WO2009002558A1 - Zestes d'agrumes séchés comme support absorbant pour des additifs d'aliments pour animaux commerciaux - Google Patents

Zestes d'agrumes séchés comme support absorbant pour des additifs d'aliments pour animaux commerciaux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009002558A1
WO2009002558A1 PCT/US2008/008067 US2008008067W WO2009002558A1 WO 2009002558 A1 WO2009002558 A1 WO 2009002558A1 US 2008008067 W US2008008067 W US 2008008067W WO 2009002558 A1 WO2009002558 A1 WO 2009002558A1
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Prior art keywords
citrus
composition
acid
carrier
byproduct
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PCT/US2008/008067
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephen F. Driggers
David L. Wilson
Catherine A. Wilson
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Driggers Stephen F
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Priority to BRPI0812935-5A priority Critical patent/BRPI0812935A2/pt
Publication of WO2009002558A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009002558A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
    • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L19/03—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof consisting of whole pieces or fragments without mashing the original pieces
    • A23L19/07—Fruit waste products, e.g. from citrus peel or seeds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to chemical carrier compositions used in animal nutrition. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of dried citrus peels as an absorbent carrier for liquid animal feed additives.
  • animal feeds are usually mechanical mixtures of many different grains and other sources of nutrition along with desired additives to give the target animal a nutritionally balanced diet.
  • desired additives are liquids that have been absorbed onto a dry carrier in order that they might be added during the feed mixing operation at some inclusion rate that will give the animal feed mixture the content of the particular additives in the desired amounts in the finished feed.
  • desired additives may include but are not limited to various organic and inorganic acids, sources of energy in the diet, minerals, or vitamins.
  • Animal feed additives of interest include, but are not limited to certain liquid inorganic acids, organic acids, and medium chain fatty acids along with their ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts.
  • a product or mixture of products In order for a product or mixture of products to be a useful dry absorbent carrier for the purpose of incorporating certain useful liquids in animal feed it should address several areas.
  • the carrier should be sufficiently absorbent so that a concentrated feed additive as practicable is manufactured.
  • Animal Nutritionists use many different grains and other sources of nutrition to formulate a balanced feed for the target animal. Concentrated animal feed additives leave more room in the formulas for a ton of feed for alternative ingredients to be used than do lesser concentrated additives. This gives the nutritionist more flexibility in choosing ingredients for the feed and the opportunity to create a more economical feed.
  • a unit weight of the dry chemical carrier must be able to absorb sufficient quantities of liquid nutritional additives. For example, if a chemical carrier is 20% absorbent by weight, it will require 5 pounds of carrier to absorb 1 pound of liquid feed additive. Therefore, the total weight of delivery of the 1 pound of desired feed additive within a ton of animal feed is then 6 pounds. If a more absorbent chemical carrier is used, for example one which 50% absorbent by weight, it will require only 2 lbs of the dry carrier to absorb the desired 1 pound of feed additive. The total weigh of delivery of the 1 pound of feed additive is therefore 3 pounds in the final feed.
  • Nutritionists must often make choices between ingredients based on how much space they would take up in the finished feed. Space is defined as being the inclusion rate necessary for any given ingredient to be used in order to get the desired nutrient value in 2000 pounds (one ton) of the finished feed.
  • the nutritionist must formulate the ration to a desired nutritional balance using a combination of many preferred ingredients. Each ingredient has a cost associated with the nutritional value it contributes to the feed, verses the amount of space it takes up in the formulation for that specific ingredient. It is particularly useful if the ingredient has as many useful aspects from a nutritional stand point as possible. It is especially useful if a dry absorbent carrier can in its own right provide some nutritive value beyond its intended use as a vehicle to absorb certain desired liquid ingredients.
  • the carrier should be economical and readily available.
  • the cost of the carrier, as delivered to the feed mill plant producing the animal feed, or animal nutritional supplement, must be an acceptable percentage of the production cost.
  • the cost of the process of absorbing the nutritional supplements onto the chemical carriers must also be considered.
  • Some chemical carriers require extensive drying prior to exposure to the desired liquid supplement, or require the supplement be applied at an elevated temperature.
  • the carrier should be consistent and repeatable from load to load in bulk density, absorbency, chemical and nutritional composition.
  • the carrier should be palpable to the target animal. Many of the supplements fed to target animals are not readily consumed by the animal in raw form due to unpleasant palatability. And an added benefit to the carrier would be if it provides some nutrient value to the feed.
  • the dry absorbent chemical carrier should possess good flow-ability characteristic even when compounded with liquid additives.
  • the dry absorbent carrier should be easy and safe for feed mixing personnel to produce, and for personnel to handle and feed to livestock.
  • the liquid feed additives are acids, operating personnel are sometimes irritated by pungent fumes, especially the fumes of organic acids and hydrochloric acid.
  • the dry absorbent carrier system should be capable of being used in a manner that will reduce the vapor pressure of volatile components within the liquid feed additives in order to reduce the out gassing of those components.
