Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
  • C25C1/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions or iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
  • C25C7/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
  • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
  • C02F1/4676—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction
  • C02F1/4678—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction of metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
  • C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
  • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
  • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
  • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
  • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
  • C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
  • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
  • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

• a method and a device for electrochemically selective transfer of cations by electrochemical transfer in solution, and applications of this method are described.
• the present invention relates to a method and a device for selective extraction of cations by electrochemical transfer in solution, and various applications of this process for example for separation, recycling, depollution, direct or indirect recovery of the products obtained by the transfer, demineralization, concentration, etc.
• the invention more specifically relates to an electrolytic type process for transporting ions, more particularly cations, through a suitable wall, from a first electrolyte solution containing one or more categories of ions of the same charge or of different charge, to a second electrolytic solution.
• the role of an ion exchange membrane is to act as a barrier if possible selective between two solutions. Under the effect of a transfer force generally generated by an electrical potential gradient, such a membrane allows the passage or the stoppage of certain chemical species between the two media that it separates.
• the membrane may be homogeneous or heterogeneous, of symmetrical or asymmetrical structure. It can be gaseous, liquid, solid of mineral or organic origin. It can be neutral or carry positive or negative charges. It can be porous or dense.
• the basic method of using ion exchange membranes is electrodialysis, which is a transfer of ions through these membranes under the effect of an electric field.
• Ion exchange membranes allow migration of charged species, and selectively according to the sign of their charge: cation transfer in the case of cation exchange membranes, transfer of anions in the case of exchange membranes. anions.
• the selective transfer of the charged species is carried out according to a site-to-site ion exchange mechanism between the ions of the solution and the counter ions carried by the membrane.
• the mechanisms of selectivity are related to the chemical nature of the materials constituting the membranes.
• Electrodialysis is a purely separative process, the charged species will migrate under the effect of the electric field and will be retained in some compartments of the device used thanks to selective membranes.
• the electrodialysis can also be coupled to an electrolysis process, the reactions to the electrodes, located respectively in the compartments of the tank on either side of the membrane, being then taken advantage of and the chemical species that reacted migrate through the membrane under the effect of the electric field.
• ion exchange membranes are used, for example, for the desalination of seawater, the recycling of rinsing water used during surface treatment of metallurgical products, the regeneration of pickling baths, the obtaining of ultra-pure water, or the containment of heavy metals, etc.
• a disadvantage of ion exchange membranes is that they do not allow the separation of ions from same electric charge. It is therefore impossible to selectively extract a metal cation A x + with respect to another B x + having the same charge.
• the transfer selectivity applies to a category of either cation or anion, it does not apply to the counter-ions.
• molybdenum cluster phases or Chevrel phases of general formula Mo 6 Xe are also known, with X being in particular S, Se, Te.
• Ternary chalcogenides of molybdenum exhibit a variety of physical and electrochemical properties, such as:
• FR-2765811 relates to a hydrotreating catalyst obtained by the formation of Chevrel phases dispersed on a refractory metal oxide.
• WO-0109959 discloses a solar cell module based on fiberglass and Chevrel phases.
• WO-02/05366 discloses the use of Chevrel phase material comprising metallic filling elements, as a thermoelectric material for the production of energy.
• US-2005/0220699 discloses an improved process for producing Chevrel phase material for the manufacture of superconducting materials or catalysts.
• JP-2005/317289 discloses a use of the Chevrel phases as a platinum-free or low Pt catalyst in fuel cells.
• the present invention aims to solve the problems posed by the use of ion exchange membranes, reported above. It aims in particular to allow an improved selective transfer of metal ions from an aqueous or non-aqueous medium, for example a liquid industrial discharge (used electroplating baths, rinsing water, pickling baths, leachate from steel mill dusts, leachates used batteries, including slags from incineration plants, foundry sand and other solid discharges from metallurgical industries) to another electrolytic medium suitable for the direct or indirect recovery of the transferred metal. It aims more generally to allow the extraction and selective transfer of cations between aqueous and / or non-aqueous electrolytic phases.
• the subject of the invention is a process for the selective extraction of cations by electrochemical transfer in solution from a first electrolyte to a second electrolyte, characterized in that a wall is used as an electrolyte separation wall.
• transfer of molybdenum cluster chalcogenides, in particular the Mo 6 Xe phases called Chevrel phases, and cation transfer is ensured through said transfer wall by generating a potential difference between, on the one hand, the first electrolyte, and secondly the second electrolyte or said transfer wall, so as to cause intercalation of the cations in the transfer wall on the side of the first electrolyte, diffusion of the cations in the latter, and their deintercalation in the second electrolyte .
