WO2008069273A1 - 分画大豆蛋白素材の製造法 - Google Patents
分画大豆蛋白素材の製造法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008069273A1 WO2008069273A1 PCT/JP2007/073598 JP2007073598W WO2008069273A1 WO 2008069273 A1 WO2008069273 A1 WO 2008069273A1 JP 2007073598 W JP2007073598 W JP 2007073598W WO 2008069273 A1 WO2008069273 A1 WO 2008069273A1
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- protein
- globulin
- soybean
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/14—Vegetable proteins
- A23J3/16—Vegetable proteins from soybean
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a fractionated soybean protein material. Specifically, it relates to the fractionation technology of 7S globulin, which is a unique protein contained in soybean protein, and lipophilic protein.
- Soy protein is widely used to improve the physical properties of foods due to its unique gel-forming properties, and it is also being used as a health food ingredient with high nutritional value! /
- Soybean storage protein precipitates around pH 4.5, and it is relatively easily divided into an acid-soluble protein fraction mainly composed of soluble components other than the storage protein and an acid-precipitated protein fraction mainly composed of storage protein. Can split power.
- a product obtained by collecting the acid-precipitating protein fraction is a separated soybean protein, which is currently widely used in the food industry.
- Proteins constituting soy protein are classified into 2S, 7S, US, and 15S globulins based on the sedimentation coefficient by ultracentrifugation analysis.
- 7S globulin and 11S globulin are the main constituent protein components of the globulin fraction.
- ricinin is equivalent to 7S globulin
- glycinin is substantially equivalent to 11S globulin.
- Proteins constituting soy protein have different properties in physical properties such as viscosity, coagulability, and surface activity, and nutritional management functions.
- Non-patent Document 1 7S globulin has been reported to reduce blood neutral fat (Non-patent Document 1). 11S globulin is said to dominate the hardness of the tofu gel, which has a high gelling power.
- Figure 1 shows the dissolution behavior of 7S globulin and 11S globulin with respect to pH. 7S globulin has low solubility at pH 4.8, 11S globulin has low solubility at pH 4.5 to 6, and so on. It can be expected that if the 11S globulin is first precipitated and then the pH is further lowered to precipitate the 7S globulin, then the respective components can be fractionated with high purity.
- acid-precipitable soy protein has a high affinity with polar lipids constituting membranes such as cell membranes, protein bodies, and oil bodies in addition to 7S globulin and 11S globulin! It has been reported in recent years that there is a mixture!
- the amount of nitrogen in this acid-precipitable fraction accounted for about 30% of the total amount of nitrogen in defatted soymilk, which was surprisingly high.
- Non-patent Document 5 Non-patent Document 5
- Proteins contained in the acid-precipitated fraction with a small amount of 7S globulin and 11S globulin are mainly proteins showing 34 kDa, 24 kDa and 18 kDa in molecular weight estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, lipoxygenase, ⁇ -conglycinin, It is a mixture of many other miscellaneous proteins. Because this group of proteins shows affinity with polar lipids, It is called a quality affinity protein.
- Non-Patent Document 4 shows the force S, high ionic strength, and many reducing agents. However, since desalting and washing are essential steps, it is effective at the experimental level, but unsuitable for industrial processes.
- the present applicant has developed a technique for fractionating into high-purity soybean 7S globulin protein and soybean 11 S globulin protein with a low contamination rate of lipophilic protein (Patent Documents 8 and 9).
- This method is industrially superior in that 7S globulin is fractionated with high purity.
- complicated operations are required in order to fractionate the remaining 1 1 S globulin and lipophilic protein mixture into high purity components. Was in a situation where it was difficult to use effectively.
- Non-patent literature l Okita T et al, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 27 (4), 379-388, 1981
- Non-Patent Document 2 13 ⁇ 4 * 11, ⁇ .3 ⁇ 4 and Shibasaki, K., J.Agric.FoodChem., 24, 117, 1976
- Non-Patent Document 3 Herman, Planta, 172, 336-345, 1987
- Non-Patent Document 4 Samoto M et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 58 (11), 2123-2125, 1 994
- Non-Patent Document 5 Samoto M et al., Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 62 (5), 935-940, 1998
- Non-Patent Document 6 T. Nagano, et. Al., Relationship between rheological properties and co informational states of 7S globulin from soybeans at acidic H, Food Hydrocolloids: Structures, Properties, and Functions, Plenum Press, New York, 1994
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 55-124457
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 48-56843
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 49 31843
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 58 36345
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-187755
- Patent Document 6 International Publication WO00 / 58492
- Patent Document 7 US Pat. No. 6,171,640
- Patent Document 8 International Publication WO02 / 28198
- Patent Document 9 International Publication WO2004 / 43160
- the present invention provides a high-purity fractionated soy protein material by efficiently and highly fractionating not only 7S globulin but also the remaining acid-precipitating protein from soybean.