  • Dry carriers such as bentonite, vermiculite, and fumed silica have long been used as absorbents for desired liquid animal feed additives. Such resulting mixtures are introduced into mixtures of grains, and other ingredients to produce finished animal feeds. Bentonite and vermiculite are available in many parts of the world where there are sufficient deposits of these minerals. Fumed silica is a synthetic product available from many sources. Fumed silica is very highly absorbent, but is also very expensive. This class of carriers is highly efficient and economical, but contributes little to the nutritional requirements of the target animal. Ingredients such as potassium chloride and calcium carbonate supply nutrients useful in some diets but have limited inclusion rates for dietary reasons.
  • the dry natural organic absorbent carrier composition should be readily available, consistent and repeatable, and economical in use.
  • the dry natural organic absorbent carrier composition should also exhibit good working qualities in regard to flow-ability and out gassing when loaded with liquid feed additives.
  • the process of absorbing the liquid feed additives into the dry natural organic absorbent chemical carrier should be readily incorporated into a production process and should be efficient, repeatable, and economical. It is very desirable that the dry natural organic absorbent carrier add to the nutritional value of the feed instead of being inert and having no real nutritional value. It is also very desirable for the dried natural organic absorbent carrier to improve the palatability of the feed. It is very desirable that the dried natural organic absorbent carrier to be of not only natural and organic, but be of a renewable resource in origin. It is to such a carrier composition and process that the present invention is directed.
  • the present invention which, in one aspect, is a a process for the creation of an animal nutritional feed supplement composition; the process including the use of an absorbent chemical carrier.
  • the chemical carrier including citrus byproduct obtained from citrus juice expressing, said citrus byproduct including citrus peel and being in a dried state.
  • Adding a blooming agent to the chemical carrier to form a pre-mix then mixing the blooming agent by means of mechanical agitation uniformly into the citrus byproduct for a period of time.
  • the blooming agent then blooming the citrus byproduct within the pre-mix.
  • Adding liquid feed supplements to the bloomed chemical carrier The liquid feed supplements then being substantially absorbed by the chemical carrier to form a substantially dry feed supplement composition.
  • the time period is greater than 30 seconds.
  • the dried citrus byproduct has a moisture content between about 5% and 12% by weight.
  • the blooming agent is at least one of the group including formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, lactic, citric, caprylic, capric, caproic, valeric, butaric acid, trimethyl glycine, choline, lysine, or certain other amino acids, or a combination of a preceding acid with its salt in solution.
  • the blooming agent includes Propionic Acid.
  • the blooming agent includes a water solution of propionic acid and ammonium proprionate. The blooming agent is added to the chemical carrier in a ratio of between 1% to 5% on an active acid basis of the weight of the dried citrus byproduct.
  • the liquid feed supplements include at least one of an organic or medium chain fatty acid selected from the group including formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, lactic, citric, caprylic, capric, caproic, valeric, butaric acid, or a combination of a preceding acid with its salt in solution, trimethyl glycine, choline, lysine, glycerin, or certain other amino acids.
  • the liquid feed supplements may include at least one of an inorganic acid selected from the group including phosphoric, sulfuric, or hydrochloric acid.
  • the liquid feed supplements may include at least one of glycerin or propylene glycol.
  • the liquid feed supplements are added to the bloomed dried citrus carrier in a ratio of between 10% to 55% of the weight of the dried citrus byproduct.
  • the feed supplement composition is a free flowing mixture having an angle of repose of less than 40 degrees.
  • the feed supplement composition is non-clumping.
  • prior to use in the chemical carrier composition the citrus flake is ground by mechanical means to produce a particle size finer than a 6 mesh Tyler screen designation.
  • the liquid feed supplements absorbed onto the bloomed citrus byproduct carrier when fed in the diet of a cow with subclinical hypocalcemia positively affect the negative dietary cation-anion difference which governs calcium metabolism.
  • the liquid feed supplements absorbed onto bloomed citrus byproduct carrier which when fed to a cow post calving would provide a source of energy, organic acids and fiber.
  • the present invention provide an animal nutritional feed supplement composition; the composition including an absorbent chemical carrier composition.
  • the chemical carrier including citrus byproduct obtained from citrus juice expressing, said citrus byproduct including citrus peel and being in a dried state, the chemical carrier having between about 10 and about 100 volume percent of the citrus byproduct, and up to 90 volume percent of a secondary chemical carrier other than citrus byproduct.
  • a blooming agent added to the chemical carrier to form a pre- mix, wherein the blooming agent is mixed into the chemical carrier for a period of time.
  • the liquid feed supplements are added to the pre-mix, the liquid feed supplements then being substantially absorbed by the chemical carrier to form a substantially dry feed supplement composition.
  • the secondary chemical carriers include beet pulp, brewers grains, distillers grains, soybean meal, peanut hulls, expanded vermiculite, Bentonite, fumed silica, or cotton seed meal.
  • the blooming agent is at least one of the group including formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, lactic, citric, caprylic, capric, caproic, valeric, butaric acid, trimethyl glycine, choline, lysine, or certain other amino acids, or a combination of a preceding acid with its salt in solution.
  • the blooming agent includes Propionic Acid, or the blooming agent includes a water solution of propionic acid and ammonium proprionate.
