Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L23/00—Soups; Sauces; Preparation or treatment thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
  • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
  • A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
  • A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
  • A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
  • A23J3/346—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of vegetable proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L19/10—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops
  • A23L19/12—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops of potatoes
  • A23L19/18—Roasted or fried products, e.g. snacks or chips
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
  • A23L27/21—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids
  • A23L27/22—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids containing glutamic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
  • A23L27/24—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments prepared by fermentation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
  • A23L27/45—Salt substitutes completely devoid of sodium chloride
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/88—Taste or flavour enhancing agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
  • A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
  • A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
  • A23V2400/169—Plantarum

Definitions

• a high amount of sodium intake is considered to be detrimental to health and therefore there is the desire to reduce the amount of sodium chloride (NaCI) in food products, without reducing the desired salty taste at the same time.
• NaCI sodium chloride
• the salty taste is very important to the perceived flavour intensity and profile, especially for savory food products.
• KCI Potassium Chloride
• Fermented products based on protein rich botanical materials which are hydrolyzed are known to have an umami taste.
• protein from soy and wheat gluten is used to form ingredients having an umami taste.
• materials with a high content of glutamic acid are chosen, which is a very important factor for umami taste.
• Wheat gluten has a glutamic acid content of 34%
• soy protein has a glutamic acid content of 20%.
• a material of similar or higher glutamic acid content None of these ingredients is known to have a salt enhancing effect.
• a process of forming a salt enhancing ingredient wherein a) pea protein is hydrolyzed, and b) the hydrolyzed or partly hydrolyzed pea protein is subjected to fermentation with a Lactobacillus species at a temperature suitable for the species at a starting pH of at least 6 or higher and incubated until a pH of 5.5 or lower is reached.
• step a) is an enzymatic hydrolysis performed with an enzyme or enzyme preparation having both proteinase and peptidase activity at a temperature suitable for the enzyme.
• the enzyme preparation is from Aspergillus oryzae (umamizymeTM) and the hydrolysis is performed at 40 0 C to 60°C.
• hydrolysis is performed chemically by adding a sufficient amount of acid.
• the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, and citric acid.
• hydrolysis temperature is from 50 0 C to 70°C.
• hydrolysis is performed by a combination of an acid and an enzyme or enzyme preparation having both proteinase and peptidase activity at a temperature suitable for the enzyme or enzyme preparation.
• Lactobacillus species is selected from one or more of L. plantarum, L. casei, L brevis and L. helveticus.
• a salt enhancing ingredient formed by a process as herein described.
• a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described which is concentrated at least 1.5 times by removing water.
• a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described wherein the a salt enhancing ingredient is spray-dried.
• a flavor composition for food products comprising the a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described.
• the flavor composition as herein described wherein the concentration of the a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described is 0.02% to 0.3% (wt/wt) based on a spray-dried 2x concentrate.
• a food product comprising the a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described.
• the food product as herein described wherein the concentration of the a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described is 0.002% to 0.03% (wt/wt) based on a spray-dried 2x concentrate.
• the food product as herein described which is a reduced or low sodium food product.
• the food product as herein described wherein the sodium chloride concentration is 0.15% (wt/wt) to 3% (wt/wt).
• the food product as herein described wherein the sodium chloride concentration is 0.15% (wt/wt) to 1.5% (wt/wt).
• the reduced or low sodium food product as herein described additionally comprising KCI, for example in a concentration of 0.1% to 2% KCI.
• a method of providing a food product enhanced in saltiness wherein the a salt enhancing ingredient as herein described is admixed to a food product.
• the food product is a reduced or low sodium food product optionally containing KCI, optionally in a concentration of 0.1% to 2% KCI.
• pea or peas refers to the round seeds of the leguminous plant Pisum sativum and its cultivars, having long green pods containing the edible seeds.
• peas Several other seeds of the family Fabaceae, most of them round, are also called peas, these however are explicitly excluded.
• pea sprouts may be used instead of pea seeds.
• the pea protein for use in methods provided herein can be in any suitable form, for example in form of pea seeds or sprouts (including whole or ground up seeds and whole or cut sprouts), or as a protein isolate from peas, or any natural material containing protein from pea and optionally additional ingredients.
• Pea protein has a comparatively low glutamic acid content of only about 13%.
• the pea protein is first hydrolyzed or partly hydrolyzed and then fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum; the process can be performed consecutively in one hydrolysation/fermentation vessel. If the hydrolysis is performed enzymatically, hydrolysis and fermentation can be performed in parallel. If acid hydrolysis is used, Lactobacillus should be added after neutralisation of the acid to about pH 6 to 7, depending on the particular strain used. If the pH is below 6, Lactobacillus plantarum will grow very slowly and usually not sufficiently.
