WO2008104166A2

WO2008104166A2 - Mobile production of precast concrete parts

Info

Publication number: WO2008104166A2
Application number: PCT/DE2008/000343
Authority: WO
Inventors: Roland Weber
Original assignee: Roland Weber
Priority date: 2007-02-28
Filing date: 2008-02-28
Publication date: 2008-09-04
Also published as: WO2008104166A3; DE112008000253A5

Abstract

The application describes how precast concrete parts may be produced in a particularly inexpensive manner on construction sites. Construction materials and methods are listed for this purpose.

Description

Mobile precast concrete production

description

The present invention relates to the Oberbegrifflieh claimed and thus relates to the inexpensive and inexpensive production of buildings with concrete on construction sites.

In particular, a ceiling system is specified which comprises easily installable ceilings and supporting elements in a filigree construction, as well as sandwich-type, interposed shelves. It is described how the sandwich panels can be made, in particular, using a mobile tilting table, how the beams and other rod-shaped limp-reinforced prefabricated parts can be manufactured at a low weight on construction sites, in particular using a mobile lightweight battery molding which is described therein indicates how the ceiling system is formed in a particularly advantageous manner, namely so that the prefabricated parts can be provided with a local concrete supplement with little effort. It is stated that and as with the means described, it is also possible to produce concrete sandwich components which have particularly desired properties. Thus, the present application gives a complete overview of the production of particularly advantageous concrete structures. In precast plants stationary mounted tilting tables for precast concrete slab production are known, which serve as Schaltisch and bending-sensitive wall panels can tilt after concrete hardening approximately in the vertical. Next, the Soluntergrundbenutzung is known as a formwork floor in field factories, with special anchor arrangements can be provided for erecting.

For the rough construction site operation, the known arrangements are not readily usable. It is desirable to design the precast concrete slab production and

Provide tools to enable mobile manufacturing. The invention has recognized that it is even possible to use tilting tables in rough construction site operation. The arrangement proposed here makes it possible to use simple anchor lifting techniques, resulting in lower bending angles.

Additional reinforcements and smaller footprint leads. The folding tables according to the invention may be transportable by road, with bolting mechanisms and / or folded folding tables. Tilting tables allow the production of walls beyond the Tiltischstraßtransportierbarkeitsgröße.

The preferred tilting table heights of 3.5 m to 3 m are easy to transport and still produce good walls at ceiling height in residential or office construction.

Erecting can take place in place of known hydraulic or spindle-type actuators by hoists on site.

The tilt table assembly at construction site commissioning can be done by submerged concrete to form a torsionally rigid base body and / or a flush-mounted bottom.

The tilting table surfaces can be smooth and shock and joint-free, which is ensured by steel surfaces. Shutter plates, also weather-resistant, are otherwise usable.

A high torsional rigidity and tilting of the tilting table prevents its twisting during concreting and / or tipping and thus ensures low tolerances even in rough construction site operation. In this case, circulation profiles for the tilting table are preferably designed as a torsion box, wherein a scraping steel support can be included non-positively. Lower counter plates or a torsion bandage may be provided. This is the larger enclosed cross-sectional area cheaper than individual hollow sections.

A tilting table assembly of modular combinable, at least substantially identical basic components is preferred, the compatibility with mobile formwork systems for the production of rod parts in particular as described below is explicitly disclosed.

In the preferred steel lining use for the tilting table common magnetic rim formwork can be used. That plates with cranes, such as caterpillars on the construction sites are transversely transported, should be mentioned. The simple attachment and assembly allows economically short production times of typically only four weeks to three months per site without additional costs. Preferably, a weather protection is provided, the Sonnenbeziehungsweise rain protection offers. This facilitates the concentration ability of workers who make complicated parts and thus increases the manufacturing accuracy. A fleece xible weather protection construc- tion can be άachartig arranged like a tent on bracket so that when raising the tilting table an opening for lifting the concrete slab is automatically released. This means that no additional intervention is required on the weather protector. Also, regardless of a weather protection, which is sufficiently far above the tilting table, a concrete attachment by truck mixer rect discharge take place. The lifting of pre-braided reinforcement cages from above by means of lifting equipment can preferably be carried out by temporary weather protection removal.

For rapid commissioning and problem-free operation, power feeds and / or connections for end-user points (sockets, etc.) are preferably provided on the tilting table in order to. to keep the paths to the various tools such as power tools short. Also, compressed air and / or gas and / or water distributor can be provided. The tools required for component production with the tilting table can preferably be fastened in theft-proof storage containers directly on the tilting table.

The tilting table or its parts are preferably permanently installed and illuminated. Likewise, plan fasteners may be provided, as well as hitch devices for equipment, jackets, utensils, impactor and other tools. In a preferred variant external vibrators and / or converters are fixedly provided on the folding table. If necessary, a generator can be provided at certain construction sites to supply the tilting table as an alternative or completely with power. The fact that heating systems are also preinstalled for concrete hardening is mentioned as particularly advantageous. Heating can be done by gas, electricity or steam or heat radiators from above. It can be integrated or preinstalled.

In a preferred variant, the tilting table has an interface for the transmission of production data, such as switch clock-indicating tilting table raising and lowering movements, external vibrator actuation, emphasized temperature and heating signal-indicative data, securing motion detectors, monitoring web cameras and the like. A logging of the actuation of electrical devices -such as, for example, lighting and the like-can also be used for monitoring working time, checking concrete, and checking port progress. That such data is accompanied by quality and production control data, such as number of parts produced, masses of such parts, Concrete grades according to delivery notes, steel deliveries, etc. can be linked, may be mentioned. It should also be mentioned that time-recording systems and the like can be provided for worker monitoring directly on the tilting table.

The use of permanently installed operating equipment as well as order-creating systems for tool storage and the like considerably reduces the set-up times, resulting in a total use even on smaller building sites, eg. B. under 2 000 m ² plate production allowed.