• molybdenum cluster chalcogenides it should be understood binary or ternary materials structured from molybdenum cluster Mo n and chalcogenide networks designated X with X being S (Sulfur), Se (Selenium) or Te (Tellurium ), according to the general stoichiometry Mo n X n + 2 or Mo n X n for the formulation of the binaries, and the formulation M x Mo n X n + 2 or M x Mo n X n for the ternary chalcogenides, with M being a metal.
• the invention is therefore an electrolysis process ensuring selective transport or transfer, through a mineral junction formed by said transfer wall, of a cation or a set of cations, from a first electrolyte containing several cations, in particular of different charges, towards an electrolytic solution of recovery and / or recovery.
• the principle of the process is based on cation intercalation reactions under a potential or current density applied to an insoluble and chemically stable solid matrix in contact with aqueous or organic media.
• the process according to the invention is distinguished in particular from membrane separation processes by the fact that it is based on the development of the process of intercalation reactions and deintercalation developing simultaneously and electrochemically, caused by the implementation of the overall process of electrolysis between the two electrolytes.
• the process according to the invention allows selective separation between ions of the same charge and of different nature.
• the method according to the invention also allows a selective transfer of ions from a first aqueous medium or not to a second aqueous medium or not, these two media may be of the same or different nature, for example the first medium may be aqueous and the second organic medium.
• Another advantage of the invention is that, apart from the products necessary for the development of the transfer wall, no reagent is involved in the process and there is no formation of rejects.
• the cations capable of being treated according to the invention are, for the sulphurous, selenium or tellurized Chevrel phases (Mo 6 S 8 , Mo 6 Se 8 or Mo 6 Te 8 ), most of the "industrial" metals: Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, which can be used in many problems of management of effluents and solid discharges, as well as alkali and alkaline earth metals Li, Na, Mg.
• the invention is in fact based on a new exploitation of the particular properties of the Chevrel phases relative to their selective cation transfer capacity, as a function of the oxidation - reduction characteristics of the ions present.
• the transfer of the two cations would then occur with a more or less total loss of selectivity.
• the selective transfer of the cadmium will be carried out if the potential of the interface between the first electrolyte and the wall The transfer rate is maintained in the range of -0.450 to -0.700 V relative to a saturated KCl calomel electrode (ECS) located in the first electrolyte.
• ECS saturated KCl calomel electrode
• the selectivity range will be in the range of -0.300 to -0.600 V / ECS.
• the selective transfer of cobalt will occur if the potential is maintained in the range of potential of -0.400 to -0 , 600 V / ECS.
• the invention also allows a global reduction of the intercalable metals by transfer without any need for selectivity, which corresponds to an electrochemical transfer extraction, for example for a treatment of cations. purification of an effluent or even a retention basin.
• the invention also makes it possible to achieve a concentration of cations, selectively or not, by transfer of a dilute solution constituting the first electrolyte to the second electrolyte of reduced volume relative to the first electrolyte to obtain the desired concentration effect.
• the transfer wall is electrically connected to a device for measuring the potential between said wall and reference electrodes respectively located in each electrolyte.
• This arrangement makes it possible to control that the transfer process is carried out correctly and, by adapting the electrolysis current, it is possible to adjust the potential applied between said electrolytes accordingly.
• the use of a second non-aqueous electrolyte then allows for example a suitable recovery of the transferred cation, by electroplating of metals not feasible in an aqueous medium.
• the difference in potential is generated between the first electrolyte and the said transfer wall, and the deintercalation on the side of the second electrolyte is a chemical deintercalation by a chemical oxidant in the second electrolyte.
• transfer walls arranged successively, in cascade, between extreme electrolytes, and with one or more electrolytes intermediate between the different walls.
• transfer which may also be of a different nature, for example one in Mo 6 S 8 and the other Mo 6 Se 8 or Mo 6 Te 8 .
• Electrolytes can also be provided between the electrolytes in pulsed currents, which may comprise cathode and anode pulses for the operation of the interface between the transfer wall and the first electrolyte, in order to improve the selectivity of the intercalation reaction for a predetermined cation.
• pulsed currents which may comprise cathode and anode pulses for the operation of the interface between the transfer wall and the first electrolyte, in order to improve the selectivity of the intercalation reaction for a predetermined cation.