  • the blooming agent being added to the chemical carrier in a ratio of between 1% to 5% on an active acid basis of the weight of the dried citrus byproduct.
  • the liquid feed supplements include at least one of an organic or medium chain fatty acid selected from the group including formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, lactic, citric, caprylic, capric, caproic, valeric, butaric acid, or a combination of a preceding acid with its salt in solution, trimethyl glycine, choline, lysine, glycerin, or certain other amino acids.
  • the liquid feed supplements may include at least one of an inorganic acid selected from the group including phosphoric, sulfuric, or hydrochloric acid.
  • the liquid feed supplements may also include at least one of glycerin or propylene glycol.
  • the liquid feed supplements are added to the bloomed dried citrus carrier in a ratio of between 10% to 55% of the weight of the dried citrus byproduct.
  • the feed supplement composition is a free flowing mixture having an angle of repose of less than 40 degrees.
  • the feed supplement composition is non-clumping.
  • prior to use in the chemical carrier composition the citrus flake is ground by mechanical means to produce a particle size finer than a 6 mesh Tyler screen designation.
  • the liquid feed supplements absorbed onto the bloomed citrus byproduct carrier which when fed in the diet of a cow with subclinical hypocalcemia, positively affect the negative dietary cation-anion difference which governs calcium metabolism.
  • the liquid feed supplements absorbed onto bloomed citrus byproduct carrier which when fed to a cow post calving, would provide a source of energy, organic acids and fiber.
  • Fig. 1 is a bar graph of the weight of test and control cattle in a feed test.
  • Fig. 2 is a bar graph of the average pounds of feed consumer per day by test and control cattle in a feed test.
  • Fig. 3 is a comparison of the average daily weight gain of test and control cattle in a feed test.
  • Fig. 4 is a graph of a measure of the digestibility of the feed supplement for test and control cattle in a feed test.
  • the invention presents a unique natural organic absorbent chemical carrier for liquid feed additives, and a process of incorporating the liquid feed additive into the chemical carrier.
  • Particles of untreated citrus byproduct including dried citrus peels and pulp can be used to absorb certain useful liquid animal feed additives up to 122% of the dried peel's weight, thereby acting as an effective and efficient absorbent carrier.
  • a citrus peel / liquid animal feed mix may be produced which contains up to 55% by weight liquid animal feeds, with only a 45% by weight, citrus peel carrier.
  • the resulting mixtures are an effective and easy handling means to introduce desired commercial animal feed additives into animal feeds with a natural organic absorbent carrier that has good palatability to livestock and poultry.
  • the resulting compositions are dry and free flowing.
  • citrus peel or dried citrus pulp which is a voluminous byproduct of citrus juice extraction operations.
  • the dried citrus peel and pulp are commonly referred to as citrus byproduct.
  • Citrus byproduct is widely produced throughout the world. Dried citrus byproduct is manufactured as fruit is harvested and processed. It is available during most of the year in any given geographic citrus growing region. Between crops, the peel is easily stored.
  • This citrus byproduct material is typically dried as citrus waste material that is widely varying or heterogeneous in terms of components, particle sizes and even shapes.
  • this heterogeneously sized dried citrus waste material is referred to as being flaked.
  • Typical dried citrus byproduct material is composed of primarily large particles having a general length or width or size of about 1/2 inch or greater, while also including a relatively low volume of fine particles.
  • This flaked dried citrus byproduct can include fine particles on the order of 1% by weight, usually less than 10% by weight, with at least 10% by weight of irregularly shaped particles in excess of 3/4 inch in size.
  • Typical moisture contents of this flaked dried citrus byproduct range between about 5 and about 12 weight percent moisture, based upon the total weight of the byproduct, typically between about 7 and 11 weight percent. Where greater moisture reduction cost is acceptable, a moisture content of between about 8 and 9 weight percent can be practiced.
  • the flaked dried citrus byproduct in the inventive process and composition. It can be used as the product of traditional citrus residue processing into so-called dried pulp.
  • This typically includes a so-called liming process in which the raw, wet citrus residue is treated with calcium oxide (“quicklime"), pressed and dried into loose dried pulp. This can serve as the dried citrus byproduct as used herein. Details on the production of this loose dried pulp can be found in Braddock, Handbook of Citrus By-Product and Processing Technology, Chapter 10, "Dried Pulp, Pellets and Molasses," pages 135-148, incorporated by reference here into.
  • the dried citrus byproduct can be flaked, ground, or palletized depending on the consistency of the final product desired.
  • citrus byproduct includes all flaked, ground, or palletized forms. All forms of dried citrus particles show ability to absorb useful liquid animal feed additives, but the flaked and ground forms are preferred. Particle sizing and consistency are varied as desired in order to be consistent to the final animal feed being produced.
  • Table I displays a typical analysis of values of Dried Citrus peel that are important to animal nutritionists:
  • Citrus peel largely consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
  • Cellulose is a long chained polysaccaride.