It should be noted, moreover, that the use of pre-installed operating equipment such as heating, electricity, light, gas, etc. as well as weather protection and / or the provision of factory stuff storage directly on the tilting table not only in this, but also in other, on construction sites usable Precast concrete production aids in particular battery rotary formwork is beneficial. The tilting table is described as follows:

A tilting table comprises a base frame, which can be transported in one piece to a construction site and downloaded there from a truck. It can be leveled off from the ground, which can be done with a suitable frame. Reference is made in this regard to the known from the battery folding scarf application of the present applicant base frame. However, the present basic frame is as possible and preferred, additionally provided with a bottom plate, which acts as a kind of cover formwork and allows rapid casting, without requiring a deductible cleanliness layer, which in turn is submerged frictionally to the base frame. There are provided on the base frame G verbunderhöhende means such as cams or lost Gewistäbe, which are untergiessbar in a concrete layer to provide a stable connection. The floor panel is strong enough to increase the bending and torsional stiffness of the overall system. In a preferred variant, the basic frame length and thus the tilting table length may be 12 m, with a width of 3.0 m ensuring road transportability on standard trucks. The tilting table walls can preferably be transported separately and can be bolted to the tilting table on an axis of rotation, preferably on a rotation axis.

A support is provided on the tilting table and a folding support for parking the tilting table after the elevator in the folded position. This does not have to be completely vertical, angles of 75 ° to 85 ° are particularly advantageous.

The whole substructure is here, as preferred, galvanized. When erecting lower edge formwork in the present case is an approximately 20 mm thick steel sheet, which is sufficiently rigidly connected to the tilting table bottom (in the unfolded state), while the other three plate walls may be limited by magnetic Wandabschalung.

The base frame has flaps and locked bulkheads for tools, small items, gas, water and compressed air hoses, and electrical cables. Next are bulkheads for power tools, "cosmetic material" for rework, manual supplies for screws, nails and other small items,

Edge formwork accessories and accessories for the recess production etc. provided. On the base frame is also a gas heating, which is to heat here with hot air, provided to operate the tilting table in cold areas can. In very warm areas, such heaters are not absolutely necessary for production clock protection.

At the base frame end faces media connections are provided so that the entire mobile production unit can be supplied by coupling at a single point. Connections are provided in this example for gas, electricity, water and compressed air. It should be mentioned that in order to enable the coupling of a plurality of tilting tables with each other, a passage to the next mobile unit is provided, which considerably reduces the cabling and installation effort, even for coupled tilting tables.

Furthermore, a weather protection is provided as a sun or rain protection. In the present case, it is formed from a stable tarpaulin which is arranged on two outer and one middle carrier. This support is positioned during operation to form a protective roof. The carrier is designed to automatically fold when tilting the table in a position in which the opening is free upwards, so that a concrete wall plate can be lifted vertically.

The carrier is also preferably for pivoting for mat reinforcing baskets manually out of the way pivotable.

By providing a slope along the tilt table longitudinal direction on the tarp, rainwater can be readily diverted. The carriers are preferably removable and can be provided with lighting equipment such as neon lamps, clipboards for plans, hooks for hose attachment, etc.

The details described above are at least partially apparent in the drawings. To do this:

In Fig. 1-1 a two-sided tilting table is shown, wherein two deployable wings are shown in different stages of manufacture. It will be clear that neither a two-leaf tilting table is absolutely necessary, nor typically the individual wings or sides must be operated in different concrete cycles. Nevertheless, this is shown for reasons of reasoning. On the left side in the figure, it is shown how a reinforcement is lowered on a crane, to which the tarpaulin is manually withdrawn by a simple folding-tong mechanism to allow the insertion of a reinforcing mat lowered by a tower crane. In the right half of Figure 1-1 is shown that when erected or largely erected tilt table, the tarp does not automatically hinder lifting a finished component.

FIGS. 1-2, 1-3 and 1-4 show different detail views. In Fig. 1-4 should be explicitly pointed to the media connections 1-4-1 or 1-4-2 for water, compressed air and electricity.

Fig. 1-5 shows the anchoring of the cables to a finished component.

FIGS. 1-6 show particularly clearly on the right-hand half of the picture the folding support with a horizontal force transmitting actuator which does not have to introduce any horizontal forces at its contact with the ground and therefore only needs a possibly small load distribution on the ground in the sense of mobility (not shown here) ,

Fig. 1-7 shows a view under the working space of the cover.

Fig. 1-8 is a view under the folding table from below; It should be noted that, of course, the visible in the drawing surfaces will not be completely visible because they are seen as in the left half of the picture typically rest in the position shown on the floor. You can see the gas heaters and the external vibrators. Fig. 1-9 is a view of the tilting table from the side.

Fig. 1-10 shows the tiltshift with two upright sides, which improves road transportability.

Fig. 1-11 shows the dimension to be considered in the transport of a tilting table according to the invention. It is obvious that container transportability can be achieved by suitable dimensioning.

With the tilting table some of the most important components, but not very good on construction sites. Formwork for series production of precast concrete elements on construction sites is known as another means of production. Even if the installation effort pays off in spite of small production volumes, the transport of the precast concrete components turned off from it is the place of installation, ie. H. the cross-transport on the site but often still problematic. Moreover, there are often space problems on construction sites.

The present invention has recognized that the space problems can initially be easily reduced and / or the formwork can be placed in the building to be built itself.

In general, pre-installed media lines, in particular for electricity, gas, water and / or compressed air and, if appropriate, outlets may be provided on a formwork, here in particular battery formwork. Additionally or alternatively, tools may be fixed or preceded on a shuttering battery. The fixed arrangement especially external vibrators with converters, in particular external vibrators, allows the formwork to be set up so that the Rüttlermontage does not have to be taken into account. Moreover, the fixed arrangement of tools in the same way as the presence of pre-installed media lines and central feeds allows easy shifting on the job site, which in turn allows an advantageous space clearance.

The easy shifting on the construction site is particularly advantageous if the battery mold is so light that it can be sold even on freshly laid false ceilings. For example, the formwork directly on ceilings can also be projected in floor-level building, provided that the loads do not exceed 1.5 t / m ² or are adapted to the respective permissible high-rise building loads. For this purpose, and also for ease of crane displaceability can, as preferred, a lightweight construction be applied, which is possible in particular by canted shuttering sheets of lmm up to 5 mm and / or riveting and / or self-tapping screws for connecting thin sheets to a maximum of 3 mm. The sheets may preferably be galvanized, in particular strip galvanized. The use or partial use of aluminum profiles is preferred where there is no direct concrete contact. In this way, the formwork can be constructed so easily that it can be easily placed in the Montagenhochbau on fri see ceilings, which especially in connection with the pre-installed media lines and utilities such as heating and the like and Außenütt- learning etc. space problems as quickly as possible solves. In addition to central feeds and protective devices, such as FI-protection devices may be provided and / or machine control systems, data acquisition devices as described in connection with the tilting table, they mentioned.

