WO2008084018A1 - Verrouillage temporaire d'un circuit electronique - Google Patents
Verrouillage temporaire d'un circuit electronique Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008084018A1 WO2008084018A1 PCT/EP2008/050074 EP2008050074W WO2008084018A1 WO 2008084018 A1 WO2008084018 A1 WO 2008084018A1 EP 2008050074 W EP2008050074 W EP 2008050074W WO 2008084018 A1 WO2008084018 A1 WO 2008084018A1
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- circuit
- capacitive element
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- transistor
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/0806—Details of the card
- G07F7/0833—Card having specific functional components
- G07F7/084—Additional components relating to data transfer and storing, e.g. error detection, self-diagnosis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
- G04F10/00—Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by electric means
- G04F10/10—Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by electric means by measuring electric or magnetic quantities changing in proportion to time
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/70—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
- G06F21/71—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information
- G06F21/75—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information by inhibiting the analysis of circuitry or operation
- G06F21/755—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information by inhibiting the analysis of circuitry or operation with measures against power attack
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/70—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
- G06F21/71—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information
- G06F21/77—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information in smart cards
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/341—Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/357—Cards having a plurality of specified features
- G06Q20/3576—Multiple memory zones on card
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/0806—Details of the card
- G07F7/0813—Specific details related to card security
- G07F7/082—Features insuring the integrity of the data on or in the card
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/10—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means together with a coded signal, e.g. in the form of personal identification information, like personal identification number [PIN] or biometric data
- G07F7/1008—Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
- H10B41/30—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates characterised by the memory core region
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
- H10B41/30—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates characterised by the memory core region
- H10B41/35—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates characterised by the memory core region with a cell select transistor, e.g. NAND
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B69/00—Erasable-and-programmable ROM [EPROM] devices not provided for in groups H10B41/00 - H10B63/00, e.g. ultraviolet erasable-and-programmable ROM [UVEPROM] devices
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to electronic circuits and, more particularly, the protection of information contained in an electronic circuit.
- the information may be digital quantities supposed to remain secret (that is to say within the elec ⁇ tronic circuit), such as access passwords or codes, or specific steps of algorithms and more generally, any digital information that is not supposed to be communicated in an uncontrolled manner.
- the invention applies particularly to mecha ⁇ nisms of authentication of electronic circuits, applica ⁇ tions executed by electronic circuits or of their users, by means of a code or a key interpreted by these circuits.
- An example of application concerns the tale circuits ⁇ ing a mechanism for authentication of a user by checking a user code received by the circuit.
- Another example of an application concerns the protection of authentication, encryption or signature keys against possible hacking attempts.
- a smart card for example banking or mobile phone
- the user is authenticated by entering a code (PIN code) on a keyboard of a device (for example, a bank terminal or the mobile phone) capable of communicating this code to the electronic circuit of the card for comparison with a reference code.
- a code PIN code
- a device for example, a bank terminal or the mobile phone
- One of the objects of the authentication utili ⁇ sateur by the card is to prevent the user's code is stored somewhere other than the card itself.
- the authentication mechanisms do not allow gen ⁇ rattle no distinguish between the entry of too many codes during an attempt at fraud or an oversight by the user.
- a first solution is to replace the card. Such a solution is expensive because the card is scrapped.
- Another solution is for the supplier of the card, send a command speci ⁇ fic to it in order to unlock it.
- Such a solution requires an appropriate infrastructure to unblock the card.
- the present invention aims to overcome all or part of the disadvantages of the known mechanisms of protection against authentication failures.
- One embodiment aims at an authentication mechanism that avoids the need for replacement of the electronic circuits concerned.
- One embodiment aims at a solution avoiding the implementation of unblocking process by the supplier of the circuit.
- One embodiment aims at a solution compatible with direct authentications by code comparison and with signature verification mechanisms.
- One embodiment also provides a solution compatible with the password protection of secondary applications.
- one embodiment aims to overcome the disadvantages of the information protection mechanisms with controlled communication contained in an electronic circuit, which consist in detecting an operation considered abnormal circuit and block all or part of the functions of this circuit when the number of malfunctions detected exceeds a threshold.