- the present applicant has first prepared a processed soybean obtained by subjecting a low-denatured soybean to a modification treatment under conditions that selectively modify only the lipophilic protein, and using this as an extraction raw material.
- Invented a technology that can fractionate 7S globulin, 11S globulin, and lipophilic protein efficiently and with high purity by simple operations (International Application No. PCT / JP2006 / 310751).
- the above invention has an effect that the separation between 11S globulin and lipophilic protein is particularly improved by the above denaturation treatment.
- the present invention further develops this knowledge. If soybeans with originally low 11 S globulin content are used, 7S globulin and lipophilicity can be obtained in high purity with high efficiency by a simple operation without the above modification treatment. It came to the idea that protein can be fractionated and was conceived.
- the above heated soy protein solution has a pH of 5.3 to 5.7 and is higher than the pH at the time of heating.
- a method for producing a fractionated soy protein material comprising a step of adjusting the pH range to a water-soluble fraction and an insoluble fraction.
- a method for producing a soybean 7S globulin protein material characterized in that the water-soluble fraction described in 1. above is adjusted to pH 4 to 5 and the insoluble fraction is recovered.
- a method for producing a non-7S-11S acid-precipitating soybean protein material which comprises collecting the insoluble fraction described in 1. above.
- 7S globulin and lipophilic protein can be fractionated with high purity.
- the obtained fractions can be provided as soybean 7S globulin protein material and 7S ⁇ 11S acid-precipitated soybean protein material, respectively, which can be used with their vitality and nutritional physiology function. It is.
- This fractionation method is different from the conventional fractionation method by adding salt, etc., and is a method that mainly adjusts the pH without adding salts, so it is necessary to recover proteins as precipitates. Dilution and desalting operations to achieve a low ion concentration environment are insoluble, and this is an excellent method that simplifies the operation.
- 7S globulin is also called ⁇ -conglycinin, and is generally a glycoprotein composed of three types of subunits ( ⁇ ′, ⁇ , / 3). good. These subunits are randomly combined to form a trimer. The isoelectric point is around ⁇ 4.8 and the molecular weight is about 170,000. Hereinafter, it may be simply abbreviated as “7S”.
- Soybean 7S protein is a soy protein material with increased purity of 7S!
- 11S globulin is also called glycinin, and an acidic subunit and a basic subunit are linked by a disulfide bond to form a 12-mer consisting of 6 molecules.
- the molecular weight is about 360,000. Hereinafter, it may be simply abbreviated as “11S”.
- Both 7S and 11S are acid-precipitated soy proteins, and are the main storage proteins stored in soy protein bodies.
- “acid-precipitated soy protein” is a protein having a property of being precipitated by adjusting the pH of a solution such as defatted soymilk to the acidic side (pH 4 to 6). Therefore, for example, the protein contained in the isolated soy protein corresponds to this, and the protein in the whey that does not undergo acid precipitation during the production of the isolated soy protein is not included in this.
- 7S and 11S are considered to be different depending on the variety S, SDS-electrophoresis after staining with Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), and when the peak area is measured by densitometry, conventional soy protein (SPI) etc. This protein accounts for about 70% of all soybean protein.
- 7S and 11S may be abbreviated as “MSP”.
- Lipophilic Proteins is a group of soy protein-precipitating soybean proteins other than 7 S and 11 S, which is a minor acid-precipitating soy protein group of soybeans! /, Lecithin, glycolipids, etc. It is accompanied by a lot of polar lipids. Hereinafter, it may be simply abbreviated as “LP”.
- This LP mainly contains proteins with estimated molecular weights of 34 kDa, 24 kDa, and 18 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, lipoxygenase, ⁇ -conglycinin, and many other miscellaneous proteins (see Figure 2, Lane 3). ).
- LP has the property that it is harder to be stained by SDS electrophoresis than 7S and 11S. For this reason, SDS electrophoresis bands, which are published as single bands of 7S and 11S in conventional literature, often contain a substantial amount of LP.
- Non-7S'11S—acid-precipitated soy protein refers to a soy protein material with increased LP purity. Hereinafter, it may be simply abbreviated as “LP-SPI”.