The usability with tarpaulins is also advantageous, since even in cold weather, a precast concrete production under heating by the thermal insulation can be realized to save surface and thus in particular day cycles are achieved.

The typical battery widths result for weight reasons to about 1.6 m to 2.2 m, as this allows the production of sufficiently large ceiling spans with conventional design weights of 200 kg / m ² to 300 kg / m ² without lightweight construction. If lightweight construction methods are used, the spans and so on can be increased. Such battery molds can be easily transported on roads or in sea containers. Typically, the maximum permissible ceiling load in storey building construction is the critical size for the battery saver size per concreting weight.

The finished parts to be produced are then preferably movable with tower cranes, which further contributes to reduced construction costs. It should be mentioned that even with a torsionally rigid formation of the battery mold, a heatability is given without an upwardly closed torsion-resistant box forming a thermal barrier to the concrete to be heated. This can be achieved by a torsion box that is at least partially open at the top, and whose torsional rigidity in the open areas can be realized by a torsion framework or a quadrilateral frame, which from below provides sufficient air or vapor flow onto the formwork floor and thus directly under the concrete. At the same time the weight decreases. The thermostat control of the heating is mentioned as a possibility. When integrating the heating device to the battery mold, the installation effort is also extremely low, which reduces the set-up times and thus increases the production capacity.

It should be mentioned that the production on false ceilings in E-days construction is usually readily possible, as can be left by appropriate planning on the respective ceiling section sufficient space for beam pre-production for each section. The heating of the formwork according to the invention, in particular the battery mold, is optionally carried out with gas and / or electrically. Thus, electric heaters, for example, ribbed tube convectors with several kilowatts of heating power can be provided so that heating without fresh air supply is possible. A housing, which is preferably airtight, but in any case reduces heat losses, need only be limited to the outer dimensions of the battery or only their concreted parts here. It must therefore be no large airtight tents as previously heated, which on the one hand reduces the required heating power and on the other hand, the risk that fresh concrete is not properly covered and then cools, especially in case of heating failure. In addition, the tarpaulin is manually easier to handle by reducing. It should be mentioned that the tarpaulin can be rolled up, for example on a suitable piece of pipe.

It is possible, especially the battery light formwork according to the invention, even with very small quantities of high-quality lightweight concrete, which are to be used to use economically. It is particularly advantageous for the use of ceiling beams under the proviso of usually limited to 3 to 6 t load capacity of tower cranes. To further simplify the process, it is sufficient to provide known swap body container and a crane scale with evaluation device in addition to per se already existing components in mixing operation. The component production can now be done by first delivering cement, water and admixture from the nearest mixing plant as in normal concrete in a truck mixer. On the construction site typically a maximum of three fractions of lightweight aggregates are kept in stock in interchangeable containers, the containers typically having a length of approx. 6 m and a capacity of more than 30 m ³ per container. Since the lightweight aggregates have bulk densities typically below 500 kg / m ² , it is possible Such a surcharge can be transported economically over longer distances, whereby the unloading on the construction site can be done directly by truck by depositing on the feet of the swap body. By placing a transport or concrete bucket under the swap body, it is possible to drop a light surcharge into the bucket by opening a swap body bottom outlet. The weighing-in can be weighed with sufficient accuracy typically better than 3% by a crane scale and even read directly via radio data transmission in a computer system, with even slight weight loss (bulk densities below 600 kg / m ³ ) even more accurate and easier by purely volumetric filling the bucket and / or by voletermic filling and / or control by the crane scale is possible. The hoist can be realized by a tower crane, which allows particularly cost-effective working and it can be filled with this hoist the precisely weighed surcharge in a truck mixer. If this happens before the return of the truck mixer to the mixing plant, even the circulation times are accelerated. After Durchmi- See in the truck mixer, the finished lightweight concrete is buildable. So there is no need for separate, space-consuming and expensive surcharge boxes nor a separate lightweight concrete mixing plant and also no transport means for Zuschlagboxenbefül- ment. This makes it possible to economically use the lightweight concrete even for very small construction sites with less than 1,000 m ³ and even more than 60 m ³ (two 6 m containers per truck).

FIG. II-1 shows a battery light formwork according to the invention with the media connections II-1-1 and II-1-2 provided on the front side, which are three-phase, low-current and compressed-air connections in the present example. At diagonally opposite corners of the lighting support is visible. Likewise recognizable is the tarpaulin permanently arranged on the battery light formwork and the truss-like support construction, which is clearly visible from below in FIG. II-2.

In Fig. II -3 is particularly well the preferred inclination of the side walls, which facilitates a stripping represented.

Fig. II-4 shows the arrangement of hooks II-4-3 along the edge of the mobile battery mold. On the hook tools and the like can be accommodated. The accommodation for tools, small items and the like is indicated on the front page at II-4-4, without that there the lockable subjects would be explicitly drawn.

With the described equipment, various components can be produced, in particular also for flat ceilings.

It is desirable to be able to produce especially these flat ceilings material saving. The use of ribbed or coffered ceilings for concrete and steel consumption reduction is known. The problem is the Hohlschchungsungsaufwand for the beam or cassette production. In addition, many ribbed ceilings with prefabricated concrete beams and only low construction heights suffer from the low beam stiffness resulting in typical spans, since beams are no longer self-supporting with conventional dimensions, so that they may even have to be supported before mounting. The conventional use of slab formwork boards on wooden girders with floor supports between the narrow beams is uneconomical especially because of the fitting work with shuttering. The present invention now proposes further, in particular in the previously described mobile lightweight formwork beams made on the construction site with side sealing lugs for receiving ceiling formwork element tolerances, which avoids hand adjustments of the slab formwork flooring between the ceiling joists. The nose is preferably chosen so high that it protrudes into the later ceiling or cover concrete and thus significantly increases the flexural rigidity of the beam in the assembled state. This can be achieved in the assembled state even with a thin ceiling structure of about less than 45 cm usable stiffness. It can be obtained, for example, with a total ceiling thickness of 30 cm and a beam thickness of 17 cm by a nose height of 4 cm + 1 cm, a significant degree of rigidity. It should be noted that the described ceiling construction is particularly preferred where the wage level is lower. Nevertheless, the use of a ceiling system according to the invention results in not inconsiderable advantages even in countries with high labor costs due to the possible total savings.

