Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
  • B01J29/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
  • B01J29/44—Noble metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
  • C07C1/20—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as heteroatoms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/047—Germanosilicates; Aluminogermanosilicates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
  • B01J29/405—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/86—Borosilicates; Aluminoborosilicates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
  • C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
  • C01B39/36—Pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
  • C01B39/38—Type ZSM-5
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
  • C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
  • C07C2/12—Catalytic processes with crystalline alumino-silicates or with catalysts comprising molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
  • C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
  • C07C2/24—Catalytic processes with metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
  • C07C2/64—Addition to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C2/66—Catalytic processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/76—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
  • C07C6/08—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
  • C07C6/08—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond
  • C07C6/12—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C6/123—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring of only one hydrocarbon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
  • C07C6/08—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond
  • C07C6/12—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C6/126—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring of more than one hydrocarbon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
  • C10G1/04—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
  • C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G11/04—Oxides
  • C10G11/05—Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
  • C10G25/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents with ion-exchange material
  • C10G25/03—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents with ion-exchange material with crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
  • C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
  • C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G35/085—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
  • C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
  • C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G35/095—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
  • C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/10—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
  • C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/12—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
  • C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/62—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
  • C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G45/64—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
  • C10G47/02—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G47/10—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used with catalysts deposited on a carrier
  • C10G47/12—Inorganic carriers
  • C10G47/16—Crystalline alumino-silicate carriers
  • C10G47/18—Crystalline alumino-silicate carriers the catalyst containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G50/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
  • B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
  • B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
  • B01J2229/183—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself in framework positions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
  • B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
  • B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
  • B01J2229/186—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself not in framework positions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
  • C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
  • C07C2523/04—Alkali metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/14—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of germanium, tin or lead
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
  • C07C2523/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36
  • C07C2523/56—Platinum group metals
  • C07C2523/58—Platinum group metals with alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
  • C07C2523/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36
  • C07C2523/56—Platinum group metals
  • C07C2523/62—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
  • C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • C07C2529/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
  • C07C2529/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
  • C07C2529/44—Noble metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • C07C2529/86—Borosilicates; Aluminoborosilicates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/30—Aromatics
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
  • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
  • Y02P30/40—Ethylene production

Definitions

• This invention relates to a catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion, e.g., a catalyst for the aromatization of alkanes, olefins and mixtures thereof having two to twelve carbon atoms per molecule.
• the catalyst is a microporous silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate on which a metal has been deposited.
• Crystalline silicates, aluminosilicates, aluminophosphates and silicoaluminophosphates are known catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion and may contain other metals.
• An aluminosilicate such as zeolite may include not only aluminum and silicon but other trivalent elements which replace aluminum and other tetravalent elements which replace silicon. Also, other elements may be deposited on the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate.
• U.S. Patent no. 4,310,440 discloses crystalline aluminophosphates having a framework structure with chemical composition in mole ratios of 1 AI 2 O 3 : 1. O ⁇ O .2 P 2 O 5 and being microporous with uniform pores of nominal diameters from about 3 to about 10 angstroms.
• U.S. Patent no. 4,440,871 discloses crystalline microporous silicoaluminophosphates having pores which are uniform and have nominal diameters of greater than about 3 angstroms with a chemical composition of mole fractions of silicon, aluminum and phosphorus within the pentagonal composition area defined by
• This invention provides a catalyst containing silicon, aluminum, phosphorus, as needed to form a silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate (AlPO) or silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) with at least one other element selected from Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 and the first series transition metals in a three dimensional interconnecting crystalline tetrahedral framework.
• the crystalline tetrahedral framework is synthesized from an aqueous gel containing, as needed, a silica source, an aluminum source, a phosphorus source, a source for the Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 and the first series transition metal element (s) and, optionally, an organic structure- directing agent.
• the reaction mixture is heated to form crystals and then cooled.
• the crystals are separated from the synthesis liquor and are washed, dried and calcined.