- Grind sample processed soybeans for whole-fat soybeans, defatted with hexane in advance until the oil content is less than 1.5%) to a particle size of 60 mesh pass. 7 parts water by 1 part by weight Add pH and adjust the pH to 7.5 with a soda, and stir at room temperature for 30 minutes. This is separated into water-soluble fraction A and insoluble fraction A by centrifugation at 1000G for 10 minutes. Add 5 parts by weight of water to insoluble fraction A and stir at room temperature for 30 minutes. This is separated into water-soluble fraction B and insoluble fraction B by centrifugation at 1000G for 10 minutes. Mix water-soluble fractions A and B to make a water-soluble fraction. Insoluble fractions A and B are mixed to form an insoluble fraction. The operating temperature from hydration to separation is from 10 ° C to 25 ° C. Stirring is performed with a propeller (350 rpm).
- Insoluble fraction C is recovered by centrifugation at 1000G for 10 minutes. Furthermore, to this insoluble fraction C, add 1M Na2SO4 (containing 20 mM mercaptoethanol) solution 5 times the weight of the sample-processed soybean of method 1 and stir well, then centrifuge at 10000G for 20 minutes to obtain a water-soluble fraction. Separate into D and insoluble fraction D. Repeat the same procedure for this insoluble fraction D, separating it into water-soluble fraction E and insoluble fraction E. The insoluble fractions D and E are combined as the LP fraction, and the water-soluble fractions D and E are combined as the 7S and 11S fractions (MSP fraction). The operating temperature is 10 ° C to 25 ° C. Measure the nitrogen content of the LP fraction and MSP fraction obtained as described above by the Kelder method, and measure the ratio of both.
- soy protein materials are generally heat-sterilized in the final productization process, all of 7S, 11S and LP are heat-denatured. Therefore, it is difficult to fractionate LP into 7S and 11S from the commercial soybean protein material by the methods 1 and 2 above, and measure the LP content.
- SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which is a general method for measuring protein composition, has the property that LP is difficult to be stained with CBB! Have difficulty.
- [LP content estimation method] (a) 7S is ⁇ subunit and subunit ( ⁇ + ⁇ '), 11S is acidic subunit (AS), LP is 34kDa protein and lipoxygenase ( ⁇ 3 4 + Lx) as main proteins in each protein. Select, and obtain the staining ratio of each protein selected by SDS-PAGE. Electrophoresis can be performed under the conditions shown in Table 1.
- LCI Lipophilic Proteins Content Index
- P34 LP major component, 34kDa protein
- Lx LP main component, lipoxygenase
- the method for fractionating soybean protein of the present invention comprises 1) a step of extracting protein from soybean having a 7S globulin content of 20% by weight or more and a 11S globulin content of 10% by weight or less per total protein to obtain a soybean protein solution; 2) Adjusting the soy protein solution to pH 4 to 5.5 and heating at 40 to 65 ° C, 3) Heating the heated soy protein solution to pH 5.3 to 5.7 It is characterized by comprising a step of adjusting to a pH range that is higher than the pH at the time and fractionating into a water-soluble fraction and an insoluble fraction.
- the raw soybean used in the fractionation method of the present invention has a 7S globulin content of 20% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight or more per total protein, and a 11S globulin content of 10% by weight or less, preferably 5%. Soybeans that are less than or equal to weight percent are used.
- soybeans that are strong and cultivated soybeans lacking 11S globulin by breeding or gene recombination techniques, that is, soybeans having an 11S globulin content of 0% by weight can be used.
- soybeans described in US2004 / 0037905 A1 can be used.
- defatted soybeans As raw soybeans because lipids affect protein purity.
- Degreased soybeans can be made by using a product defatted with an organic solvent such as hexane or a product whose oil content is reduced by pressing.
- the form of the raw defatted soybean is not particularly limited, but a powder having a maximum particle size of 500 m or less, more preferably 300 m or less, and even more preferably 100 m or less, more preferably pulverized is more preferable. Is appropriate.
- the PDI indicating the desired protein extraction rate is 60 or more when the protein in the raw defatted soybean is not extremely modified before the processing of the present invention.
- the moisture content of this soybean is preferably 2 to 15%, more preferably 5 to 10%.
- the present invention includes a step of extracting a protein from the raw material defatted soybean to obtain a soybean protein solution. That is, a soybean protein solution is obtained by dispersing raw soybeans in an aqueous solvent such as water or an alkaline aqueous solution to extract protein, removing okara which is an insoluble fraction from the extract by centrifugation, and recovering a soluble fraction. Get.
- an aqueous solvent such as water or an alkaline aqueous solution
- the amount of the aqueous solvent added is 6 to 15 times the weight of the raw soybean, 7 to 12 times the weight. More preferred. If the amount of the aqueous solvent added is too small, the viscosity will increase, and if it is too large, it will become a dilute solution and the recovery efficiency will deteriorate.