It should be mentioned that ceiling beams can be used as semi-finished beams and the ceiling mirrors can be constructed from filigree panels. Alternatively, a ceiling mirror made of in-situ concrete with slab formwork, in particular partially prefabricated slab formwork such as slab tables or Deckenschaltelemen- th be prepared. The use of a delicate repair

- II - Titivstruktur by screening of aforementioned components is disclosed as a particularly preferred option, which is given a replacement market of conventional flat ceilings. In a preferred variant, this results in a repetitive structure which preferably bears at least its own weight in the concreting state of the ceiling mirror entirely, or at least partially without additional vertical support between end supports on scaffold supports or towers under the secondary beams and / or without support under the main beams.

The ceiling beams for the ceiling structure according to the invention will preferably widen upwards for stripping and thus allow stripping without opening a side shuttering wall. For supports it can be provided that the side wall of a formwork arrangement, for example a lightweight battery formwork provided on the floor in the story building can be opened as described herein. The possibility of producing ceiling beams, in particular with a battery mold as described above, which are suitable for a ceiling according to the present invention and are at right angles to one side (in particular on the front side) and / or at right angles to the ground or at right angles to one be concreted surface, it should be noted. Preferably, an inclination may be provided on the opposite side to allow nondestructive stripping. The inclination on such a side is typically in the range between about 1:20 (tilted on both sides) and 1: 5, preferably 1:10 (inclined on one side).

It is particularly preferred to dimension ceiling beams in such a way that they dive over part of their height into a concrete layer of the later ceiling mirror, ie they are partially embedded in concrete. Ceiling of the ceiling according to the invention, as they can be produced in particular with the Leichtbatterieschalung invention are preferably on at least one side, preferably at least one longitudinal side completely and / or over the entire contact in the formwork longitudinal side provided with a projecting nose, in particular a constant cross section over owns the bar. The preferred ratio of height to depth of this nose will be in the range 1: 2 to 2: 1. Heights below 6 cm are sufficient, also to ensure that they do not extend too deep into the concrete ceiling or that too much reinforcement cover is needed to fully integrate the noses. It is particularly preferred to provide more than 2 cm nose height to prevent breakage, or to one still sufficiently positive effect in particular to achieve the bar stability and mountability.

It is particularly preferred to provide lugs on lateral beams in fields of ceiling mirrors so that in each case at least one lug per field is provided in both mutually orthogonal and horizontal directions.

The fact that the formwork will be profiled for nasal formation is obvious. Incidentally, the ceiling beams of a ceiling according to the invention can be realized with Auflageraussparungen particular reusable Ausschalungskörper, in particular using magnets adhering to the side shuttering, which are sufficiently stable against loads during loading, but not need to be solved separately for stripping. The usefulness of stabilizing bodies to be released by means of clamps, bolts or other preferred stabilizing bodies to be stripped off is disclosed. With the construction according to the invention, it is possible to produce repetitive structures which can preferably be mounted or moved by means of tower cranes, which means typically filigree repetitive structural weights of between 2 and 4 t at the jib tip. In particular, when using lightweight concrete so that a sufficiently large, yet stable, in particular nose-stabilized structure for a ceiling can be created. Structurally preferred are potted dense lightweight concretes with strengths above LC 12/13 or especially above LC 16/18 (DIN 1045-1). For reasons of crane capacity, bulk densities of less than 1.6 t / m ³ , in particular less than 1.3 t / m ³ , are preferred.

It is possible to provide filigree repetitive structures with the invention, in which in particular in the Deckenbalkenbe- rich missing at the end of the beam iron completely or partially, which simplifies the formwork, in particular, a smooth shuttering is possible. This is particularly advantageous if an upwardly opening inclination is given, so as not to complicate fitting or stripping.

In a particularly preferred variant, the beams with sealing and / or tolerance-compensating nose under a conventional slab formwork such as formwork panels, formwork panels or the like can be inserted or lifted from below, which reduces or eliminates tampering. Secondary support spacings of less than 5 m, especially less than 3.5 m, are preferably feasible for ribbed ceilings according to the invention. Preferred applications of unbiased Ceiling joists are for office ceilings ratios of the larger column spacing, which are preferably in the grid, to maximum overall concrete construction height of over 18, especially over 23.

It should be noted that the ceiling assembly according to the invention with nasaufweisenden beam offers a number of advantages, in particular a concrete savings by enabling thinner ceiling mirrors compared to Filigranplatten with applying lattice girders, the use of wholly or partially single-layer reinforcement even when covering computationally changing Biegemomentvorzeichen what in the preferred thin ceilings of less than 13 to 15 cm allowed to build fireproof and prevent too large concrete cover the crack opening on the surface is too much increased.

Furthermore, the permissible span in the case of assembly is increased by the nose. In addition, it is particularly advantageous that a joint seal between slab formwork and beams without adaptation work on the slab formwork, in particular without horizontal fitting work of Schalbelagfläche is made possible, which thus allows fast and standardized applications and prefabricated formwork parts. In addition, height tolerances of a joint can be closed, in which simply supports are adjusted in their height by spindle rotation, so that no continuous concrete occurs. When using reinforcement mats for the ceiling concrete also an increased reinforcement mat support is formed over the secondary support single layer, resulting in a better traction, since the reinforcement is above lying feasible.

Another advantage arises from the fact that up to the final state, the slender beams themselves do not need to be supported, even during concreting, since the ceiling load, unlike filigree plates, does not have to be introduced into beams first.

It should be noted that with the present system, despite the many, beam-related interference edges a high switching speed can be realized and in view of the only small thicknesses of the ceiling mirror low concrete provision is sufficient.