• At least one metal selected from Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9 or Group 10 is deposited on the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate (hereinafter referred to as "deposited metal") .
• the catalyst may be used in a process for converting C 2 -C 12 hydrocarbons into aromatics.
• One example of the invention is a catalyst on which at least one Group 10 metal, such as platinum, is deposited on a zeolite having at least two elements selected from Group 13 or Group 14, such as germanium and either tin or boron, in the zeolite framework.
• This example includes a process for synthesizing a zeolite by: a) preparing a zeolite having at least two elements selected from Group 13 or Group 14, such as germanium and either tin or boron, in the zeolite framework; b) depositing at least one metal selected from Group 10 on the zeolite; and c) calcining the zeolite, said calcining occuring after preparation of the zeolite, before depositing at least one metal selected from Group 10 on the zeolite or after depositing at least one metal selected from Group 10 on the zeolite.
• This example of the invention also includes a process for the conversion of hydrocarbons of: a) contacting ⁇ a hydrocarbon stream containing alkanes, olefins and mixtures thereof having 2 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule with at least one zeolite-based catalyst wherein the zeolite has at least two elements selected from Group 13 or Group 14, such as germanium and either tin or boron, in the zeolite framework and wherein at least one metal selected from Group 10 has been deposited on the zeolite; and b) recovering the product.
• Another example of the invention is a catalyst on which at least one Group 10 metal, such as platinum, is deposited on a zeolite having at least one element selected from Group 13 or Group 14, such as boron, in the zeolite framework.
• This example includes a process for synthesizing a zeolite by: a) preparing a zeolite having boron incorporated into the zeolite framework; b) depositing at least one metal selected from Group 10 on the zeolite; and c) calcining the zeolite on which at least one metal selected from Group 10 is deposited, said calcining occuring after preparation of the zeolite, before depositing at least one metal selected from Group 10 on the zeolite or after depositing at least one metal selected from Group 10 on the zeolite.
• This example of the invention also includes a process for the conversion of hydrocarbons of contacting a hydrocarbon stream containing alkanes, olefins and mixtures thereof having 2 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule with at least one zeolite- based catalyst wherein boron is incorporated into the zeolite framework and wherein at least one metal selected from Group 10 has been deposited on the zeolite and recovering the product.
• Another example of the invention is a ZSM-5 zeolite having germanium and at least one selected from the group consisting of tin and boron incorporated into the zeolite framework.
• This example also includes a process for synthesizing a zeolite by preparing a ZSM-5 zeolite containing germanium and at least one selected from the group consisting of tin and boron incorporated into the zeolite framework and calcining the zeolite.
• Aluminosilicates include zeolites. Examples of zeolites are MFI (ZSM-5), BEA (Beta), MWW (MCM-22), MOR (Mordenite), LTL (Zeolite L), MTT (ZSM-23) , MTW (ZSM-12), TON (ZSM-22) and MEL (ZSM-Il) .
• Crystalline silicates, aluminosilicates, aluminophosphates and silicoaluminophosphates have structures of TO 4 tetrahedra, which form a three dimensional network by sharing oxygen atoms where T represents tetravalent elements, such as silicon; trivalent elements, such as aluminum; and pentavalent elements, such as phosphorus.
• Zerolite in the present application includes aluminosilicates with open three-dimensional framework structures composed of corner-sharing TO 4 tetrahedra, where T is Al or Si, but also includes tetravalent, trivalent and divalent T atoms which able to isoelectronically replace Si and Al in the framework, e.g., germanium (4+) , titanium (4+ ) , boron (3+) , gallium (3+), iron (3+) , zinc (2+) and beryllium (2+) .
• “Zeolite” is primarily a description of structure, not composition.
• Silicates, aluminosilicates, aluminophosphates and silicoaluminophosphates generally crystallize from an aqueous solution.
• the typical technique for synthesizing silicates, aluminosilicates, aluminophosphates or silicoaluminophosphates comprises converting an aqueous gel of a silica source, an aluminum source and a phosphorus source, as needed, to crystals by a hydrothermal process, employing a dissolution/recrystallization mechanism.