  • a hemicellulose can be any of several heteropolymers (matrix polysaccharides) present along with cellulose. While cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis, hemicellulose has a random, amorphous structure. Hemicellulose contains many different sugar monomers. In contrast, cellulose contains only anhydrous glucose Unlike cellulose, hemicellulose (also a polysaccharide) consists of shorter chains - 500-3000 sugar units as opposed to 7,000 - 15,000 glucose molecules per polymer seen in cellulose.
  • hemicellulose is a branched polymer, while cellulose is unbranched. Hemicelluloses are embedded in the cell walls in chains,they bind with pectin to cellulose to form a network of cross-linked fibres. Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide derived from the cell wall. Pectin helps bind the cells of the peel together.
  • Acids act to convert (“hydrolyze") cellulose and hemicellulose into simpler sugars (hexose and pentose, or "C6 and C5" sugars) by hydrolysis. Acids also help break down pectins in the same way. Instead of total hydrolysis, a partial hydrolysis reaction opens up the hard, dry structure of the dried citrus peel by severing long polysaccharide chains into shorter, more open, more absorbent structures. Severing these long complex chains of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin into shorter, simpler chains gives rise to more interstitial sites available for absorption of certain liquids.
  • the initial addition of an organic acid, like propionic acid, or an inorganic acid, like hydrochloric acid, to the citrus byproduct permeates, blooms, and opens the cellulous of the citrus flake allowing for a higher absorption of the remaining liquids in the desired feed mix.
  • the organic acid addition hydrates or hydrolyzes the cell wall of the citrus flake cellulous, increasing the permeability of the cellulous, and resulting in a more absorptive citrus byproduct solid. As used herein, all aspects of this transformation are referred to as "blooming" the citrus byproduct.
  • Citrus byproduct which has been transformed is referred to herein as "bloomed.”
  • the organic acid, or acids, used to bloom the citrus byproduct are referred to herein as the “blooming agent.”
  • the blooming transformation takes place in such a short time period as to fit well into current commercial technology for the production of animal feed additives on dry absorbent carriers.
  • liquid animal feed supplements are added to raw citrus flake, an absorption rate of only 20-25% may be achieved.
  • an organic or inorganic acid blooming agent of 1% to 5% or greater on an active acid basis, and mechanically incorporating, or mixing, the flake and organic acid pre-mix, a partial hydrolysis reaction, or blooming, of the citrus flake occurs.
  • the absorptive properties of the citrus flake may be increased up to the range of 55% by weight of finished product.
  • the remaining liquid feed additives may then be added to the bloomed flake. This order of liquid additions to the citrus byproduct is essential to obtain an abso ⁇ tion rate of 55% by weight.
  • the absorbability of untreated dried citrus peel was compared to the absorbability of bloomed dried citrus peel.
  • a test the absorbance of untreated dried citrus peel a pilot plant scale stainless steel double helix ribbon dry blender that simulates equipment found in a commercial mixing plant was used as the mixing device.
  • Each formulation tested started with 25.00 pounds dried citrus pulp.
  • a quantity of each of the desired ingredients was weighed into a separate container. This was the starting weight.
  • the mixer was started and the time noted. When acid product is added for blooming, the mix time is 1 minute before adding the next ingredient.
  • Liquid test ingredients were added through top of mixer in a manner that simulates conditions found in a commercial mixing plant. The desired liquid was continuously added and material was observed until it no longer was able to absorb or become of a consistently that would not easily flow through commonly encountered conveying and bagging equipment. Total mix time did not exceed 5 minutes. When the desired liquid addition was finished, each container of desired liquid was back weighed in order to determine the amount of liquid added. This is the final weight. Then the percentage test liquid and total liquid added were calculated. The results are tabulated in Table II below:
  • the test data show that the blooming processed enabled 25.00 lbs of citrus peel to absorb 22.85 pounds of glycerin or 47.8% by weight compared to 14.5 pounds of glycerin or 36.6% by weight that was absorbed onto untreated dried peel.
  • the test data show that the blooming processed enabled 25.00 pounds of citrus peel to absorb 18.25 pounds of medium chain fatty acid or 42.2% by weight compared to 8.25 pounds of medium chain fatty acid or 24.8% by weight that was absorbed onto untreated dried peel.
  • the test data show that the blooming processed enabled 25.00 lbs of citrus peel to absorb 43.05 pounds of propylene glycol or 41.9% by weight compared to 10.85 pounds of propylene glycol or 30.3% by weight that was absorbed onto untreated dried peel.
  • the data show that the bloom process can substantially increase the absorbent capacity of dried citrus peel in a commercial manufacturing process.
  • the blooming effect of the addition of an acid or a mixture of acid and its salt to the dried citrus peel is time dependent. Noticeable increase in absorbency takes place within one minute of the addition of the blooming agent to the dried citrus peel.
  • the rate of the hydrolysis reaction can be affected by acid concentration, heat, acid activity as expressed as pKa. As is known to those skilled in the art, the rate of hydrolysis reaction is increased as acid concentration increases, and is increased as heat increases, and is faster if one acid is more dissociated at a given concentration than another. It is known to those skilled in the art that pKa values compare acid strengths in respect to dissociation.