Moreover, when using the prefabricated floor beams according to the invention, the shuttering times of the ceiling areas are significantly reduced in comparison with ceiling mirrors due to their higher strength. The details described above are at least partially apparent in the drawings. To do this:

In the figure, a plurality of slab tables is shown, which are stumped together with a variety of joints. It can be seen that a nose can serve as a seal between the ceiling joists and the Schaltischen. The figure also shows that, at least within the framework of the usual structural tolerances of DIN 18202, no expensive adaptations of the shuttering cover are required. Experience shows that for

Shells and demixing only 0.20 to 0.4 h / m ² expenses are to be set. It should be noted that even better conditions of 0.10 to 0.15 h / m ² can be achieved in low-impact conditions, in particular if prefabricated elements in grid masses can be quickly erected and dismantled again.

It should be emphasized that it is possible, but not necessary, to use a ceiling arrangement of the present invention to arrive at an overall construction height that is equal to conventional flat ceilings, so that a building without geometry change is identical to the one of FIG ceiling according to the invention can be realized. Fig. III-l shows a plan view of a ceiling system according to the invention, wherein in III-1-1 the noses according to the invention are particularly well recognizable. These lugs are provided on support beams III-1-2, between which ceiling panels, in particular prefabricated filigree plates and / or sandwich panels III-1-3 according to the invention are arranged. A condition during the construction phase with supports arranged under the plates is shown in Fig. III-2.

In Fig. III -3 a detail view of the nose connector is shown with protruding from the beam reinforcements.

In Fig. III-4, a lateral nose in III-4-3 can be seen particularly well. In addition to the ceiling systems described above also wall arrangements are required. Therefore, an advantageous wall plate is proposed in addition. Their production can be done on the tilting tables described above, but this is not mandatory.

The wall plate of the present invention, wherein then the tilt table scarf coating can be omitted, in particular, but not exclusively applicable as assembled large plate for firewalls in building construction, hall partitions in general and walls in the building floor, which can stretch in particular over more than one floor. However, the wall panels of the present invention need not necessarily be made excessively large. Although it is possible to concretise several filigree plates together to make the wall structures of the present invention, simplification of concreting and / or sloshing can be achieved, especially by eliminating gaps between separate plates, because a plurality of plates separate in erecting a piece can be concreted. If joints, which can be subsequently cut or permit a slight separation, are provided, thus partially eliminating edge formwork. The provision of edge formwork is expensive. In particular, a subsequent incision of joints or an intermediate stop allows a clean design of the individual elements. In particular, it is possible to arrange a soft body which can be easily removed after production, for example made of styrofoam or the like, on a filigree plate. Such a body is preferably easy to cut, but on the other hand allows reliable and stable joint geometry and at the same time avoids passage of concrete between the filigree plate joints. With such an arrangement only a few centimeters of concrete to be provided over the entire surface, which allows this Aufbetonschicht easy to cut, to allow erecting of individual plates and yet be able to concretes a very large area can. That even a slight breakage of packing is preferred in order to avoid a single plate damage when erecting is mentioned.

In order to move large plates, which are formed with several Filigranplatten, and to be able to install, are typically provided stop means, which can be reached by appropriate anchor assembly low reinforcement contents of large plates. Preferred plates have a reinforcement content of less than 15 kg / m ² , preferably even less than 12 kg / m ² , preferably less than 10 kg / m ² . Steel savings result in particular from the elimination of joints and suitable anchor arrangements in the load case of erection.

Such stop means are preferably anchors guided through the plate. The arrangement should preferably be formed in such a way that the anchor force can be delivered to the overlying plate in a load-distributing manner by sharing the bearing structure. An anchor assembly, which is passed through the entire plate and countered on the back, is preferred for thin plates, typically below 20 cm, preferably between 14 cm and 15 cm in thickness. These filigree plates can be moved with appropriate anchorage without significant additional reinforcement and in particular erect.

The wall assembly of the present invention is particularly preferred for sandwich panels as described below.

It is preferred if the wall plate is already placed vertically during setting up without settling vertical, which is possible by appropriate Gehängeausbildung as in the TiIt-up process.

It should be mentioned that recesses as well as windows and doors can be provided in the formwork by means of suitable formwork systems.

Incidentally, the concreting is typically done on a substrate that is only sufficiently stable to bring the resting Filigranplatten, if necessary, using a bearing structure, in balance and also to carry a Aufbetongewichtauflast. The possible use of corresponding tilting tables as described hereinabove is by way of example.

In a practical embodiment can be used as a substrate but also an on-site gravel substrate for carriers, with small gravel beds serve to bring the leveled support height. A filigree plate is then placed on the supports, an edge formwork formed from folded steel sheets and / or wood is provided and, in particular, concreted by direct loading from a truck mixer. It is not absolutely necessary to fix the edge formwork on the rough ground in a costly manner; it is preferred to easily detach them directly on the solid filigree plate or to use other substructures.

The concrete layer can be wing-smoothed over a large area, the edge formwork removed and the panel installed. If, in such a procedure, several plates are placed next to each other, the concrete will run over the adjacent filigree plates and thus also over the joints provided with sealing material as described. In order to simplify lifting of the finished wall plate, the filigree plate or the filigree plates are arranged on a bearing structure, which can preferably also serve as an armature load distributor or increases bending stiffness, thus allowing a more economical lifting of the plates after curing. The anchorage for lifting tools can be provided at the intersections between Filigranplattenstoßfugen and transversely to running truss beams. The insertion of a hammer head anchor through the web column allowed after its

Rotation by 90 ° a frictional connection with the bearing carrier. In addition, anchors can be mounted outside the end faces of the plates, so that they are not to be led through the concrete. The carriers then divide the point load acting acting anchor forces line under the plate.

Virtually Filigranplatten are preferably filed and then plugged into joints of the hammer head anchor and rotated. An excessive joint width can be prevented if a recess can be provided for the anchor rod, which is preferred.

That the joints are then sealed with a sealant such as tape against continuous concrete, in particular to avoid rework as a result of plaster, is disclosed as a preferred variant. It is advantageous that by the described statically determined arrangement of the mounting brackets constraining stresses are avoided by the Aushebelast. Incidentally, it is readily possible to pierce filigree plates at the joints, since filigree plates are typically produced in filigree plate works with side slopes, which results in a narrow wedge in the joint, by which any tolerances are bridged, so that no elastic Jointing is required.

