standum Controls, Inc. Programmable power control apparatus responsive to load variations
US5117175A (en) * 1990-10-16 1992-05-26 Pettigrew Robert D Remote bias voltage setting LTC control system
US20050275386A1 (en) * 2002-06-23 2005-12-15 Powerlynx A/S Power converter

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010028954A2 (fr) 2008-09-15 2010-03-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Régulation de puissance pour un parc éolien
WO2010028954A3 (fr) * 2008-09-15 2010-05-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Régulation de puissance pour un parc éolien
DE102010030093A1 (de) 2009-06-15 2010-12-16 Technische Universität Clausthal Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Steuern des Austausches von elektrischer Energie
EP2592709A1 (fr) * 2011-11-08 2013-05-15 SAG GmbH Procédé et dispositif de commande de la stabilité d'un réseau basse tension
CN104821587A (zh) * 2015-05-19 2015-08-05 重庆大学 一种基于轨迹灵敏度法的移相变压器相位角调节方法
EP3148034A1 (fr) * 2015-09-28 2017-03-29 AEG Power Solutions GmbH Unité de contrôle pour un consommateur électrique, consommateur électrique et circuit avec unité de contrôle et utilisation de l'unité de contrôle

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