- the temperature during extraction is preferably about 4 to 50 ° C, more preferably about 10 to 30 ° C. If the temperature is too high, the protein will be denatured and difficult to fractionate. Conversely, if the temperature is too low, the extraction efficiency will deteriorate.
- Ocara that is insoluble at pH around 6-9 is removed from the resulting extract by centrifugation.
- the operation of adding 4 to 6 times the amount of water to the resulting okara and further extracting it to increase the amount of recovered soy milk may be repeated.
- the soy protein solution obtained by the mulching process has a very characteristic composition, unlike that extracted from general defatted soybeans, and has a very low 11S globulin content per total protein. It is 15% by weight or less, preferably 7% or less.
- the soybean protein solution is adjusted to pH 4 to 5.5, preferably pH 4.8 to 5.2, and heated at 40 to 65 ° C.
- the heated soy protein solution is adjusted to a pH range between 5.3 and 5.7, which is higher than the pH at the time of heating.
- 7S can maintain the soluble state and selectively insolubilize LP. Then, the water-soluble fraction mainly composed of 7S and the insoluble fraction mainly composed of insolubilized LP can be fractionated by solid-liquid separation.
- the water-soluble fraction after solid-liquid separation is washed away before extraction and hardly contains it, it can be spray-dried as it is to obtain a soybean 7S globulin protein material. If whey components are included, the purity of 7S will decrease accordingly, so the water-soluble fraction should be further adjusted to pH 4-5, preferably 4.3-4.8, and the resulting precipitate recovered. Thus, a highly pure soybean 7S globulin protein material can be obtained.
- the purity of 7S of the material is at least 80% or more, it can be used with the unique characteristics of 7S.
- it can be used for nutrient function agents such as blood neutral fat reducing agents and body fat reducing agents, and highly viscous materials.
- the LCI value of the material is 30% or less, more preferably 25% or less, and further preferably 20% or less, and it has an excellent flavor with a very low LP content.
- a non-7S'11S-acid-precipitating soy protein material (LP-SPI) containing LP in high purity can be obtained by preparing the liquid, sterilizing heating and drying.
- the obtained LP-SPI can be provided as a high purity product having at least LCI of 60% by weight or more.
- LP is a force that was thought to be a component that contributes to the flavor deterioration of conventional soy protein materials. This is fractionated with high purity, and LP-SPI is used to vitalize the unique properties of LP. It can be used for any purpose.
- the amount of oil from which methanol is extracted with a 2: 1 solvent (hereinafter referred to as “chromate oil”) is 7% by weight or more, preferably 8 to 15% by weight, more preferably 9 to 15%. It is possible to carry out depending on whether or not the weight is. However, if the LP-SPI ether extract oil content is 2% or more, the ether extract oil value must be subtracted from the above values.
- the extracted polar lipid is mainly composed of lecithin and glycolipid.
- the chromed oil content of conventional unisolated soybean protein is about 4-5% by weight, and high-purity soybean 7S protein and soybean 11S protein are also less than 3%! /.
- a particularly important function of LP-SPI is blood cholesterol lowering action as described in the specification of international application PCT / JP2006 / 310751, and lowers blood cholesterol level in drugs and foods using this.
- a composition can be provided.
- the content of LP-SPI added to the composition for lowering blood cholesterol varies depending on the form and amount of the composition and can be appropriately set. In general, a person skilled in the art may set the content in the composition in consideration of the daily intake of the composition so that the daily intake of the active ingredient can be taken. For example, if the daily intake of LP-SPI is set to 4.5 g, and the daily intake of the composition is 10 g, the content of active ingredients in the composition is 45% by weight. What should I do?
- the daily intake of LP-SPI of the present invention is not particularly limited, but can be 4 to 10 g.
- the composition for lowering blood cholesterol of the present invention can be used in combination with a material that is said to have a blood cholesterol lowering effect.
- a material that is said to have a blood cholesterol lowering effect for example, isoflavones, soy milk, isolated soy protein, concentrated soy protein, lecithin, lactic acid bacteria, polyphenol Nords, polysaccharides, etc. can be used in combination.
- blood cholesterol When blood cholesterol is provided as a reducing agent, it can be made into preparations of various dosage forms. That is, in the case of oral administration, it can be administered in the form of solid preparations such as tablets, hard capsules, soft capsules, granules or pills, or liquids such as solutions, emulsions or suspensions. In the case of parenteral administration, it is administered in the form of injection solutions or suppositories.