- the present invention provides a method for protecting at least one piece of information contained in an electronic circuit by invalidating at least one function of the circuit in case of detection of a number of abnormal operations greater than a threshold, wherein the invalidation of said function is temporary, of a duration independent of the fact that the circuit is powered or not.
- said invalidation time is fixed by at least one charge retention circuit of which at least a first capacitive element has a leak through its dielectric space.
- the invalidation of the function is caused by an injection or extraction of charges in said first capacitive element.
- an abnormal operation is a failed attempt of authentication utili ⁇ health information to be protected.
- the method is applied to the authentication of a user of the circuit by providing an authentication code.
- the method is applied to the authentication of data received by the circuit by verification of a signature.
- the invali ⁇ tion duration of the operation of the circuit is between one hour and one week.
- An embodiment provides an electronic circuit adapted to implement the method and wherein the or each charge retention circuit comprises: at least a first capacitive element including a pre ⁇ Mière electrode is connected to a floating node; at least one second capacitive element having a first electrode connected to said floating node, the second capacitive element having a capacitance greater than the first; and at least a first isolated control terminal transistor connected to said floating node.
- At least one third capacitive element has a first electrode connected to said floating node and a second electrode connectable to a voltage source.
- the circuit is implanted in an array of EEPROM type memory cells each comprising a selection transistor in series with a floating gate transistor, and in which on the same row of memory cells whose respective floating gates of FIG. Transistors of the cells are interconnected: the first capacitive element comprises a first subset of at least a first cell whose thickness dielectric of the tunnel window of the floating gate transistor is lower than that of the other cells; the second capacitive element comprises a second subset of at least one second cell whose drain and source of the floating gate transistor are interconnected; the third capacitive element comprises a third subset of at least one third cell; and the first transistor has a fourth subset of at least one fourth cell whose tunnel window is suppressed.
- FIG. 1 represents a smart card of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example
- FIG. 2 represents an electronic circuit of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example
- Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a PIN code checking mechanism
- Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a signature verification mechanism
- FIG. 5 very schematically shows in the form of blocks an embodiment of an electronic circuit
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an implementation mode applied to the verification of a PIN code
- Figure 7 is a block diagram of an embodiment applied to a signature verification
- FIG. 1 represents a smart card of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example
- FIG. 2 represents an electronic circuit of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example
- Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a PIN code checking mechanism
- Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a signature verification mechanism
- FIG. 5 very schematically shows in the form of blocks an embodiment of an electronic circuit
- FIG. 6 is a
- FIG. 8 represents an embodiment of an electronic charge retention circuit
- Fig. 9 is a current-voltage graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of Fig. 8
- Figure 10 is a timing diagram illustrating the operation of the circuit of Figure 8
- Fig. 11 shows another embodiment of a charge retention circuit in an exemplary environment
- Fig. 12 is a current-voltage graph illustrating the operation of the circuit of Fig. 11
- Figures 13A, 13B and 13C are respectively a top view, a sectional view in a first direction and the equivalent electrical diagram of an embodiment of an electronic charge retention circuit from EEPROM cells
- FIGS. 14A, 14B and 14C are respectively a view from above, a sectional view along a second direction and the equivalent electric diagram of a first element of the circuit of FIGS.
- Figures 15A, 15B and 15C are respectively a top view, a sectional view along the second direction and the equivalent electrical diagram of a second element of the circuit of Figures 13A to 13C;
- Figures 16A, 16B and 16C are respectively a top view, a sectional view along the second direction and the equivalent electrical diagram of a third element of the circuit of Figures 13A to 13C;
- Figs. 17A, 17B and 17C are respectively a top view, a sectional view along the second direction and the equivalent electric diagram of a fourth element of the circuit of Figs. 13A to 13C.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a smart card 1 of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example.
- a card consists of a support, generally made of plastic, on which is embedded one or more electronic circuits 10.
- the circuit 10 is able to communicate with a terminal by means of contacts 2 and / or without contact (transmission radio frequency or by modulating an electromagnetic field of a terminal).
- FIG. 2 very schematically shows in the form of blocks an electronic circuit 10 (for example of a smart card 1 of FIG. 1) of the type to which the present invention applies by way of example.