• the reaction medium may also contain an organic structure-directing agent which is incorporated in the microporous space of the crystalline network during crystallization, thus controlling the construction of the network and assisting to stabilize the structure through the interactions with the silicon, aluminum or phosphorus components.
• the aqueous gel contains in addition to the silica source, the aluminum source, the phosphorus source, as needed, and the optional organic structure-directing agent, and a source of at least one other element from Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 or the first series transition metals to be incorporated into the framework of the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate .
• silica source examples include silicon oxide or silica (SiO 2 ) which is available in various forms, such as silica sol, commercially available as Ludox AS-40TM, precipitated silica, commercially available as Ultrasil VN3SP TM and fumed silica, commercially available as Aerosil 200TM.
• silica sol commercially available as Ludox AS-40TM
• precipitated silica commercially available as Ultrasil VN3SP TM
• fumed silica commercially available as Aerosil 200TM.
• Examples of the aluminum source are sodium aluminate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide and pseudobohemite .
• Examples of the phosphorus source are phosphoric acid (85 wt%) , P 2 O 5 , orthophosphoric acid, triethylphosphate and sodium metaphosphate .
• Examples of the source of Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 and the first series transition metals are oxides, chlorides, sulfates, alkoxides, fluorides, nitrates and oxalates .
• the structure-directing agent examples include organic amine and quaternary ammonium compounds and salts and cations thereof, such as tetra n-propyl ammonium hydroxide, tetra n- propyl ammonium bromide and tetra n-propyl ammonium chloride, tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, hexamethyleneimine, 1,4- di (I' 4' -diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane) butane hydroxide, morpholine, cyclohexylamine and diethylethanolamine, N,N'- diisopropyl imidazolium cation, tetrabutylammonium compounds, di-n-propylamine (DPA) , tripropylamine,- triethylamine (TEA) , triethanolamine, piperidine, 2-methylpyridine, N, N- dimethylbenzylamine, N, N-dieth
• the reaction may also utilize an acid as a reagent.
• the acid may be a Bronsted acid or a Lewis acid.
• Examples without limitation of an acid useful in the present invention are sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid or formic acid.
• the reaction mixture is stirred and heated to a temperature of about 100 0 C to about 200 0 C to form crystals.
• the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature.
• the crystals are separated from the synthesis liquor.
• the liquid portion of the synthesis liquor may be removed by filtration, evaporation, spray drying or any other means for removing liquid, e.g., water, from the crystals.
• the crystals are washed with water and then dried and calcined.
• the silicates are essentially aluminum-free but may contain aluminum and other impurities up to 500 ppm.
• the aluminosilicates may have a silicon to aluminum atomic ratio (Si: Al) greater than 2:1.
• the silicon to aluminum atomic ratio is in the range from 15:1 to 200:1.
• the silicon to aluminum atomic ratio is in the range from 18:1 to 100:1.
• the aluminophosphates may have an aluminum to phosphorus atomic ratio (Al: P) in the range from about 0.8:1 to about 1.2:1 as disclosed in U.S. Patent no. 4,310,440, hereby incorporated by reference.
• the silicoaluminophosphates may have a silicon to aluminum to phosphorus atomic ratio represented by (S x AIyP z )O 2 where "x", "y” and “z” represent the mole fractions of silicon, aluminum and phosphorus respectively, present as tetrahedral oxides, said mole fractions being such that they are within the pentagonal compositional area defined by points ABCD and E of a ternary diagram with values represented in the table below:
• the 15 and the first series transition metals present in the crystalline framework is in the range from 0.1 wt . % to 25 wt . % .
• this range is from 0.1 wt .% to 10 wt . % . In another embodiment of the present invention, this range is from 0.1 wt . % to 5 wt . % .
• the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate has average pore size in the range from 2 angstroms to 20 angstroms, i.e., microporous. At least one metal selected from Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9 or Group 10 is deposited on the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate ("deposited metal") .