  • Hydrochloric acid has a pKa value which is lower compared to a pKa value for acetic acid. Therefore, hydrochloric acid is much stronger than acetic acid and would be expected to perform a hydrolysis reaction faster than would acetic. None the less, there is some amount of time that is necessary for the reaction to take place. Adding a small amount of the blooming agent, allowing one minute time for the blooming process, then adding the rest of the acid will result in the citrus peel carrier being able to absorb more total acid compared to adding all the acid at once and then blending for uniformity purposes.
  • the table data illustrates that there is a correlation between time and total amount of a liquid absorbed.
  • 6.0 pounds added at one time made the dried citrus peel appear that it was unable to absorb more propionic acid.
  • All of the total 13.25 pounds of propionic acid been added at once the mix would be too wet for processing, cause clumping and excess unabsorbed acid would leak from the bottom discharge chute of the mixer.
  • the blooming process had to take place.
  • the Blooming agent may be a single chemical composition or a combination of chemical compositions which bloom the citrus flake.
  • the chemical compositions may be selected from the group including formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, lactic, citric, caprylic, capric, caproic, valeric, butaric acid, a combination of a preceding acid with its salt in solution, trimethyl glycine, choline, lysine or certain other amino acids. Solutions of these organic acids and their ammonium, sodium, or potassium salts may be used singularly or in combination to bloom the byproduct.
  • an example of such a blooming agent could be propionic acid.
  • a solution of propionic acid and ammonium proprionate such that solution's pH is less than 6.8.
  • an example of such a blooming agent could be formic acid.
  • a solution of formic acid and ammonium formate such that solution's pH is less than 6.8.
  • the blooming agent may also be an inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, or phosphoric acid, and solutions containing the acid their salts, such as a solution of hydrochloric acid and its salt, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride or sodium chloride.
  • the pH of such a solution is to be less than 6.8. Solutions of these inorganic acids and their ammonium, sodium, or potassium salts may be used singularly or in combination, or may be used in combination with the organic acids above to bloom the byproduct.
  • the blooming agent may be 5- 100%, acid by weight or its salts.
  • concentration the more economically efficient use of space in the composition, the more room left for other desired ingredients.
  • This solution is defined as 5-100% by weight propionic acid.
  • the ammonia range is from 2 -18% ammonia by weight of the solution.
  • the pH range of the solution is less than 6.8. The higher the acid concentrations in the blooming agent, the more economically efficient use of space in the chemical carrier composition, and the more room left for other desired liquid supplement ingredients.
  • the natural organic absorbent chemical carrier is to absorb useful quantities of liquid animal feed supplements.
  • the feed supplements may then be fed to the animal along with or as an ingredient in the animal's regular daily feed.
  • the common liquid feed supplements include organic acids, medium chain fatty acids, and inorganic acids.
  • the liquid organic acids and medium chain fatty acids include but are not limited to formic, acetic, propionic, butanoic, lactic, citric, caprylic, capric, caproic, valeric, butaric acid, or a combination of a preceding acid with its salt in solution.
  • the most common inorganic acids included hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid, but may also include sulfuric acid.
  • liquid inorganic acids, organic acids, and medium chain fatty acids include the ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of those acids.
  • the combination solution of the acid and its salt must have a pH less than 6.8.
  • salts of such acetic acids are ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, or potassium acetate.
  • Other important liquid feed supplements which may be added to the natural organic absorbent chemical carrier include, but are not limited to, glycerin, propylene glycol, choline, trimethyl glycine, lysine, other amino acids, and certain liquid vitamins.
  • the liquid feed supplements may be, but are not limited to, essential and non essential amino acids, that are either lacking in the animal's diet or are present in amounts below those desired for sound nutrition.
  • These liquid feed supplements may be organic compounds for the prevention of mold, yeast, or may be useful as antioxidants in order to protect the other ingredients in the feed.
  • the liquid feed may also include vitamins or minerals that are lacking in the animal's diet or are in amounts below those desired for sound nutrition.
  • the blooming agent is added to the citrus byproduct and the mixture is agitated or incorporated to evenly coat the outer surfaces of the byproduct solids. In practice this may be done by a mechanical mixer, a mechanical ribbon, a double ribbon, plow mixer, shear mixer, a mechanical auger, a vibration mixer, or a paddle mixer, or by other mixing means as readily known to those skilled in the art.
  • the citrus byproduct and blooming agent then form a composition pre-mix.
  • the blooming reaction in the composition pre-mix occurs rapidly and may take as little as 30 seconds of agitation to see a measurable benefit in the flake absorption ability. In practice, the blooming process is substantially concluded after 150 seconds.
  • the time required for substantially blooming the flake may vary by the quantity of blooming agent added to the byproduct, the effective amount of coating of the solid surfaces of the byproduct, the amount of agitation or incorporation of and the size of the solids of the raw citrus byproduct. In one embodiment of the present invention, a bloom reaction time of at least 30 seconds is allowed.
  • the time period during which the citrus byproduct may be a dynamic time period as present in a continuous production process of an animal feed mill.
  • the natural organic absorbent chemical carrier may not only be treated in discrete batches, but rather the citrus byproduct may be exposed to a blooming agent while flowing in a production process, and agitated to distribute the blooming agent on the outer surfaces of the solids within the production flow.