It should be noted that manufactured panels, where appropriate, save space before assembly on top of each other on the site not only stacked, but also further space-saving concreted (stack casting) can be.

If, in order to reduce the required marginal formations, several filigran plates are processed side by side for wall production and, for example, Styrofoam strips are arranged between the joints, it is preferable not to allow these polystyrene strips to look beyond the top covering layer, but to cover them with a top covering concrete layer. The topping concrete layer can then be W

To be able to process individual, cast-on filigran plates, be cut above the joints, for example, with a heavy abrasive cutter, which produces clean edges that are grouted elastically after installation with little effort. The provision of, for example Styrofoam strips in the joints allows to raise the individual plates without Fugererstörung and at the same time to achieve the static / constructive desired joint geometry between the later large plates. Particularly preferred is when the Styrofoam strip is provided with a release agent, for example, a film wound around it as a release layer, which allows the removal of the residual material in a light manner after erecting.

Fig. IV-I is a plan view of the arranged on a lower Filigranplatte edge formwork to see, from the surface to be concreted ago.

In Fig. IV-2, the arrangement can be seen from the outside, wherein at the positions IV-2-1 armature arrangements are provided for lifting on the carriers, which are shown in detail again in Fig. IV-3. The attachment below the carrier is easy to recognize.

Fig. IV-4 shows the arrangement of a styrofoam strip IV-4-2 between two filigree plates IV-4-3 and IV-4-4. The sticking out of the styrofoam strip IV-4-2 is easy to recognize.

Fig. IV-5 shows the arrangement of passing through the polystyrene strips IV-4-2 passing rods IV-5-6. In Fig. IV-6 it is shown that they can be provided with a sleeve IV-6-7, which is formed here of steel and supports the entry of forces in the plane of the plate.

The arrangement after application of the cover layer is shown in Fig. IV-7.

Fig. IV-8 shows the concrete arrangement of several Filigranplatten after separation at predetermined joints, with some Filigranplatten remain together.

A detailed view of an edge with cut-open concrete layer IV-9-8 is shown in FIG. IV-9, where the polystyrene strip IV-4-2 is still clearly recognizable there. To. Removal of the polystyrene strip IV-4-2 results in the view of the plate edge of Fig. IV-IO. The separation of the concrete layer of separate large plates can then be raised as shown in Fig. IV-Il shown, the hoist is not shown for reasons of clarity. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is shown how, especially using the above means and methods, a sandwich panel can be made. It is known that in facade panels different properties such as direct spreadability, exposed concrete properties in a rainy surface, good thermal insulation with thermal insulation values not greater than 0.5 W / m ² K can be realized. If it is to be built cheaply, the component thicknesses are typically limited, which makes sufficient thermal insulation at a given strength even with the addition of expanded clay or expanded glass and foamed cements difficult or insufficient. In addition, in the case of hewwerksporigen expanded clay recipes, both-sided plaster work and additional corrosion protection of reinforcing steel are required. Pure foam concretes are either not strong enough or too heat-conductive. Even lightweight lightweight concrete leads to thick components even with useful thermal insulation. It is desirable to enable a wall construction that allows for the production of inexpensive yet widely deployable walls.

According to another essential but independent aspect of the present invention, which nevertheless can advantageously be combined with the above, a monolithically produced panel component is proposed that is constructed in multiple layers, namely at least one statically or structurally higher strength cover concrete layer of normal concrete and one thus monolithic, ie integrally connected insulation layer, which is concreted on it. The panel components can be realized as wall, roof or ceiling panels. It is possible to provide foamed concrete or cement foams as an insulating layer, which is particularly advantageous on construction sites because such foams harden in the air and are easy to produce on the construction site by means of a foam generator. It is surprising that such sandwich constructions are stable at all. can be made, since typically both the expansion coefficient in the stretch layer is lower and the shrinkage of the material during curing. In addition, it is surprising that the sandwich panels are sufficiently permanently stable, since the E-modules of the individual layers are different, which is to be considered in a load distribution.

In a preferred variant, the cover layer will consist of lightweight lightweight concrete or normal concrete which has at least 260 kg / m ³ , preferably up to 300 kg / m ^{3, of} pure cement content. As a foam for the protection against foam, a foam concrete with a density of more than 1.1 t / m ³ is typically used.

The thermal conductivity λ in the dry state (L-r) of preferably used densely packed light-weight concrete is preferably below 0.35 W / mK, particularly preferably below 0.3 W / mK.

This can easily be achieved with a sandwich panel according to the invention. The preparation is possible so that at least one of the cover layers can remain unpainted without affecting the visual appearance.

It is possible to use steel inserts such as mats or mat baskets in a sandwich panel according to the invention, without separately protecting them from corrosion. The use of non-particularly protected against corrosion flat sheet steel deposits such as mats or mat baskets is therefore particularly preferred. The panel component can be designed so that it carries more than its own load and in particular can absorb wind loads. In a particularly preferred variant, a cover layer thickness of at least 5 cm, preferably over 7 cm will be. In particular, the thickness of the cover layer is between 10 cm and 12 cm.

The reinforcement in the cover layer can be formed in one layer, which proves to be sufficient and also contributes to low production costs.

As an insulating layer einschüttbares and mineral hardening base material is used, which can be formed in particular with foamed cement with less than 350 kg / m ³ cement content and in particular less than 250 kg / m ³ cement content. The corresponding weights are then below 500 kg / m ³ or 350 kg / m ³ . The insulating layer will preferably have a value Lr of less than 0.15 W / mK. The heat conduction Lr is understood to mean the calculated value, which is based on an eigenvalue. moisture content of the material relative to the value determined on dried laboratory material; Such a calculation value can typically be obtained by a corresponding 35 percent addition to the laboratory values.