• the hydrolysation of pea protein can be performed enzymatically or by adding a sufficient amount of acid, or by a combination of enzyme(s) (proteinase and peptidase activity) and acid.
• enzyme(s) proteinase and peptidase activity
• acid for example, if hydrochloric acid is used, it is used in an end concentration in the hydrolysation mixture of 5.5M.
• Other acids can be used in an amount to give a similar pH as 5.5M hydrochloric acid does accordingly.
• an enzyme or enzyme preparation containing more than one enzyme and having both proteinase and peptidase activity is used at a suitable temperature for the one or more enzyme.
• a suitable temperature will be chosen according to the temperature requirements of the enzymes, for example, umamizymeTM will tolerate temperatures from about 40 0 C to about 60 0 C, with an optimum at around 55°C.
• a useful enzyme is a protease enzyme preparation, for example umamizymeTM (Amano, Elgin, IL).
• Protease preparations contain two types of enzymes; proteinases, which hydrolyze proteins to form small peptides, and peptidases, which release amino acids from the terminal ends of proteins and peptides.
• UmamizymeTM originates from Aspergillus oryzae and is rich in Endo & Exo activity.
• All enzymes used should be food-grade. The amount or units of the enzymes needed are chosen to ensure sufficient activity and avoid developing bitter notes. The amount of enzyme depends on the amount of protein and there should be a ratio of 0.5:20 to 3:20 of enzyme: protein (0.5 to 3 parts enzyme for 20 parts of pea protein), for example 1 :20 of enzyme: protein (umamizymeTM has 70 U/g at pH 7).
• acids may be used including, for example, one or more of hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, and citric acid.
• the hydrolysation is performed at a suitable temperature, for example from about 50 0 C to about 70°C.
• Another alternative is a combination of acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis.
• acid, enzyme, pH and temperature need to be chosen so that they are compatible.
• the relevant data is known and readily available for a large number of proteinase and peptidase enzymes.
• the acid hydrolysis is a possibility but has a disadvantage as a small amount of salt is added when neutralising the acid.
• the resulting salt enhancer will still be useful for salt reduced products but the reduction potential may be slightly limited.
• the contaminant 3-chloropropane-1 ,2-diol (3-MCPD) and other mono- and di- chloropropanol contaminants may be formed, which has been in discussion for potential adverse health effect, so consumers tend to avoid products containing or potentially containing 3-MCPD.
• the seed culture/overnight culture for the following fermentation may be prepared by methods well-known in the art. It may be grown overnight, for example 12 hours, at the appropriate temperature for the microorganism. 37°C is a suitable temperature for L. plantarum. Any suitable medium may be selected, for example MRS broth (Difco, United States of America).
• the fermentation with Lactobacillus is started using the hydrolyzed protein as fermentation broth and adding a sufficient volume of an overnight seed culture at a pH of at least 6 or higher, for example a pH of 6 to 7. Fermentation is allowed to proceed until the pH has lowered to at least pH 5.5 or lower, for example pH 5.5 to pH 4.5, which usually takes about 5 to 12 hours.
• the fermentation temperature is chosen to accommodate the microorganism.
• Useful temperature ranges for Lactobacilli and in particular L. plantarum include, for example, from 2O 0 C to 40 0 C, from 30°C to 40 0 C, from 35 to 40°C, with an optimum around 36°C to 38°C. At a low temperature the growth rate will be low, at a high temperature the microorganism will be killed.
• Lactobacillus plantarum is used for fermentation, however, other Lactobacillus species may also be useful, for example, L. casei, L. brevis and L. helveticus may also be useful.
• the fermentation broth After fermentation (once a low pH is reached) the fermentation broth is pasteurized at 90 0 C for 30 minutes to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes.
• the pasteurized fermentation broth may be filtered to remove any larger particles and may be concentrated, for example by evaporation, including boiling at for example up to 100 0 C.
• the salt enhancer may be used as such or in concentrated form.
• the concentrated salt enhancer may be used as a paste or powder or spray-dried by methods well known in the art.
• spray-dried salt enhancer well known carriers and anti-caking agents may be added.
• the final form of the salt enhancer may be chosen according to methods well known in the art and will depend on the particular food application. For liquid foods, for example soups, the salt enhancer can be used without further processing in its liquid form. For dry applications such as crackers, the spray-dried concentrated salt enhancer can be used.