• the metal is deposited not only on the surface of the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate but also in the pores and channels which occur in the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate.
• the metal is deposited on the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate by any known method of depositing a metal on a silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate.
• Typical methods of depositing a metal on a silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate are ion exchange, impregnation and vapor deposition.
• the metal is present in the range from 0.05% to 3% by weight. In another embodiment of the present invention, the metal is present in the range from 0.1% to 2% by weight. In another embodiment of the present invention, the metal is present in the range from 0.2 to 1.5% by weight.
• the process temperatures and catalyst regeneration temperatures cause the metal to "sinter", i.e., agglomeration of the metal particles resulting in an increase of metal particle size on the surface of the zeolite and a decrease of metal surface area, causing a loss of catalyst performance, specifically catalyst performance, e.g., activity and/or selectivity.
• germanium there may be other elements in the crystalline framework which associate with platinum or other deposited metals.
• Elements in the crystalline framework may be selected from Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 and the first series transition metals of the Periodic Table of Elements. Specific examples of these elements are germanium, boron, gallium, indium, tin, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron, niobium and phosphorus.
• One or more elements may be in the crystalline framework. Specific examples of elements in the framework are germanium and at least one selected from the group consisting of tin and boron.
• platinum there may be other deposited metals which associate with germanium or other elements in the crystalline framework.
• Deposited metals may be selected from Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9 and Group 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Specific examples of the deposited metal are platinum, molybdenum, rhenium, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium.
• One or more metals such as bimetallics, e.g., Pt/Sn, Pt/Ge, Pt/Pb or metal/ metal oxide combinations, e.g. Pt/Ge ⁇ 2 , may be deposited.
• the crystalline framework of which these elements from Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 and the first series transition metals are part and on which metals selected from Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9 and Group 10 are deposited need not be limited to a zeolite but may be any microporous silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate .
• the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate may be bound by oxides or phosphates of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, thorium, silicon, boron or mixtures thereof.
• the process steps of binding and depositing metal can occur in any order. Binding may occur before or after metal deposition.
• the catalyst may be calcined at different stages in the synthesis. For example, there may be a first calcination of the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate to remove the organic structure- directing agent followed by metal deposition and subsequent calcinations at lower temperatures.
• the calcination to remove the organic structure-directing agent is at a temperature of about 300 0 C to about 1000 0 C or about 300 0 C to about 750°C for a time sufficient to remove essentially all of any structure- directing agent, e.g., one to six hours or about four hours.
• One example of calcination is at 55O 0 C for ten hours. Calcination may occur after binding.
• This calcination is at a temperature in the range of from about 300 0 C to about 1000 0 C for a time in the range of from about one hour to about 24 hours. Calcination may also occur after metal deposition to fix the metal. This calcination should not exceed a temperature of 500 0 C and may be at a temperature of about 200 0 C to about 500 0 C for a time in the range of from about 0.5 hour to about 24 hours. These calcinations need not be separate but may be combined to accomplish more than one purpose. When the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate is calcined, it may be bound or unbound and it may have metal deposited on it or not. Calcination can occur, in an environment of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, helium and mixtures thereof.
• the catalyst, bound and unbound, will have porosity in addition to the uniform porosity of the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate.
• the average pore size of the catalyst can vary for bound and unbound catalyst and is in the range from 2 angstroms to 100 angstroms. In one embodiment of the present invention, the average pore size is in the range from 5 angstroms to 50 angstroms. In another embodiment of the present invention, the average pore size is in the microporous range from 5 angstroms to 20 angstroms. For a bound catalyst, the average pore size of the catalyst may vary from 5 angstroms up to 100 microns.
• catalysts used for hydrocarbon conversion are susceptible to sulfur poisoning. However, for some catalysts used for hydrocarbon conversion, modest amounts of sulfur, such as about 0 to 200 ppm in the feed, are acceptable and sometimes preferred.
• the catalyst may also be pretreated with sulfur.