  • the average unit volume of citrus byproduct will have at least 30 seconds or more of exposure to the blooming agent prior to the addition of the remaining liquid feed additives.
  • the raw commercial citrus byproduct is used as received from the citrus producer.
  • the byproduct may be ground to achieve a smaller and more uniform particle size prior to use in the dry natural organic chemical carrier process.
  • the smaller particle size may improve the performance of the citrus byproduct as a dry natural organic carrier, and results in a more uniform product in the production process.
  • the byproduct may be ground using any commercial grinding apparatus as are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the byproduct may be ground to a maximum particle size of .04 inch.
  • the particle size of a composition is typically expressed as a Mesh size designation. Mesh sizes in the animal feed industry are commonly expressed as US Sieve Designations or Tyler Designations.
  • a mesh designates the number of openings and fractional parts of an opening, per lineal inch. Mesh is determined by counting the number of openings from the center of any wire to the center of a parallel wire, one inch in distance.
  • the citrus byproduct may be ground to at least a 6 mesh Tyler screen designation, and more preferably, may be ground to pass through a 8 Tyler mesh screen size.
  • the carrier may be ground to pass through a 24 Tyler Mesh, with greater than 95% being captured, or not passing through, a 48 Tyler Mesh. The fines that can pass through the 48 Tyler Mesh are typically still used within the chemical carrier.
  • the dried citrus byproduct can easily be mixed with a many other generally used carriers such as vermiculite or bentonite. Such mixtures would be made in order to lower cost or adjust bulk density of the final mixture.
  • bentonite is less in cost than other carriers, but also less absorbent.
  • Vermiculite is an absorbent carrier, but has a low bulk density and a higher cost than Bentonite.
  • Fumed silica is a very absorbent carrier, but is expensive and has a very low bulk density.
  • Dried beet pulp is very palatable, but is of limited supply.
  • Any combination of the prior art chemical carriers noted may be used in conjunction with the citrus byproduct.
  • the prior art carriers may be incorporated in the supplement composition prior to the blooming of the pre-mix, or may be added after the citrus byproduct is bloomed.
  • the angle of repose is a generally accepted method of judging the flow-ability of solids.
  • the angle of repose is determined as tan '1 (height of pile)/(radius of pile). It is commonly determined by comparison to a know angle standard.
  • Generally accepted standards for an angle of repose are given in Table III:
  • a "dry" feed supplement composition is one where liquid droplets are not present within the mixing vessel of the composition.
  • the limit of a dry material is the condition up to the point where free liquid was observed on the sides of the test blender and no longer being absorbed onto the chemical carrier.
  • “Non-clumping' composition is defined as the condition up to the point when agglomerations of particles do not separate on gentle pressure but remain together. This is evaluated visually by gentle horizontal finger pressure half-way up the height of an agglomeration. If the agglomeration shears cleanly it is "non-clumping".
  • Another method of determining if the composition is non-clumping is the ability to withstand an applied pressure of between 10 psi and 12 psi without the product clinging into aggregates or agglomerations larger than any of the individual pieces. This may be evaluated by squeezing a handful of the composition in question into a fist. If when opened, the composition crumbles out of the hand, it is non-clumping. If the composition remains as a single mass in the hand, it may be said to be a clumping or caking mixture.
  • Test formulas were produced using inclusion rates of 1-55% by weight of desired liquid supplement ingredients onto dried citrus particles of different consistency in order to determine the absorbent capacity and palpability to animals.
  • the second purpose of these tests was to determine if the resulting mixtures were dry, free flowing and free of caking upon storage.
  • the third purpose was to produce products that reduced the vapor pressure of volatile organic and inorganic acids.
  • Milk Fever or post-parturient hypocalcemia, is a disease of cows characterized by reduced blood calcium levels. It is common in the first few days of lactation, when demand for calcium for milk production exceeds the cow's body ability to mobilize calcium reserves. Low blood calcium levels interfere with muscle function throughout the body, causing general weakness, loss of appetite, and possible heart failure. The condition is more common in older animals (who have reduced ability to mobilize calcium from bone),
  • Milk Fever poses a threat to dairy herds feeding high-potassium forages. Potassium raises a cow's blood pH, making it more alkaline. A higher pH decreases the metabolism of calcium resulting in low blood calcium levels. That may cause either subclinical or clinical milk fever.
  • Anionic salts such as chloride counteract potassium by decreasing blood pH, making it more acidic.
  • the anions When fed to a close-up dry cow, 3 weeks prior to freshing/calving, the anions stimulate metabolism to make calcium more available. This will improve blood calcium levels and help prevent milk fever.
  • Urine pH levels are monitored to measure anionic effects.
  • a pH range of 6.2 to 6.5 is generally accepted target for Holsteins, and a slightly lower range for Jerseys. Diet levels of anionic salts are increased or decreased to maintain the desired pH range.
  • a commonly used source of anions is incorporated on a dry carrier and added to the cows ration.