• the salt enhancer may be directly added to food products, or be provided as part of a flavour composition for flavouring food products.
• enhancing is meant the effect of an ingredient on a particular flavour note in food which is found more pronounced (stronger, enhanced) in its taste intensity as analysed by trained panellists sensitive to that note, when comparing food comprising an ingredient with enhancing effect to the food without added enhancing ingredient.
• food product is used in a broad meaning to include any product taken into the mouth including food, beverages, nutraceuticals and dental care products including mouth wash.
• Food products include cereal products, rice products, pasta products, ravioli, tapioca products, sago products, baker's products, biscuit products, pastry products, bread products, confectionery products, dessert products, gums, chewing gums, chocolates, ices, honey products, treacle products, yeast products, salt and spice products, savory products, mustard products, vinegar products, sauces (condiments), processed foods, cooked fruits and vegetable products, meat and meat products, meat analogues/substitutes, jellies, jams, fruit sauces, egg products, milk and dairy products, cheese products, butter and butter substitute products, milk substitute products, soy products, edible oils and fat products, medicaments, beverages, juices, fruit juices, vegetable juices, food extracts, plant extracts, meat extracts, condiments, nutraceuticals, gelatins, tablets, lozenges, drops, emulsions, elixirs, syrups, and combinations thereof.
• condiments and sauces cold, warm, instant, preserved, sate, tomato, BBQ Sauce, Ketchup, mayonnaise and analogues, bechamel
• gravy chutney, salad dressings (shelf stable, refrigerated)
• batter mixes vinegar, pizza, pasta, instant noodles, french fries, croutons, salty snacks (potato chips, crisps, nuts, tortilla-tostada, pretzels, cheese snacks, corn snacks, potato- snacks, ready-to-eat popcorn, microwaveable popcorn, caramel corn, pork rinds, nuts), crackers (Saltines, 'Ritz' type), "sandwich-type" cracker snacks, breakfast cereals, cheeses and cheese products including cheese analogues (reduced sodium cheese, pasteurized processed cheese (food, snacks & spreads), savoury spreads, cold pack cheese products, cheese sauce products), meats, aspic, cured meats (ham, bacon), luncheon
• Preferred processed foods include margarine, peanut butter, soup (clear, canned, cream, instant, UHT), gravy, canned juices, canned vegetable juice, canned tomato juice, canned fruit juice, canned juice drinks, canned vegetables, pasta sauces, frozen entrees, frozen dinners, frozen hand-held entrees, dry packaged dinners (macaroni & cheese, dry dinners-add meat, dry salad/side dish mixes, dry dinners- with meat). Soups may be in different forms including condensed wet, ready-to- serve, ramen, dry, and bouillon, processed and pre-prepared low-sodium foods.
• the salt enhancer may be employed as follows: a useful concentration for most food applications is 25 to 300 ppm or 0.002% to 0.03% (wt/wt) based on a spray-dried 2x concentrate (compare example 1 herein below).
• the salt enhancer may be used in unconcentrated or concentrated form or the concentrate may be formulated into a paste or powder by methods known in the art. In this case the amount to be used has to be adjusted accordingly.
• Flavour compositions such as spices are often more concentrated, for example a 10x concentrate, and the concentration will be adjusted higher accordingly (250 ppm to 3000 ppm ).
• the NaCI content in common food products with a regular NaCI concentration varies with most products ranging from 0.5% to 5% NaCI.
• Seasoning or products used as seasoning such as croutons, sauces or salad dressings that are employed in a small amount (to be applied to e.g. salad or noodles), have a concentration of for example from 2% to 5% NaCI.
• Soups usually contain 0.6% to 1.25% NaCI.
• Salty crackers and meat products (salami, ham, bacon) usually contain 2% to 4% NaCI.
• Cereals usually contain 0.6 to 3% NaCI.
• Products that need to be reconstituted usually range in the concentration ranges indicated after reconstitution.
• the amount of the salt enhancer may have to be increased.
• the concentration of KCI may be from about 0.1 % or 0.2 % up to 1%, up to 1.5%, up to 2%, or higher, depending on how much the sodium concentration is reduced.
• a KCI concentration of 0.25 % to 1.5%, for example 0.5% to 1.5% KCI will be useful for most low sodium products.
• a range to which the NaCI concentration may usefully be reduced for most applications is, for example, 0.25% to 2.5%, or from 0.125% to 1.25%.
• the amount of the salt enhancer to be added to the food product as an ingredient will depend on the concentration of KCI used, and the specific food product including the particular base and flavour.