• a standard sulfurization method that is well known in the art consists in heating in the presence of a sulfur compound, such as hydrogen sulfide, or a mixture of a sulfur compound and an inert gas, such as hydrogen or nitrogen, to a temperature of between 150 and 800°C.
• the temperature is between 250 and 600°C.
• the catalyst may contain a reaction product, such as a sulfide of the deposited metal, that is formed by contacting the catalyst with sulfur or a sulfur compound.
• a reaction product such as a sulfide of the deposited metal
• sulfur or a sulfur compound In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of sulfur on the catalyst is in the range of from 10 ppm to 0.1 wt . % .
• the catalyst may also contain elements other than sulfur, such as tin, germanium or lead. These elements would be present in the range of from 1:1 to 1:100 as a ratio of the deposited metal to tin, germanium or lead. These elements may be added to the catalyst by wet impregnation, chemical vapor deposition or other methods known in the art.
• the silicate, aluminosilicate, aluminophosphate or silicoaluminophosphate-based catalyst which contains at least one element selected from Group 4, Group 5, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15 and the first series transition metals isomorphously incorporated into the zeolite framework and at least one metal selected from Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9 and Group 10 deposited on the zeolite can be used in a process for conversion of hydrocarbon streams containing C 2 -C 12 alkanes, olefins or mixture thereof which may be straight, branched, cyclic or mixtures thereof, into aromatics.
• the zeolite may be base-exchanged with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, such as cesium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, barium, calcium, magnesium and mixtures thereof, to reduce acidity and form a non-acidic zeolite.
• a non-acidic zeolite has substantially all of its cationic sites of exchange, e.g., those typically associated with aluminum, occupied by nonhydrogen cationic species, e.g., alkali or alkaline earth metals. These cationic sites are often responsible for cracking of hydrocarbons into undesired products.
• a zeolite may be non-acidic by exchange with a base or by having a low aluminum content. The base-exchange may occur before or after the noble metal is deposited.
• Such a base-exchanged catalyst may be used to convert C 6 -C 12 alkanes, such as might be obtained from natural gas condensate, light naphtha, raffinate from aromatics extraction and other refinery or chemical processes, to aromatics, such as benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene and xylenes.
• Base-exchange may take place during synthesis of the zeolite with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal being added as a component of the reaction mixture or may take place with a crystalline zeolite before or after deposition of the noble metal.
• the zeolite is base- exchanged to the extent that most or all of the cations associated with aluminum are alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.
• An example of a monovalent base aluminum molar ratio in the zeolite after base exchange is at least about 0.9.
• the molar ratio would be half (0.45) or a third (0.3) as that for a monovalent base, respectively, and for mixtures of monovalent, divalent and trivalent bases, the above molar ratios would be apportioned by their respective content in the mixture.
• the zeolite may be non-acidic without base-exchange, e.g., boron, germanium or tin in an aluminum-free zeolite.
• “Aluminum-free” has a meaning of having aluminum content of no more than 0.4wt%.
• hydrocarbon conversion processes for which this catalyst can be used are:
• Typical reaction conditions include from about 500 0 C to about 750 0 C, pressures of subatmospheric or atmospheric, generally ranging up to about 10 atmospheres (gauge) and catalyst residence time (volume of the catalyst/feed rate) from about 10 milliseconds to about 10 seconds.
• Typical reaction conditions for catalytic cracking include temperatures of from about 400 0 C to about 700 0 C, pressures of from about 0.1 atmosphere (bar) to about 30 atmospheres, and weight hourly space velocities of from about 0.1 to about 100 hr "1 .
• (C) The transalkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of polyalkylaromatic hydrocarbons.
• Typical reaction conditions include a temperature of from about 200 0 C to about 500 0 C, a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 200 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 1 to about 100 hr "1 and an aromatic hydrocarbon/polyalkylaromatic hydrocarbon mole ratio of from about 1/1 to about 16/1.
• (D) The isomerization of aromatic (e.g., xylene) feedstock components.