- the circuit 10 comprises, inter alia, a digital processing unit 11 (for example, a central processing unit - CPU), one or more memories 12 (MEM) among which at least one non-volatile memory (for example of the EEPROM type) and an input / output circuit 13
- the various elements internal to the circuit communicate with each other and with the interface 13 by one or more buses 14 of data, addresses and commands, as well as any direct links between some of these elements.
- the circuit 10 can also integrate other software or hardware functions. These functions have been symbolized by a block 15 (FCT) in FIG.
- the invention is however applicable to other means of authentication (for example, biometric means) provided that at one stage or another of the processing, the authentication uses a comparing, in the electronic circuit, current authentication data with respect to one or more reference data.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating, very schematically, a usual mechanism for authenticating a user of a smart card by entering his PIN code. This code is entered on a reader (not shown) and is transmitted, generally by a secure link, to the circuit 10 of the card for verification. The mechanism starts (block 21, START) by the reception of the PIN code by the circuit 10.
- PTC> 0 Before making the comparison with respect to the code stored in the card, it is verified (block 22, PTC> 0?) That the number of attempts to enter code (more specifically of verification by the card of a code received) does not does not exceed a threshold.
- This threshold is set by initialization of a PTC (Pin Try Counter Counter) to a limit number (PTL - Pin Try Limit), for example equal to 3. This initialization is carried out at the time of setting. initial service of the card, then each time an authentication is validated.
- the circuit returns directly to the reader an absence of authentication message (block 28, RTN NOK).
- This lack of authentication allows the user the possibility of retrying until he has exhausted the number stored in the PTC counter.
- the value stored by the PTC counter is canceled.
- the card returns an error to the reader (block 29, RTN ERR).
- the error handling in case of exceeding the number of attempts is different from the absence of authentication, so as to avoid the risk of hacking by seizure of a large number of codes by a fraudster.
- this error processing permanently blocks the card by memorizing a flag invalidating its operation and which is tested each time the circuit 10 is powered up.
- the retry counter is generally stored in a non-volatile memory reprogrammable (typically an EEPROM memory) of the electronic circuit. Thus, regardless of the time that elapses between two attempts, the counter is reset only after a valid attempt.
- a non-volatile memory reprogrammable typically an EEPROM memory
- FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart illustrating a conventional key protection mechanism for authenticating transmissions by signature processes of transmitted messages.
- Such protection mechanisms are gen ⁇ rattle called key ratification mechanisms. They checked ⁇ rely on the receiver side, the number of signed checks resulting in failure (using a wrong key by the transmitter) because too many can indicate a fraud attempt to discover the secret key used by the receiver.
- MAC Message Authentication Code
- a message signature is calculated by the issuer. by means of a key it contains (its private key in the case of an asymmetric algorithm or a shared secret key in the case of a symmetric algorithm).
- the message is transmitted (encrypted or not) to the recipient with the signature (encrypted or not).
- the recipient verifies the origin of the message by verifying the signature, by means of the public key of the transmitter in the case of an asymmetric algorithm or the shared secret key in the case of a symmetric algorithm.
- Certain attacks consisting of examining the behavior of the circuit (consumption analysis, thermal radiation, electromagnetic analysis, etc.) by submitting signed messages with false keys or by making assumptions on the key, make it possible to discover the key that is supposed to remain.
- the method of FIG. 4 begins (block 31, START) by receiving a Submitted Message Authentication Code (SMAC) signature from another device.
- SMAC Message Authentication Code
- a counter (WMC - Wrong Mac Counter) of the number of incorrect signatures verified by the circuit is compared (block 32, WMC ⁇ WML?) To a limit number (WML - Wrong Mac Limit).
- the limit is set according to the applications and the desired security for the system.
- the circuit 10 checks the current signature SMAC with the key KEY it contains. This verification can take various forms, for example, a recalculation of the signature from the message and the key.
- the electronic device updates (block 35, CS (MAC OK)) a status indicator CS (Card Status) indicating a verification satisfactory (MAC OK).
- the circuit 10 places (block 35 ', CS (MAC NOK)) the state indicator CS in a state (MAC NOK) allowing the application that has requested the authentication to handle a lack of proper signing. If the WMC bad signature counter reaches the WML limit (output N of block 32), the authentication mechanism returns an error message (block 38, RTN ERR).