It is particularly preferred if protein or surfactant foams are used for foaming the cement. The cement foam may be air-hardening, which is preferred. The foam addition itself can be done in a truck mixer and plastic fibers can be added to reduce shrinkage. Particularly preferred is the use of haufwerkporigem lightweight concrete with weights below 700 kg / m ³ , in particular if it is made with expanded clay. The preparation of the sandwich panels according to the invention can be done using tilting tables as described above, but also in the conventional tilt-up construction, as it is known for pure solid plates. During production, at least one layer is produced directly on the construction site; It should be mentioned that filigree ceiling panels, also of lightweight concrete, can be used in the sandwich panels. The use of filigree corner tiles has been described above. Accordingly, the concrete layer according to the above description is preferably combined with the suitable cover layers, such as lightweight aggregate concrete or foam concrete, which is foamed in particular with proteins or surfactant foams, for the sandwich panels.

The fact that the production can be made in a plate size on the construction site, which is no longer road transportable, arises from the above. Attention should be drawn to the butt designs and the provision of butt joints to prevent passage of concrete. It is possible to insert a lattice girder which is protected separately from corrosion in a covering layer in such a way that a top flange protrudes into the insulating layer. Preferably, it will also protrude into an opposite cover layer. This allows the preferred formation of a supporting composite cross-section similar to a double hollow wall, all layers are made superimposed here.

If such a lattice girder is used, it can be protected against corrosion, for example by galvanizing. A lattice girder has advantages because it is able to bridge the considerable computational stresses in the composite joint. It is preferably concentrated on the edge and covered in regular intervals. In addition, in at least one compound joint further and increasing, preferably stainless, means such as galvanized steel claws can be inserted. That the execution of inner or outer corners or recesses can be carried out so that the insulating layer is protected on the narrow sides thereof by the firmer material of the covering layer, can be readily achieved and is preferred.

Claims

claims

1. Mobile tilting table for limp-reinforced panels, in particular wall and / or ceiling panels.

2. Mobile tilting table according to the preceding claim, characterized in that it has a dimensioning, in particular permits permit-free road transport enabling.

3. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that a horizontal loads at best minimally preferred not at all in the underground introductory folding support is provided.

4. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that the folding support is designed for erecting the tilting table in a tilted position of 75 to 85 degrees to the horizontal.

5. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that the folding support is provided with an actuator for folding and / or unfolding.

6. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that a weather protection is provided.

7. Mobile tilting table according to the preceding claim, character- ized in that the weather protection is designed for automatic opening when erecting.

8. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that the weather protection is designed so that when horizontal table position steel baskets or concrete bucket / or pump hose can be introduced trouble-free from above.

9. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that it with an electrical wiring, in particular for the tool connection and / or with at least one PI protection switch, and / or a heater, in particular a gas heater with integrated gas tank, and / or in particular from above radiant heat radiators, and / or external vibrators and / or converters and / or a lighting device and / or at least one pre-installed water and / or compressed air line and / or storage compartments for tools and / or small materials is provided.

10. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that a passage for water, gas, compressed air and / or electricity is provided to an adjacent device to be arranged.

11. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that tilting table displacement sensors for monitoring and / or logging and / or information transmission to a construction management and / or center are provided.

12. Use of a mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims on a construction site.

13. Use of a mobile tilting table according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the tilting table is used only after tilt-fixing fixing a concrete amount under the bottom plate for plate production.

14. Mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding tilting table claims, characterized in that set up by potting under floor panel.

15. Use of a mobile tilting table according to one of the preceding claims tilting table claims as a temporary tool used in a precast factory.

16. Mobile lightweight battery formwork for rod-shaped, limp reinforced finished parts, in particular with a formwork weight of less than 6, preferably up to a maximum of 3 tons, characterized in that a torsion box, preferably by a truss arrangement, is realized, which is preferably so light that after concrete days the Basis weight not more than 1.5 t / m ² .

17. Mobile light battery formwork according to any preceding claim, characterized in that a direct cover of the battery formwork is provided.

18. Mobile light battery formwork according to a preceding lightweight battery mold claim, characterized in that it is provided with a in a concrete curing phase and / or airtight fastened to the frame and / or connectable to the bottom film, wherein the enclosed volume preferably not is more than three times the maximum concretable volume of the battery formwork.

19. Mobile light battery formwork according to one of the preceding lightweight battery formwork claims, characterized in that it with an electrical wiring, in particular for the tool connection and / or with at least one RCCB, and / or a heater, in particular a gas heater is provided with integrated gas tank, and / or in particular radiant heat radiators from above, and / or external vibrators and / or converters and / or a lighting device and / or at least one pre-installed water and / or compressed air line and / or storage compartments for tools and / or small items ,

20. Mobile light battery formwork according to one of the preceding lightweight battery mold claims, characterized in that a passage for water, gas,

Compressed air and / or power is provided to an adjacent device to be arranged.

21. Mobile light battery formwork according to one of the preceding lightweight battery formwork claims, characterized in that the battery formwork has signal transmitters for monitoring and / or logging and / or information transmission to a construction management and / or control center, the signal transmitters preferably moving include.

22. Use of a mobile light battery formwork according to one of the preceding Leicht- Batterieschalungs- claims in multi-storey building, characterized in that the light battery mold with building progress is gradually transferred to higher false ceilings, is offset in particular by means of tower crane, and used for precast concrete production.

23. Use of a lightweight mobile battery mold according to one of the preceding light battery scarf claims and in particular according to the preceding claim, characterized in that with the mobile Light battery moldings Beams and / or supports, in particular from gefügedichtem lightweight concrete with a density of 0.8 t / m ³ to ≤ 1.8 t / m ³ 'are made.

24. Use of a mobile lightweight battery mold, in particular according to one of the preceding light battery scarf claims and in particular after one of the two previous light battery mold use claims, characterized in that are manufactured on a construction site, in particular in a clock bars with different widths, preferably with 3 to 5 t / piece, more preferably made of normal concrete under 0.30 m ² cross-sectional area and / or lengths less than 12 m, in particular less than 10 m.

25. Ceiling system formed by beams, characterized in that at least some of the beams have at least one folded nose.

26. Ceiling system according to the preceding claim, characterized in that at least one nose on the at least one beam is formed so large that tolerances against prefabricated ceiling scarf elements are sealed.

27. Ceiling system according to one of the preceding ceiling system claims, characterized in that a nose is provided on at least one, preferably two beam sides.

28 ceiling system according to one of the preceding ceiling system claims, characterized in that at least one, preferably each nose is provided with a width and / or height about 2cm.