• Typical reaction conditions for such include a temperature of from about 230 0 C to about 510 0 C, a pressure of from about 0.5 atmospheres to about 50 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 0.1 to about 200 hr '1 and a hydrogen/hydrocarbon mole ratio of from about 0 to about 100.
• reaction E The dewaxing of hydrocarbons by selectively removing straight chain paraffins.
• the reaction conditions are dependent in large measure on the feed used and upon the desired pour point. Typical reaction conditions include a temperature between about 200 0 C and 450 0 C, a pressure up to 3,000 psig and a liquid hourly space velocity from 0.1 to 20 hr "1 .
• (F) The alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., benzene and alkylbenzenes, in the presence of an alkylating agent, e.g., olefins, formaldehyde, alkyl halides and alcohols having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
• an alkylating agent e.g., olefins, formaldehyde, alkyl halides and alcohols having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
• Typical reaction conditions include a temperature of from about 100 0 C to about 500 0 C, a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 200 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 1 hr "1 to about 100 hr "1 and an aromatic hydrocarbon/alkylating agent mole ratio of from about 1/11 to about 20/1.
• (G) The alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., benzene, with long chain olefins, e.g., Cu olefin.
• Typical reaction conditions include a temperature of from about 50 0 C to about 200 0 C, a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 200 atmospheres, a weight hourly space velocity of from about 2 hr- 1 to about 2000 hr "1 and an aromatic hydrocarbon/olefin mole ratio of from about 1/1 to about 20/1.
• the resulting products from the reaction are long chain alkyl aromatics which when subsequently sulfonated have particular application as synthetic detergents.
• (H) The alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with light olefins to provide short chain alkyl aromatic compounds, e.g., the alkylation of benzene with propylene to provide cumene .
• Typical reaction conditions include a temperature of from about 10 0 C to about 200 0 C, a pressure of from about 1 to about 30 atmospheres, and an aromatic hydrocarbon weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of from 1 hr "1 to about 50 hr "1 .
• WHSV aromatic hydrocarbon weight hourly space velocity
• reaction conditions include temperatures from about 100 0 C to about 25O 0 C, a pressure of from about 100 to about 800 psig, a WHSV-olefin from about 0.4 hr "1 to about 0.8 hr 1 , a WHSV-reformate of from about 1 hr '1 to about 2 hr "1 and, optionally, a gas recycle from about 1.5 to 2.5 vol/vol fuel gas feed.
• fuel gas containing short chain olefins e.g., ethylene and propylene
• (K) The alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene, with long chain olefins, e.g., Ci 4 olefin, to produce alkylated aromatic lube base stocks.
• Typical reaction conditions include temperatures from about 100 0 C to about 400 0 C and pressures from about 50 to 450 psig.
• (L) The alkylation of phenols with olefins or equivalent alcohols to provide long chain alkyl phenols.
• Typical reaction conditions include temperatures from about 100 0 C to about 250 0 C, pressures from about 1 to 300 psig and total WHSV of from about 2 hr "1 to about 10 hr "1 .
• the first stage can be the zeolite-bound high silica zeolite comprising one or more catalytically active substances, e.g., a Group 8 metal, and the effluent from the first stage would be reacted in a second stage using a second zeolite, e.g., zeolite Beta, comprising one or more catalytically active substances, e.g., a Group 8 metal, as the catalyst.
• Typical reaction conditions include temperatures from about 315°C to about 455°C, a pressure from about 400 to about 2500 psig, hydrogen circulation of from about 1000 to about 10,000 SCF/bbl and a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of from about 0.1 to 10 hr- 1 .
• (P) A combination hydrocracking/dewaxing process in the presence of the zeolite-bound high silica zeolite comprising a hydrogenation component and a zeolite such as zeolite Beta.
• Typical reaction conditions include temperatures from about 350°C to about 400 0 C, pressures from about 1400 to about 1500 psig, LHSV from about 0.4 to about 0.6 hr "1 and a hydrogen circulation from about 3000 to about 5000 SCF/bbl.