• a spray- dried 2x concentrate of the salt enhancer 0.002% to 0.03% of said concentrate in a product (based on product weight) may be used.
• the salt enhancer may be used in un-concentrated form or the concentrate may be formulated into a paste or powder or spray-dried salt enhancer by methods known in the art. In this case, the amount to be used has to be adjusted accordingly.
• the appropriate concentration of the salt enhancer can be easily tested by an organoleptic titration. This technique is well known in the field sensory analysis.
• Seed/overnight culture medium Soy peptone (DMV International, Chicago, IL, USA) 10 g Yeast extract (Sensient Flavors, Indianapolis, IN, USA) 5 g
• Dextrose (Corn Products, Bedford Park, IL, USA) 20 g Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80, Lonza, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA) 1 g
• Hvdrolvsate mixture Pea protein isolate (Propulse®, Norben company, Willoughby, Ohio, USA) 183 g
• Lactobacillus plantarum culture strain LP14917 3 g Water add 100O g
• a seed culture is prepared by incubating L. plantarum, ATCC 14917 for 12 hours, 37 C C in the seed culture medium as indicated above.
• a fermentation broth is formed as follows:
• Water, salt, and pea protein isolate are mixed well in a fermentation vessel, the initial pH is noted (usually about 6.3) , and the mixture is subjected to agitation at ⁇ 150 rpm, heated, and subjected to 121 0 C for 60 minutes.
• the sterilised mixture is cooled to 55°C, and umamizymeTM is added (6 g umamizymeTM dissolved in a small amount of the water and filter-sterilized using a 0.45 microns filter).
• the mixture with umamizymeTM is left to hydrolyse for 24 hours at 55°C and 150 rpm.
• the resulting hydrolysate is left to cool to 37°C, and is incubated at 37°C for 15 to 30 minutes.
• the pH is determined (typically about 5.6 to 5.7) to detect a potential contamination (if contamination occurred, the whole procedure will have to be repeated using fresh materials).
• the hydrolysate is inoculated with 3 ml of a L plantarum culture (inoculum of an overnight seed culture with a cell density of about 10 6 cells/g) and incubated at 37°C and 60 rpm for 6 to 8 hours until the pH (originally around pH 6) has reached about 5 (typically from pH 4.5 to pH 5.5).
• the culture is then pasteurized and thereby inactivated at 90 0 C for 30 minutes and cooled to 30 0 C.
• the resulting inactivated culture is filtered by passing through a felt filter bag in a filter centrifuge.
• the filtered culture (supernatant containing the remaining smaller solids, minus biomass including larger undigested proteins) is concentrated 2x by evaporation/boiling at 100 0 C.
• the resulting 2x concentrate's solid content is determined using a moisture analyser and is spray-dried onto a potato maltodextrin carrier in a ratio of 1 :1 solids of the 2xconcentrate to carrier.
• 0.5% (wt/wt) tricalciumphosphate (TPC) based on total weight of the 2xconcentrate on the carrier is added as an anti-caking agent.
• the resulting spray-dried salt enhancer with anti-caking agent is referred to as "pea base note" or "PBN" in the following examples.
• a sample of PBN of example 1 in a concentration of 0.2% in water is evaluated by 6 trained panelists for its umami and salty taste.
• Panelists evaluate the taste of PBN in comparison to references of 0.25% NaCI (salty) and 0.15 % monosodiumglutamate (MSG, umami taste).
• the salt enhancing effect of the pea base note was determined by comparing salt reduced chicken broth with and without PBN.
• R-index of 50% is equivalent to pure chance and means that two samples are not detectably different.
• the PBN sample had a calculated R-index of 71%, which is above 50%, meaning that it was significantly more salty compared to the chicken broth sample. Accordingly, it can be concluded that PBN significantly enhanced the salty taste intensity of chicken broth.
• the PBN sample had a calculated R-index of 71%, which is above 50%, meaning that it was significantly more salty compared to the low sodium chicken broth sample with KCI. Accordingly, it can be concluded that PBN significantly enhanced the perceived intensity of a low sodium chicken broth containing KCI.
• PBN was produced as described in example 1 except that the sodium chloride that had been used to optimise protein solubility and enzyme activity, which already was at a low concentration of 0.1% , was completely left out. The results with this control showed a similar enhancement effect in the forced choice method.
• the intensity of umami taste of a pea base note sample (PBN, produced as described in example 1) in a concentration as given in the table below in bouillon was determined by comparing it to various bouillon samples (Plain Chicken Bouillon) containing autolyzed yeast extract, hydrolyzed vegetable protein or cultured wheat gluten.

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• 2008
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