- the error message leads to block the execution of subsequent processing (block 39, STOP).
- This blocking may concern the use of the key, certain functions of the circuit or the complete circuit.
- the circuit remains in this state, either until replacement of the card, or until the implementation of an unlocking procedure requiring a particular infrastructure.
- such protection by meter is difficult to envisage.
- the signature verification concerns the reader used for the transmission of the PIN codes entered by the user, if a single key is present on the card and the latter is blocked by the verification mechanism, the card does not can no longer be unlocked using a signed order because the key that needs to verify the signature is blocked.
- the authentication requiring a key is performed by the electronic circuit 10 itself, so as not to leave the key.
- the state of the erroneous signature counter is usually stored in non-volatile reprogrammable memory (EEPROM).
- EEPROM non-volatile reprogrammable memory
- the limit number of WML erroneous signatures as well as the key KEY are generally stored in non-volatile memory, reprogrammable or not.
- Another example of application relates to circuits or electronic devices implementing secondary applications (for example, applications called PKI - Public Key Infrastructure) requiring passwords different from a main code (for example, PIN code). authentication of the user by a main application. A password dedicated to a PKI application is then used after the PIN has been verified successfully by the master application of the card.
- a signing key is also generally used to sign data, documents or ⁇ tran sactions. This key can only be used when a correct password has been provided to the circuit.
- the creation of the password is usually controlled by the cardholder himself and not by the supplier. Secondary application passwords must also be protected from fraud attempts by detecting too many invalid attempts.
- FIG. 5 very schematically shows, in block form, a close-up view of FIG. 2, of an embodiment of an electronic circuit 10 '.
- this circuit 10 comprises a processing unit 11 (CPU) capable of controlling its function ⁇ compassion, whether in hardware and / or software, one or more memories 12 (MEM) among which at least one non-volatile memory reprogrammable, an input-output circuit (I / O) and various hardware or software functions symbolized by a block 15 (FCT) depending on the application.
- CPU processing unit
- MEM memories 12
- I / O input-output circuit
- FCT hardware or software functions symbolized by a block 15 (FCT) depending on the application.
- the circuit 10 ' also comprises at least one charge retention circuit 100 (TK) whose charge level changes with time, even when the circuit 10' is not powered.
- TK charge retention circuit 100
- circuits 100 will be described later in connection with FIGS. 8 and following. For the moment, it is sufficient to note that a circuit 100 is capable of being programmed or activated (placed in a state arbitrarily noted as 1) by injection or extraction of charges in a capacitive element which leaks through its dielectric space, so that its active state disappears (the element back to state 0) after a given time, regardless of the possible power supply of the circuit.
- the circuit 100 is used to temporarily disable the functions that are associated with an authentication mechanism when an excessive number of erroneous authentication attempts is detected.
- the circuit 100 is then used to store a flag indicating the need to disable the corresponding software or hardware resource.
- a circuit 100 type of charge retention circuit is used to store a bit (flag) conditioning the access to all or part of the resources of an electronic circuit, the circuit 100 being activated in case of overrun.
- a threshold by a malfunction counter the state of this counter being stored in a memory, preferably nonvolatile, of the circuit.
- FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating this first mode of implementation, applied to the input of an access code to a resource.
- Figure 6 is similar to Figure 3 described above taking for example the entry of a PIN code in a smart card.
- the authentication mechanism starts (block 21, START) once a PIN has been received by the card.
- Figure 7 is a block diagram to approximate that of Figure 4 illustrating an embodiment in an application to a signature verification.
- WMC erroneous checks
- the processing 38 positions the status bit CS as invalid CS (MAC NOK) and then returns to the continuation (block 37) of the application.
- attempts to enter passwords for secondary applications are monitored by one or more load retention circuits in the code-like manner
- one or more circuits 100 are activated by one or more mechanisms for detecting an operation of the circuit considered abnormal.
- the detection may take the form of monitoring a program execution time, whether or not a given variable is taken into account by a program, and more generally any detection of a hardware or software action. considered abnormal if it occurs a given number of times.