• reaction conditions include a temperature of from about 200 0 C to about 760 0 C, a pressure of from about atmospheric to about 60 atmosphere (bar) , and a WHSV of from about 0.1 hr "1 to about 30 hr "1 .
• S The conversion of naphtha (e.g., C 6 -Ci 0 ) and similar mixtures to highly aromatic mixtures.
• normal and slightly branched chained hydrocarbons preferably having a boiling range above about 40 0 C, and less than about 200 0 C
• LHSV liquid hourly space velocities
• the oligomers which are the products of the process are medium to heavy olefins which are useful for both fuels, i.e., gasoline or a gasoline blending stock, and chemicals.
• the oligomerization process is generally carried out by contacting the olefin feedstock in a gaseous phase with a zeolite-bound high silica zeolite at a temperature in the range of from about 250 0 C to about 800 0 C, a LHSV of from about 0.2 to about 50 and a hydrocarbon partial pressure of from about 0.1 to about 50 atmospheres.
• Temperatures below about 250 0 C may be used to oligomerize the feedstock when the feedstock is in the liquid phase when contacting the zeolite-bound high silica zeolite catalyst. Thus, when the olefin feedstock contacts the catalyst in the liquid phase, temperatures of from about 10 0 C to about 250 0 C can be used.
• W The conversion of C 2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene and/or acetylene) to aliphatic C 6 - I2 aldehydes and converting said aldehydes to the corresponding C ⁇ -i2 alcohols, acids, or esters .
• the desulfurization of FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) feed streams is generally carried out at a temperature ranging from 100 0 C to about 600 0 C, preferably from about 200 0 C to about 500 0 C, and more preferably from about 260 0 C to about 400 0 C, at a pressure ranging from 0 to about 2000 psig, preferably from about 60 to about 1000 psig, and more preferably from about 60 to about 500 psig, at a LHSV ranging from 1 to 10 h "1 .
• the hydrocarbon mixtures which can be desulfurized according to the process of the present invention contain more than 150 ppm of sulfur, e.g., hydrocarbon mixtures with a sulfur content higher than 1000 ppm, even higher than 10000 ppm.
• Tin (II) chloride dihydrate SnCl 2 * 2H 2 O, 98%; Sigma-Aldrich; Sodium hydroxide solution, 50% in water; Sigma-Aldrich; Germanium oxide GeO 2 , 99.99%; Germanium Corporation of America, GTAH 68002 ;
• Ludox AS-40 colloidal silica 40 wt . % suspension in water; Aldrich;
• Tetrapropylammonium bromide TPABr 98%; Alfa-Aesar; Acetic acid, 99.7%; Aldrich.
• Solution #1 2.21 grams of tin chloride dihydrate were dissolved in 55 grams of D.I. water. 25.98 grams of sodium hydroxide solution were added to the same solution with stirring. 1.0462 grams of Ge ⁇ 2 were dissolved in solution also.
• Solution # 1 was added to 150 grams of Ludox AS-40 with gel formation. Stirring was made for 10 minutes. Then solution #2 was introduced to gel. Gel was stirred for 15 minutes. Then solution #3 was added to gel and stirring was continued for 60 minutes .
• XRF analysis results are: 0.686 wt . % Na; 42.38 wt . % Si; 0.75 wt. % Al; 1.52 wt. % Sn; 0.96 wt . % Ge. Identified as ZSM-5 by XRD.
• Incipient wetness impregnation was carried out by adding drop wise a solution of 0.0432 g Pt (NH 2 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2 dissolved in 0.9327 g of deionized water to 2.047 grams of the Cs-exchanged SnGeZSM-5. The material was dried for 1 hour in a 110 0 C drying oven then calcined at 280 0 C for 3 hours. Elemental analysis gave 41.74 wt % Si, 0.73 wt % Al, 0.85 wt % Ge, 2.25 wt % Sn, 6.34- wt % Cs and 0.80 wt % Pt.