  • hydrochloric acid may be absorbed onto a dry carrier. It is desirable for the dry carrier to increase the palatability of the supplement. Since a cow's dry matter uptake often drops by up to 20 percent during a few days before calving, feeding an unpalatable product makes the situation worse.
  • Ketosis a common metabolic disorder occurring during the first month of lactation in high producing dairy cows. Ketosis is a state in metabolism occurring when the liver excessively converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies. Glucose is regarded as the preferred energy source for all cells in the body with ketosis being regarded as a crisis reaction of the body to a lack of carbohydrates in the diet.
  • propylene glycol is commonly administered as a drench. This is labor intensive and requires skilled personnel, and sometimes results in death of cows due to drowning.
  • An alternative method of administering propylene glycol is in the form of the glycol on a dry carrier. Palatability and ease of handling as well as economy are important.
  • one commercially available product consists of propylene glycol on a dried beet pulp carrier.
  • feed additive Q The formula for feed additive O consisted of:
  • Feed was given free choice through out the trial and the feeder stock was ' allowed to eat until bunks were cleared.
  • the typical feed consisted of :
  • the test facility had scales which allowed for multiple calves to be weighed at the same time. In each of the weighing periods, multiple calves were weighed together and a cumulative weight was then recorded for each group. Each bar below represents the total weight for that group on that day.
  • Feed conversation was as follows Test group was feed a total of 31363 pounds of feed
  • Test group gained in 45 days / 2515 pounds of meat 12.47 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of meat Control conversions are as follows
  • Control group was feed a total of 31550 pounds of feed Control group gained in 45 days / 2140 pounds of meat 14.74 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of meat Final wt for control group 11950 Final wt for test group -12150
  • the chart above shows the average pounds of feed consumed per calf each day.
  • Two groups of 25 commercial steers each were fed either a test feed or a control feed. Steers were located at a beef feed lot. The control steers were fed a feed mixture containing wet brewer's grains and a mineral premix. The test group of calves was fed the same feed mix as the control group with the addition of feed additive O. Both groups of calves were fed free choice for the duration of the trial period and were given feed once a day.
  • Fecal sample was mixed to form composite sample.
  • One cup of composite fecal sample was taken and placed in the L'eggs panty hose. After doing so, the sample was weighed. After the weight was recorded the composite stool sample was washed until the water ran clear and then was hand wrung dry to remove excess water. After the composite sample was hand wrung dry, it was re-weighed.
  • the test was set up to take a composite sample from each group, weigh it, filter it, and re-weigh it. The result should show that a more efficient rumen will have a smaller particle size and leave less mass on the screen to be weighed.
  • Two groups of twenty five calves were put up and fed for 45 days on a diet of wet brewer's grains. After that one group was given an additive of one pound per head per day, mixed into its ration. The second group continued to be fed the same way only without the additive.
  • the procedure for obtaining fecal material was to collect a sample from multiple manure piles in each pen to form a composite sample (only one composite sample was obtained for each pen). The composite sample was then weighed, washed through a filter and reweighed.
  • Fine particulate that passed through difference 1 15grams 59.25% passed through
  • Figure 4 illustrates the amount of sample left in the filter upon re-weight
  • a composition may be produced which is a general nutrition supplement for beef cattle.
  • a product may use glycerin or propylene glycol for use as an energy source within the cow and metabolizes to glycogen in the liver of the animal.
  • One sample formulation useful for cattle, poultry or swine the chemical carrier comprises:
  • cattle, poultry and swine may use a citrus flake, glycerin and propionic acid formulation as a source of fiber and energy.
  • Another useful formulation for dairy cattle would be 50% propionic acid and 50% citrus flake.
  • This formulation provides a dietary source of propionic acid to the dairy cow.
  • Milking cows generally need extra propionic acid in their diet just before and after calving.
  • Propionic acid is generally in short supply in the liver of transition cows, but is essential in the Krebs cycle for the digestion and use of foodstuffs in the dairy cow's diet.
  • the bacteria in the dairy cows rumen needs propionic acid to produce milk, and acidic acids levels affect the butter fat of the mild produced.
  • organic acids such as Butyric, Iso-Butyric and Valeric are generally in short supply in high milk production cows. Acids in the rumen are limiting factors on total milk production of the cow.
  • a glycerin additive is used as an energy source within the cow and metabolizes to glycogen in the liver of the animal. Organic acids in the feed, such as acetic, enhances the metabolism of the glycerin in the liver of the animal into glycogen.
  • the raw citrus flake is pre- ground to obtain a uniform particle size, and to increase the surface area per unit volume of the flake available for acid absorption.
  • the uniform particle size also aids the flow ability, the dry, non-clumping characteristics, of the resulting flake / acid mix.
  • Propionic acid is then added to the citrus flake, and the organic acid / flake mixture is mechanically agitated or stirred for a period of 1 minute.
  • the remaining desired liquids such as glycerin, and other desired acids such as hydrochloric or acidic may then be added to the treated flake and absorbed at the higher rate to reach up to an approximate 55% total absorption rate.
  • the chemical carrier mixture comprises:
  • the ammonium propionate is a solution containing the 91% propionic acid, 5% ammonia, and the balance water.