- This limit number (greater than or equal to one) is chosen according to the application in the manner of the usual protection mechanisms that block an execution from a threshold of detected events.
- FIG. 8 represents a preferred example of a charge retention circuit 100.
- the circuit 100 comprises a first capacitive element C1 whose first electrode 121 is connected to a floating node F and whose dielectric space 123 is designed (by its permittivity and / or by its thickness) to exhibit significant leakage over time .
- Floating node F is understood to mean a node not directly connected to any diffused region of the semiconductor substrate in which circuit 100 (and circuit 10 ') is preferably produced and, more particularly, separated by a dielectric space from any terminal of application of potential.
- the second electrode 122 of the capacitive element C1 is either connected (dotted in FIG. 2) to a terminal 112 intended to be connected to a reference potential (for example the ground), or left in the air.
- a second capacitive element C2 has a first electrode 131 connected to the node F and a second electrode 132 connected to the terminal 112.
- the capacitive element C2 has a higher charge retention capacity than the capacitive element C1.
- a third capacitive element C3 has a first electrode 141 connected to the node F and a second electrode 142 connected to a terminal 113 of the circuit 100, for connection to a power source during an initiated ⁇ lisation of a charge retention phase (activation of the bit stored in state 1).
- a role of the capacitive element C2 is to store an electric charge.
- a role of the element of the capacitive element C1 is to relatively slowly discharge the storage element C2 (with respect to a direct connection of its electrode 131 to ground) through a leakage through its dielectric space. The presence of the capacitive element C2 makes it possible to separate the level of charge present in the circuit 100 with respect to the discharge element (capacitor C1).
- the thickness of the dielectric of the element C2 is greater than that of the element C1.
- the capacitance of the element C2 is greater, preferably in a ratio of at least 10, than that of the element C2.
- a role of the capacitive element C3 is to allow a charge injection into the capacitive element C2 by the Fowler-Nordheim effect or by a hot electron injection phenomenon.
- the element C3 makes it possible to avoid the stresses (stress) on the element C1 when the elements C2 and C1 are loaded in parallel.
- the thickness of the dielectric space of the element C3 is greater than that of the element C1, so as to avoid introducing a parasitic leakage path.
- the node F is connected to a gate G of an insulated control terminal transistor (for example, a MOS transistor 150) whose conduction terminals (drain D and source S) are connected to output terminals 114 and 115 for measure the residual charge contained in the element C2 (neglecting the capacity of the element C1 in parallel).
- the terminal 115 is connected to ground and the terminal 114 is connected to a current source (not shown) to a current-voltage conversion of the drain current I] _] _4 in the transistor 150.
- the gate thickness of the transistor 150 is even greater than the thickness of the dielectric of the element C3, so as to avoid introducing a parasitic programming path (injection or extraction of charges from the node F).
- the interpretation of the stored level can be carried out simply by means of a comparator whose switching takes place as long as the load of the node F remains sufficient.
- the level for which the comparator switches then defines the level of change of state of the bit stored by the element 100.
- Other reading solutions can be envisaged, for example a multilevel interpretation in an embodiment where the circuit 100 stores directly several bits.
- FIG. 9 represents an example of the current of the drain current Iii4 of the transistor 150 as a function of the voltage Vp at F node, referenced relative to the terminal 115.
- the voltage Vp then expresses the gate / source voltage of the transistor 150. It depends on the residual load across the capacitors Cl and C2 in parallel, so essentially the residual load in the capacitance C2.
- the evaluation of the drain current I] _] _4 can be performed by maintaining terminals 112 and 115 at the same potential (e.g. ground) and by applying a known voltage on terminal 114.
- Figure 10 illustrates the evolution of the load Qp at point F as a function of time.
- the charge Q starts from an initial value Q INIT T o cancel an instant t with a capacitive discharge speed.
- the time interval between the times t0 and t1 depends not only on the leakage capacity of the dielectric of the element C1 but also on the value (therefore of the storage capacity) of the element C2 which conditions the value QINIT-
- the programming or activation of the circuit 100 (transition to the state 1 of the stored bit) through the capacitive element C3 protects the capacitive element C1 whose oxide (dielectric) thickness is relatively thin and which would otherwise be risky. to be damaged during programming. This makes it possible to make the measurements reliable and reproducible over time.