• Example 2 The catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm 3 (0.128 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• Example 2 The catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm 3 (0.128 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• Example 2 Example 2 :
• Ludox HS-30 SiO 2 colloidal silica, 30% suspension in water; Sigma-Aldrich .
• Incipient wetness impregnation was carried out by adding drop wise a solution of 0.0310 g Pt (NH 2 ) 4 (NO3) 2 dissolved in 0.7637 g of deionized water to 1.509 grams of the Cs-exchanged BGeZSM-5.
• the material was dried for 1 hour in a 110 0 C drying oven then calcined at 280 0 C for 3 hours. Elemental analysis gave 42.85 wt % Si, 0.63 wt % Ge, 0.256 wt % B, 6.24 wt % Cs, and 0.74 wt% Pt.
• the catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm3 (0.130 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• Ludox HS-30 SiO 2 colloidal silica, 30% suspension in water
• Incipient wetness impregnation was carried out by adding drop wise a solution of 0.0402 g Pt (NH 2 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2 dissolved in 0.9925 g of deionized water to 2.011 grams of laboratory prepared BZSM-5. The material was dried for 1 hour in a 110 0 C drying oven then calcined at 280 0 C for 3 hours. Elemental analysis gave 44.99 wt % Si, 0.682 wt % Na, and 0.94 wt% Pt. Boron content was not measured.
• Example 4 The catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm3 (0.128 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• Example 4 The catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm3 (0.128 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• Example 4 Example 4 :
• the catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm3 (0.124 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• the material was dried for 1 hour in a 110°C drying oven then calcined at 280 0 C for 3 hours. Elemental analysis gave 42.11 wt % Si, 0.126 wt % Al, 0.90 wt % B, 9.13 wt % Cs, and 0.68 wt%.
• the catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm3 (0.127 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H2. Catalytic testing was then started.
• Germanium dioxide GeO2 Germanium Corporation of America GTAH
• Ludox HS-30 SiO 2 colloidal silica, 30% suspension in water
• Crystallization was made in stainless steel 300 ml autoclave at 165°C for 5 days with stirring (100 rpm) .
• Incipient wetness impregnation was carried out by adding drop wise a solution of 0.0412 g Pt (NH 2 ) 4 (NO 3 ) 2 dissolved in 0.96 grams of deionized water to 2.003 grams of laboratory prepared GeBZSM-5. The material was dried for 1 hour in a 110 0 C drying oven then calcined in air at 28O 0 C for 3 hours.
• the catalyst powder was pressed and sized to 20-40 mesh. 0.25 cm3 (0.127 g) of the sized catalyst was mixed with 1.75 ml of inert quartz chips and was pretreated at 460 0 C for 1 hour in flowing H 2 . Catalytic testing was then started.
• Catalyst particles mixed with inert quartz chips, were loaded into a W OD plug flow reactor.
• n-hexane was vaporized into a stream of flowing hydrogen at a temperature of approximately 150 0 C. This gas mixture was passed through the reactor at a LHSV of 8.6 hr "1 , the reactor being maintained at a temperature of 515 "C by an external heating jacket.
• the reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Products ranging in size from methane to dimethylnaphthalene were observed. A variety of C ⁇ isomerization products were observed, including isohexanes (e.g., 2-methylpentane) and olefins (e.g.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)
• Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Priority Applications (3)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=41042110

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (6)

Cited By (3)

Families Citing this family (28)

Citations (5)

Family Cites Families (71)

• 2008
  • 2008-05-22 US US12/125,796 patent/US9221723B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-05-23 EP EP08754707.1A patent/EP2170509B1/en not_active Not-in-force
  • 2008-05-23 KR KR1020097026909A patent/KR20100024957A/ko not_active Abandoned
  • 2008-05-23 JP JP2010509397A patent/JP5323819B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-05-23 CN CN200880021428A patent/CN101687184A/zh active Pending
  • 2008-05-23 WO PCT/US2008/006631 patent/WO2008147543A1/en not_active Ceased

Patent Citations (5)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events