  • the ammonium salt buffers the solution making it easier to handle, removes much of the smell and corrosive effects of the propionic acid. This also results in a unique way of buffering the hydrochloric acid in the feed mix.
  • the ammonium salt does not form a strong bond with the propionate and readily transfers to the hydrochloric acid. This prevents the hydrochloric from being as volatile, the acid is less likely to evaporate, and is much easier to handle.
  • the hydrochloric acid is used for the chlorate ion in the cattle rumen.
  • the propionic acid and the propylene glycol are used in the Krebs cycle in milk production.
  • the ammonium becomes, or is utilized, as feed protein nitrogen in the cow.
  • the base will associate with the strongest acid.
  • formic acid is stronger than acetic acid.
  • acetic and ammonia where there is not enough ammonia to neutralize all the acid the available ammonia will first associate principally with the formic to make the salt ammonium formate then the acetic to make the salt ammonium acetate.
  • the un-neutralized acid will be largely acetic acid and the pH will be less than 7.0 which is neutral.
  • test formulations using citrus byproduct in flake form were loaded with liquid acid supplement formulations.
  • the citrus flake was bloomed by the addition of an acid blooming agent prior to the addition of the remainder of the liquid supplements.
  • the following test formulations were produced:
  • Test formula A represents a product where the bulk of the liquid feed additive is ammoniated to form a salt of the acid.
  • Test formula B represents a product where the blooming agent is ammoniated to form a salt of the acid.
  • Test formula C represents a straight acid formulation with no salts used to buffer the vapor pressure of the component acids. To test the volatility five (5) 500 gram samples from each of Test A, Test B, and Test C were spread onto a 16 inch plastic disk and left uncovered at ambient conditions 25C night and 35C during the day for 36 hours.
  • each test formulation was weighed and the total averaged.
  • the average weight loss for each test formulation indicates volatile components lost to evaporation.
  • the volatile components include hydrochloric acid, propionic acid, ammonia, water.
  • compositions and processes disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and processes of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and process and in the steps, or in the sequence of steps, of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain chemical compounds which are both chemically related, and similar physical characteristics, may be substituted for the chemical compounds described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention.

Abstract

Des particules de sous-produits d'agrumes non traités consistant en zestes et pulpes d'agrumes séchés peuvent être utilisées pour absorber certains additifs d'aliments pour animaux liquides utiles, jusqu'à 125 % du poids des zestes séchés, agissant de cette façon comme un support absorbant effectif et efficace. Autrement dit, un mélange de zestes d'agrumes/aliments pour animaux liquides peut être produit, lequel contient jusqu'à 55 % en poids d'aliments pour animaux liquides, avec seulement 45 % en poids de support de zestes d'agrumes. Les mélanges résultants sont un moyen de gestion effectif et aisé pour introduire des additifs d'aliments pour animaux commerciaux désirés dans des aliments pour animaux avec un support qui a une bonne appétibilité pour le bétail et le volaille. Ces mélanges sont secs et non agglomérants.
PCT/US2008/008067 2007-06-27 2008-06-27 Zestes d'agrumes séchés comme support absorbant pour des additifs d'aliments pour animaux commerciaux WO2009002558A1 (fr)

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WO2011001103A2 (fr) 2009-06-30 2011-01-06 Arkema France Composition de polyarylene-ether-cetone pour soudure par induction
CN105016803A (zh) * 2015-07-10 2015-11-04 青川县开峰生猪养殖专业合作社 一种畜禽粪便的资源化处理方法
WO2017013167A1 (fr) * 2015-07-21 2017-01-26 Intervet International B.V. Nouvelle formulation de prémélange d'aliment pour animaux à base de zilpatérol

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US10334870B2 (en) 2010-10-07 2019-07-02 Tropicana Products, Inc. Processing of whole fruits and vegetables, processing of side-stream ingredients of fruits and vegetables, and use of the processed fruits and vegetables in beverage and food products
EP2956017B1 (fr) 2013-02-15 2020-01-22 Pepsico, Inc. Préparation et incorporation de coproduits dans des boissons pour en améliorer les propriétés nutritives et organoleptiques
WO2015165492A1 (fr) * 2014-04-28 2015-11-05 Taminco Procédé de préparation de composition de complément alimentaire pour animal
JP2018078888A (ja) * 2016-11-05 2018-05-24 Ｆｓｋ三昭株式会社 飼料、飼料生産方法及び飼料生産装置
KR102613013B1 (ko) * 2020-12-21 2023-12-12 재단법인 제주테크노파크 감귤 부산물을 이용한 돼지 증체용 사료 조성물

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WO2011001103A2 (fr) 2009-06-30 2011-01-06 Arkema France Composition de polyarylene-ether-cetone pour soudure par induction
CN105016803A (zh) * 2015-07-10 2015-11-04 青川县开峰生猪养殖专业合作社 一种畜禽粪便的资源化处理方法
WO2017013167A1 (fr) * 2015-07-21 2017-01-26 Intervet International B.V. Nouvelle formulation de prémélange d'aliment pour animaux à base de zilpatérol
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