- Fig. 11 shows the wiring diagram of another embodiment of a charge retention circuit 100 '.
- the transistor 150 is replaced by a floating gate transistor FG connected to the node F.
- the control gate CG of the transistor 160 is connected to a load control terminal 116. residual in the circuit 100 '(thus the state of the bit stored).
- the thickness of the dielectric between the floating gate FG and the channel (active area) of the transistor 160 is greater than that of the element and preferably Cl Suselling ⁇ higher than that of element C3.
- the charge injection or extraction element C3 is a floating gate MOS transistor 170.
- the floating gate 141 of transistor 170 is connected to node F.
- the circuit has been represented in part of its environment.
- the drain 142 of the transistor 170 is connected to a current source 118 receiving a supply voltage Valim and its source 173 is connected to ground.
- Its control gate 174 receives a control signal CTRL intended to make transistor 170 turn on when there is a need for charge injection.
- the drain (terminal 114) of the transistor 160 receives the supply voltage Valim and its source is connected to ground by a current source 119 (variant inverted with respect to the embodiment described in connection with Figure 8).
- the voltage V ] _ ] _g across the current source 119 is representative of the voltage at the point F and is used to switch the output of a comparator (not shown).
- FIG. 12 illustrates, by a graph of the current I ] _i4 as a function of the voltage V ] _ ] _g applied to the control gate, the operation of the circuit of FIG. 11.
- the voltage at the drain and source terminals 114 of the transistor 160 is kept constant by the external reading circuit.
- the voltage drop between the floating gate and the terminal 115 then depends on the electrical load present at the node F, the total capacitance between the nodes F and 112 (essentially the capacitors C1 and C2), and the voltage applied to the gate 116 of the transistor 160.
- three curves a, b and c have been illustrated. Curve a represents the case where node F is fully discharged.
- Curve b represents the case of a positive charge present on the node F (electron extraction). The threshold of the transistor 160 is then lowered. The curve c represents the case of a negative charge at the node F (electron injection) which generates an upper threshold for the MOS transistor 160.
- a charge retention circuit is produced with the following values:
- Capacity C3 1 fF, dielectric thickness: 80 A.
- Such a circuit can be initialized by applying a voltage of the order of 12 volts and is discharged after about a week. It is of course only one example, the thicknesses of dielectric and the possible association ⁇ parallel connection of several elements C1 or C2 conditioning the charge retention time.
- 15C, 16A, 16B, 16C, 17A, 17B and 17C show an exemplary circuit 100 'according to the embodiment of FIG. 11 in an integrated structure, derived from a memory architecture
- FIGS. 13A, 14A, 15A, 16A and 17A are diagrammatic top views, respectively, of the electronic charge retention circuit and its elements C2, 170, C1 and 160.
- FIG. 13B is a section along line AA 'of FIG. Figure 13A.
- FIGS. 14B, 15B, 16B and 17B are respectively sectional views along the lines BB 'of FIGS. 14A, 15A, 16A and 17A.
- FIGS. 13C, 14C, 15C, 16C and 17C represent the respective equivalent electrical diagrams of the electronic charge retention circuit and its elements C2, 170, C1 and 160.
- Each element or cell C2, 170, C1 or 160 is obtained from a floating gate transistor connected in series with a selection transistor T2, T3, T1 or T4 with a single gate for selecting, for example, in a matrix network of EEPROM memory cells, the electronic circuit of charge retention.
- the floating gates of the different transistors forming elements C2, 170, Cl 160 and are connected inter ⁇ (conductive line 184) to form the floating node F.
- Their control gates are connected to a conductive line 185 of application of the signal CG read command.
- Their respective sources SC2, S7, SC1 and S6 are interconnected to terminal 112 (ground) and their respective drains DC2, D7, DC1 and D6 are connected to the respective sources of selection transistors T2, T3, T1 and T4.
- the gates of transistors T1 to T4 are connected together to a conductive line 186 for applying a circuit select signal SEL.
- Their respective drains D1 to D4 are connected to individually controllable bit lines BL1 to BL4.