• the invention also relates to a device for selective extraction of cations by electrochemical transfer in solution, this device comprising a tank with at least two compartments arranged to each contain an electrolyte and separated by a bulkhead, and being characterized in that said bulkhead consists at least in part of at least one transfer wall formed of molybdenum cluster chalcogenide, in particular a mineral compound of the Chevrel phase family, of the Mo 6 Xe type with X being S, Se, or Te.
• molybdenum cluster chalcogenide in particular a mineral compound of the Chevrel phase family, of the Mo 6 Xe type with X being S, Se, or Te.
• said transfer wall consists of a disk of Mo 6 Xe, or M x Mo 6 X 8 , powder compacted by hot pressing (Hot Pressing).
• the transfer wall is Mo 6 S 8 , obtained by synthesis of a ternary M x Mo 6 S 8 and then by the deintercalation of the cation M, for example copper, electrochemically.
• the transfer wall is formed of Mo 6 Se 8 or Mo 6 Te 8 , obtained directly by hot-pressing reagent.
• the disk will have a thickness of the order of 0.1 mm or even less, up to several millimeters, for example between 3 and 5 mm, a low thickness that may be favorable to obtain better speeds. transfer.
• the device comprises adjustable DC generating means connected between an anode placed in a first of the compartments, and a cathode placed in the second compartment.
• the transfer wall may also be electrically connected to a potential measuring device, connected to reference electrodes respectively arranged in each compartment, and the source of Current can be controlled according to the measured potentials.
• the partition wall of the compartments comprises a plurality of transfer walls.
• the tank is separated into several successive adjacent compartments separated by identical or different transfer walls.
• the first compartment has an anode and the current generator is connected between this anode and the transfer wall.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the device
• FIG. 2 is a diagram of the electrical connection
• FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the mounting of a pellet constituting the transfer wall
• FIG. 4 is a diagram of an alternative embodiment, with control of the potential of the transfer wall
• Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment with several pellets distributed in the partition wall of the compartments of the tank
• Figure 6 illustrates an arrangement using several compartments and transfer walls in series.
• FIG. 1 shows a tank 1 comprising two compartments 11 and 12, adapted to receiving an electrolyte and separated by a partition wall 13 in which is placed a transfer wall consisting of a disk-shaped pellet 2, mounted in the partition in a sealed manner.
• the device also comprises an anode A1 placed in the first compartment 11 and a cathode C2 placed in the second compartment 12.
• a potential difference ⁇ E can be applied between the anode A1 and the cathode C2, for example according to the electrical connection diagram.
• FIG. 2 which shows a source of direct current 3, supplying the two electrodes A1 and C2 via a potentiometer 31 and a control ammeter 32.
• the pellet 2 is formed of a molybdenum chalcogenide, for example Mo 6 S 8 , Mo 6 Se 8 or Mo 6 Te 8 .
• the production of sealed pellets is carried out on the principle of a synthesis by hot-pressing reagent, from a mixture of powders of composition adapted for the stoichiometry of the desired material.
• the powders are compacted by imposing a pressure of 20 to 40 MPa between two graphite pistons, for example of diameter of the order of 25 mm, guided in a graphite matrix. also.
• Reactive hot pressing must lead to a compactness of the pellet forming the transfer wall, which is generally greater than 70%, and at least adapted to allow mobility of the cations by diffusion while ensuring complete sealing of the electrolytic solutions.
• the manufacturing process is different depending on whether it is Mo 6 S 8 , Mo 6 Se 8 or Mo 6 Te 8 : a) In the case of Mo 6 S 8 , and because this compound is not stable at the temperatures required for hot-pressing, the synthesis of this binary material can not be carried out directly from the elements Mo and S, and passes through the synthesis of a ternary M x Mo 6 S 8 , which is stable at the temperatures required for pressing, with M being for example copper, and then by the subsequent deintercalation of the Cu 2+ cation by electrochemical or chemical route.
• the mixture of the pulverulent components is homogenized and then placed in the graphite matrix.
• the heating is carried out under argon atmosphere up to a temperature of 1000 ° C, maintained for 3 h, then back to room temperature.
• a pressure of 30 MPa is permanently applied during heating and temperature maintenance.
• This pellet can then be placed in the device.
• the deintercalation of the Cu 2+ cation to obtain Mo 6 S 8 is then performed electrochemically, by prior implementation of the device, before the actual use of the device for implementing the method.
• the chip of Mo 6 S 8 or Mo 6 Se 8 is mounted in the device as shown in FIG. 3, between two flanges 41, 42 respectively connected to the compartments 11 and 12 and clamped one against the other. other by screws 45, the sealing being provided by O-rings 43.