29 ceiling system according to one of the preceding ceiling system claims, characterized in that at least one, preferably each nose is provided with a width and / or height less than 6 cm.

30. Ceiling system according to one of the preceding ceiling system claims, characterized in that at least one, preferably each nose is provided with a thickness and / or height between 4 to 6 cm.

31. Ceiling system according to one of the preceding ceiling system claims, characterized in that the load-bearing velvet construction height less than 45 cm, preferably less than 40 cm, more preferably less than 35 cm.

32. Ceiling system according to one of the preceding ceiling system claims, characterized in that it is provided with main and secondary beams.

33. Ceiling system according to the preceding claim with under 45 cm height of beams plus concrete and more preferably with ceiling mirrors below 15 cm, more preferably with a maximum thickness of 12 cm.

34. Method for producing a building site-produced panel component, in particular a wall component, characterized in that at least one prefabricated Filignan ceiling panel is provided with an in-situ concrete supplement, erected vertically and installed.

35. A method for producing a construction site-produced plate component according to the preceding claim, characterized in that several filigree plates are bridged by an in-situ concrete layer at least during the concrete layer and preferably only until erection.

36. A method for producing a construction site-produced panel component according to the preceding claim, characterized in that between the Ortbetonschicht to be bridged Filigranplatten before the application of Ortbetonergänzung easily editable joint profiles are provided, in particular of polystyrene and / or wood.

37. A method for producing a construction site-produced panel component according to one of the two preceding claims, characterized in that is separated at the selected for the separation of joints between adjacent, bridged by the in-situ concrete layer at least during and preferably only before erection filigree plates by cutting.

38. The method according to any one of the preceding claims for the production of a construction site-produced plate component, characterized in that the plate member is cast in a no longer road transportable size.

39. The method according to any one of the preceding claims for producing a construction site-produced plate component, characterized in that an edge formwork is attached directly to at least one Filigranplatte or a Lagerunterkon- construction.

40. The method according to any one of the preceding claims

Production of a construction-site-produced panel component, characterized in that anchor abutments are provided in the filigree plate and / or a penetration, in particular in the joints, which exist between filigree plates when an in-situ concrete layer is applied over several of the filigree plates.

41. The method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that an anchor assembly is provided in the upper 40% to 15% of the height and that this is preferably arranged in a joint between the plates and / or with a lost beam component anchor forces also horizontally in the Can initiate plate.

42. sandwich component with at least one layer which is formed with at least one of gefügedichtem lightweight concrete (in particular according to DIN 1045-1), normal concrete and foam concrete with over 1000 kg / m ³ density with sand surcharge and / or foam concrete with over 800 kg / m ³ Weight for lightweight aggregate, and at least one further layer, which is formed with at least one of lightweight aggregate concrete (according to DIN EN 1520) and / or foamed cement without further mineral additives.

43. sandwich component according to the preceding claim, wherein the further layer is formed with foamed by protein foams and / or surfactant foamed foam concrete, in particular with a closed-cell matrix structure.

44. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that at least one layer with a haufwerksporigen lightweight concrete to LAC 2 to 4 according to DIN EN 1520 up to 0.15 W / mK with a maximum of 600 kg / m ^{3 is} formed.

45. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that it is formed with foamed cement with a maximum of 0.13 W / mK, preferably 0.09 W / mK, in particular for the inner layer.

46. Sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that the construction Part thickness not more than 40 cm, preferably less than 36 cm.

47. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that at least one surface is concreted so that it is spreadable.

48. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that after laying outside layer is formed with denser material, in particular with normal concrete or gefügedichtem lightweight concrete.

49. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that an internal layer after installation layer with insulating material, in particular with U-values of the entire sandwich with <0.60 W / m ² K, more preferably <0.50 W / m ² K is formed.

50. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that at least one outer shell a minimum cylinder

Compressive strength of at least 5, preferably at least 8 N / mm ^2, in particular of more than 15 N / mm ² .

51. Sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich -component claims, characterized in that it is formed with at least one outer shell as a self-supporting wall, in particular with at least 7 cm thickness of normal concrete or clay-dense lightweight concrete with a cement content above 280 kg / m ³ .

52. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that a preferably only single-layer reinforcement per shell is provided with not separately protected against corrosion structural steel.

53. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that a maximum thickness of 10 to 12 cm of the outer layer is provided.

54. Sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that a connection of the outer and inner shell by non-corrosive or corrosion-protected connector therebetween, in particular by connectors made of fibers, in particular

Plastic and / or glass fibers, and / or provided by galvanized and / or cement slurry coated lattice girders and / or bent structural steel realized connector is provided.

55. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that it is made using heat-insulating foamed cements.

56. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that it has an internal insulation layer between 10 cm and 25 cm.

57. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that the insulating layer before application of the cover layer and / or after curing is accessible.

58. Sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that Styro- porkugeln and / or expanded glass are provided in particular with a value of lambda R≤ 0.08 W / m ² K in or a strongly insulating middle layer.

59. sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that it is provided with lattice girders, which are distributed in particular at all free edges and about every 50 cm to 100 cm over the ^' plate and / or as shear reinforcement in the Groove and / or perpendicular thereto and / or are designed to collect composite stresses, especially at the free edges, constructive.

60. A method for producing a sandwich component according to one of the preceding sandwich component claims, characterized in that cement foam is produced in particular with a cement foam weight of about 350 kg / m ³ , preferably in a concrete mixer by adding foam, preferably without mineral supplements.

61. A method for producing a sandwich component according to the preceding sandwich component manufacturing claim, characterized in that a lower concrete layer is pre-wetted and / or rendered hydrophobic before application of a foam or insulating layer.

62. A method for producing a sandwich component according to one of the preceding Sandwichbaute ^' il-manufacturing claims, characterized in that it is produced on a tilting table according to one of the preceding Kipptisch- claims and / or on a sole and / or on a Filigranplatte, in particular a filigree plate made of lightweight or insulating concrete

63. A method for producing a sandwich component according to one of the preceding Sandwichbauteil manufacturing claims, characterized in that the layers E modulus differences ≥ factor 5 and / or Endschwindmaß differences ≥ factor 6 have