- the order of the bit lines in FIG. 13C has been arbitrarily illustrated BL2, BL3, BL1 and BL4 but the order of the different elements C2, 170, C1 and 160 in the horizontal direction of the rows (in the orientation of the lines). figures) is indifferent.
- N-type source and drain regions (FIG. 13B) are assumed to be separated from each other in the direction of the lines by insulating zones 181.
- the floating gates are made in a first conductive level M1 separate from the active regions by an insulating level 182 and the control gates are made in a second conductive level M2 separated from the first by a third insulating level 183.
- the gates of the selection transistors are formed, for example, in the M2 level.
- a difference from a typical EEPROM memory cell array is that the floating gates are internally connected in groups of four transistors to realize the floating node F. Another difference is that the floating gate transistors performing the different elements of the circuit are different from each other in the thickness of their tunnel window and / or in their connection. drain and source.
- FIGS. 14A to 14C illustrate the embodiment of storage capacitor C2.
- the drain DC2 and source SC2 of the corresponding floating gate transistor are short-circuited (by extension of the N + type implantation throughout the active area, FIG. 14B) to form the electrode 132 of the capacitor.
- the tunnel window is eliminated compared to a standard EEPROM cell.
- FIGS. 15A to 15C illustrate the embodiment of the transistor 170 forming the programming capacitive element C3.
- This is a standard EEPROM cell whose extension 201 of the N-doped zone under tunnel window 202 (FIG. 15B) makes it possible to obtain a plateau in the charge injection zone.
- the drain zone D7 is connected to the source of the selection transistor T3.
- Source area S7 is connected to terminal 112.
- FIGS. 16A to 16C illustrate the embodiment of the capacitive element C1 constituting the leakage element of the charge retention circuit.
- a difference consists in thinning (area 212, figure 16B) the dielectric window for the tunnel for aug ⁇ Menter leakage.
- the thickness of the dielectric 212 is chosen to be about half (for example, between 30 and 40 angstroms) of that (for example, between 70 and 80 angstroms) of a tunnel window (202, FIG. 15B ) an unmodified cell.
- FIGS. 17A to 17C illustrate the embodiment of the read transistor 160 in which the tunnel window has been suppressed, as well as, preferably, the usual implanted zone (201, FIG. 15B) of an EEPROM cell.
- the area Active limited by S6 source and drain D6 is therefore similar to that of a normal MOS transistor.
- FIGS. 13A to 17C are diagrammatic and may be adapted to the technology used.
- the grids have been shown aligned with the boundaries of the drain and source areas but a slight overlap is often present.
- An advantage of the realization by means of an EEPROM cell technology is that the charge retention circuit can be programmed and reset by applying the same voltage levels and time windows as those used to erase or write to memory cells. EEPROM.
- Another advantage is that it preserves stability over time by avoiding degradation of the thin oxide of the leakage element (Cl) during successive writing operations.
- bit lines BL1 to BL4 depend on the operating phases of the circuit and in particular on the programming (activation) or reading phase.
- Table I illustrates a mode of implementation of an activation (SET) and a reading (READ) of an electronic charge retention circuit as illustrated by FIGS. 13A to 17C.
- the selection signal SEL is brought to a first high potential VPP 1 with respect to the ground to make the different transistors T1 to T4 go through while the CG signal applied to the control gates of the floating gate transistors remains at the low level 0 so as not to pass through the transistor 160.
- the bit lines BL1, BL2 and BL4 remain in the air (state of high impedance HZ) while the line BL3 is applied a positive potential Vpp 2 allowing the charge of the floating node F.
- the line 112, common to the sources of the floating gate transistors, is preferably left in the air HZ.
- the different selection transistors are activated by the signal SEL at a level Vgg ⁇ and a voltage VpEAO ⁇ e reading is applied to the control gates of the different floating gate transistors.
- the lines BL1, BL2 and BL3 are in a state of high impedance HZ while the line BL4 receives a potential V 114 for supplying the source of read current.
- Line 112 is here connected to ground.
- V SEL 'V READ V and 114 thereof "t preferably the following:
- VPP 1 greater than VPP2
- V SEL greater than Vp ⁇ 0 ;
- VPP 1 14 volts
- VPP 2 12 volts
- V SEL 4 volts
- An electronic charge retention circuit can be introduced into any position of a standard EEPROM memory cell network, which makes it more difficult for its location to be found by a malicious user.