• a movable spring contact system 44 provides an electrical connection with the wafer 2, and allows it to be connected to a control device, adapted in particular for measuring the interface potential EiI, Ei2 of the chip relative to reference electrodes 33, 34 respectively disposed in each compartment of the tank, as shown in FIG.
• the implementation of the device is typically carried out as follows:
• the compartments 11 and 12 are filled with the desired electrolyte, for example, and in no way limiting, 100 ml Na 2 SO 4 of concentrations between 0.5 and 1 M + M (I) SO 4 in concentrations of between 0.1 and IM + optionally H 2 SO 4 in a concentration of between 0 and 1 M as the first electrolyte El in the first compartment 11, and 100 ml Na 2 SO 4 of concentrations between 0.5 and 1 M + optionally H 2 SO 4 in concentration between 0 and IM as the second electrolyte E2 in the second compartment 12, with M (1) being one or more metal cations which it is desired to separate.
• the anode A1 is placed in the first compartment 11 and the cathode C2 in the second compartment 12, and the contact 44 of the pellet is connected to potentiometric control means, connected to the reference electrodes 33, 34 immersed in the electrolytes El. and E2. It is thus possible to control the interface potentials and to adjust accordingly the global potential ⁇ E applied between the anode A1 and the cathode C2, by controlling the adjustment of the potentiometer 31, so as to obtain a current density related to the operating surface of the the transfer wall, or of all the transfer walls arranged in parallel, for example between 0.2 and 20 mA / cm 2 .
• the mobility of the metal cation in the Chevrel phase thus makes it possible to transfer the desolvated cation M n + from one medium to another without transfer of any other chemical species from either compartment.
• the cations capable of being treated according to the invention are for the sulfurized, selenium and tellurium phases (Mo 6 S 8 , Mo 6 Se 8 and Mo 6 Te 8 ) most metals: Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, which can be found in many problems of effluent management and solid discharges, especially in the industry. batteries and accumulators, as well as the alkaline and alkaline earth metals Li, Na, Mg.
• the selectivity of the transfer is expressed by a transfer selectivity rate of the cation M n + represented by the ratio M t n + / ⁇ M 1 114 the quantity of cations transferred M t n + to the sum of the cations transferred to compartment 12, for example Co t / (Co t + Ni t ) for the mixture Co 2+ + Ni 2+ .
• the selectivity rate is 99.1% and the faradic efficiency of 98.2%.
• the vessel is constituted by an assembly of U-shaped side walls 21, 22 and transverse walls 23, 24, 25 held together, juxtaposed and with the interposition of seals 26.
• the walls transverse 23 and 25 constitute the end walls of the vessel.
• the intermediate wall 24 constitutes the partition wall of the two compartments of the tank and carries a plurality of pellets 2 forming the transfer walls according to the invention. Such an arrangement increases the useful transfer area, and therefore the overall speed of the transfer.
• the vessel has three compartments.
• the two extreme compartments 11 ', 12 ' are equivalent to the compartments 11 and 12 of the example shown in FIG. 1.
• An additional compartment 15, containing an electrolyte E3 is located between the two compartments 11' and 12 'and separated therefrom by partition walls 13' , 13 '' each comprising one or more pellets 2 ', 2''forming transfer walls according to the invention.
• These pellets may be of the same nature, to simply increase the selectivity of the transfer of compartment 11 'to compartment 12'. They may also be of a different nature and may be managed differently by a specific measurement of the potentials between the various compartments, for example, to effect a separation of different cations.
• two types of cations can be transferred from compartment 11 'to compartment 15, and only one from compartment 15 to compartment 12'.
• Various combinations of pellets and transfer parameters can thus be used to effect various desired separations and treatments.
• the transfers can be simultaneous on the three compartments with the same current passing through the two pellets 2 ', 2 ".In another way, the transfers can be done in stages operating successively on two compartments, for example 15 and 12' first, then 11 'and 15, adapting the location of the electrodes A1 and C2.
• the electrolytes placed in the two compartments 11, 12 comprising the anode A1 and the cathode C2 may be different, in particular by the nature of the base salts, by the level of acidity, by the presence of complexing agents, by the nature of the solvents, in particular organic or inorganic non-aqueous solvents (DMSO, DMF, ionic liquids, solid electrolytes, etc.). It is thus possible, for example, to carry out ionic transfer of a sulphate medium to a chloride medium without diffusion of said medium.
• the intermediate electrolyte (s) E3 may also be identical or different from one or both electrolytes E1 or E2.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
• Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
• Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
• Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
• Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)

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• 2007
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