- the selection transistors of the cells forming the charge retention circuit are shared with normal EEPROM cells on the same bit lines, provided with suitable addressing and switching means.
- the present invention is susceptible of various variations and modifications which will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
- the charge retention circuit may be constituted by any circuit likely to reproducibly present a pressure drop over time independently of the power supply of the circuit. For example, it may use a circuit as described in the international application WO-A-03/083769.
- the counters can be of any kind and the counting function can be of any increment or decrement. For example (in particular in embodiments, for example FIG. 8 and following, where the counting cells can not be reset otherwise than temporally), one will be able to use two incremental counters of finite size whose difference provides the value to be considered.
- the invention can be implemented in non-contact devices (of the electromagnetic transponder type) which draw their power from an electromagnetic field in which they are located (generated by a terminal) .
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP08701254A EP2108165A1 (fr) | 2007-01-05 | 2008-01-04 | Verrouillage temporaire d'un circuit electronique |
US12/521,773 US9036414B2 (en) | 2007-01-05 | 2008-01-04 | Temporary locking of an electronic circuit to protect data contained in the electronic circuit |
JP2009544416A JP4882007B2 (ja) | 2007-01-05 | 2008-01-04 | 電子回路の一時的なロック |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0752553 | 2007-01-05 | ||
FR0752553 | 2007-01-05 |
Publications (1)
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WO2008084018A1 true WO2008084018A1 (fr) | 2008-07-17 |
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ID=38298399
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2008/050074 WO2008084018A1 (fr) | 2007-01-05 | 2008-01-04 | Verrouillage temporaire d'un circuit electronique |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9036414B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2108165A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4882007B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101606162A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008084018A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8566931B2 (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2013-10-22 | Proton World International N.V. | Protection of information contained in an electronic circuit |
EP2108164B1 (fr) * | 2007-01-05 | 2015-08-26 | Proton World International N.V. | Limitation d'acces a une ressource d'un circuit electronique |
WO2010056438A2 (fr) * | 2008-11-13 | 2010-05-20 | Proteus Biomedical, Inc. | Système de stimulation et de détection à blindage et procédé |
KR101725505B1 (ko) * | 2010-12-07 | 2017-04-11 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 해킹 검출 장치, 집적 회로 및 해킹 검출 방법 |
CN103870766A (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-06-18 | 神讯电脑(昆山)有限公司 | 电子储存装置及其数据保护方法 |
EP3179432A1 (fr) * | 2015-12-11 | 2017-06-14 | Mastercard International Incorporated | Délégation de transactions |
ITUA20164739A1 (it) * | 2016-06-29 | 2017-12-29 | St Microelectronics Srl | Circuito di test di uno stadio circuitale a lunga costante di tempo e relativo metodo di test |
ITUA20164741A1 (it) * | 2016-06-29 | 2017-12-29 | St Microelectronics Srl | Circuito di lettura di uno stadio circuitale a lunga costante di tempo e relativo metodo di lettura |
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2008
- 2008-01-04 CN CNA200880001701XA patent/CN101606162A/zh active Pending
- 2008-01-04 EP EP08701254A patent/EP2108165A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-01-04 US US12/521,773 patent/US9036414B2/en active Active
- 2008-01-04 JP JP2009544416A patent/JP4882007B2/ja active Active
- 2008-01-04 WO PCT/EP2008/050074 patent/WO2008084018A1/fr active Application Filing
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WO2003083769A1 (fr) * | 2002-03-28 | 2003-10-09 | Oberthur Card Systems S.A. | Entite electronique transactionnelle securisee par mesure du temps |
WO2004029873A1 (fr) * | 2002-09-25 | 2004-04-08 | Oberthur Card Systems Sa | Entite electronique securisee avec gestion du temps |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4882007B2 (ja) | 2012-02-22 |
EP2108165A1 (fr) | 2009-10-14 |
CN101606162A (zh) | 2009-12-16 |
US9036414B2 (en) | 2015-05-19 |
JP2010515188A (ja) | 2010-05-06 |
US20110007567A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
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