- additives that are acceptable for formulation such as excipients, stabilizers, preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifiers, lubricants, sweeteners, coloring agents, fragrances, tonicity adjustments.
- LP-SPI is included as an active ingredient in food packaging, advertising media such as pamphlets, and that the food has a blood cholesterol lowering effect. It can also be a health food such as Japan's food for specified health use.
- the protein is extracted according to the above (Method 1) and the okara is separated. To obtain a soy protein solution.
- the soy protein solution was adjusted to pH 5.0 with hydrochloric acid, heated at 60 ° C for 15 minutes, adjusted to pH 5.5 with caustic soda, and stirred with a propeller (300-35030001) for 30 minutes.
- Insoluble fraction A is separated by centrifugation at 1000 G for 10 minutes, and the water-soluble fraction is recovered.
- the pH is adjusted to 4.5 with hydrochloric acid, and the resulting insoluble fraction B is collected by centrifugation at 1000 G for 10 minutes and spray-dried to obtain a soybean 7S globulin protein material.
- the purity of this protein material was determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using 3.7 g as a sample. Developed by SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie brilliant blue, and then applied to densitometer to calculate the ratio of the band density corresponding to 7S and 11S to the total protein band density By the method. Also determine the LCI values for these samples. According to the above assay, the purity of 7S prepared according to this method is as high as 80% or more, and the LCI value at this time is 30% or less, and LP is greatly reduced. .
- Insoluble fraction A obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 is collected and spray-dried to obtain LP-SPI.
- the oil contained in the solid content of this protein is less than 2% of the oil extracted with ether, and more than 7% of the oil is extracted with a mixed solvent with a 2: 1 ratio of formaldehyde to methanol. Many LPs that show affinity for polar lipids are contained. At this time, the LCI value is high purity of at least 60%.
- the water-soluble fraction and the insoluble fraction A are fractionated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the water-soluble fraction is adjusted to pH 4.5 with hydrochloric acid, and the resulting insoluble fraction B is collected by centrifugation and spray-dried to obtain a protein material.
- the 7S purity of the obtained protein material is 75% or less.
- Example 4 The soy protein solution obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was adjusted to pH 5.0 and fractionated in the same manner except that it was heated at 35 ° C (Comparative Example 4) and 70 ° C (Comparative Example 5).
- the water-soluble fraction obtained does not increase the purity of 7S at 35 ° C.
- 70 ° C the purity of 7S is The yield is extremely low.
- Insoluble fraction A contains 7S contamination at 70 ° C, and none of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 can be fractionated with high purity.
- Example 6 The soybean protein solution obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was adjusted to pH 5.0, heated at 60 ° C for 15 minutes, and then adjusted to ⁇ 5.2 (Comparative Example 6) and ⁇ 6.0 with caustic soda. Perform fractionation in the same way.
- the yield of water-soluble fraction obtained is extremely low at ⁇ 5.2.
- ⁇ 6.0 does not increase the purity of 7S. Therefore, neither of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 can be fractionated with high purity.
- Fig. 1 is a graph showing the dissolution behavior of 7S globulin and 11S globulin in each ⁇ .
- FIG. 2 is a drawing-substituting photograph showing a migration pattern of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 7S globulin fraction, 11 S globulin fraction, and lipophilic protein fraction.
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2008548331A JP5353244B2 (ja) | 2006-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | 分画大豆蛋白素材の製造法 |
US12/448,070 US7838633B2 (en) | 2006-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | Method for production of fractionated soybean protein material |
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JP2006329745 | 2006-12-06 | ||
JP2006-329745 | 2006-12-06 |
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Cited By (3)
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WO2009110504A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-11 | 不二製油株式会社 | 腎症患者用大豆蛋白素材及びこれを使用した食品 |
US20110165314A1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2011-07-07 | Green Brent E | pH Adjusted Soy Protein Isolate and Uses |
WO2020218402A1 (ja) | 2019-04-26 | 2020-10-29 | 株式会社Mizkan Holdings | 種子貯蔵タンパク質を用いた乳化組成物及びその製造方法 |
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JP5077461B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-07 | 2012-11-21 | 不二製油株式会社 | 減脂豆乳及び大豆乳化組成物、並びにそれらの製造法 |
NZ613012A (en) * | 2010-12-16 | 2015-07-31 | Burcon Nutrascience Mb Corp | Soy protein products of improved water-binding capacity |
JP6482249B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-19 | 2019-03-13 | 日東電工株式会社 | 駆動装置 |
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WO2009110504A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-11 | 不二製油株式会社 | 腎症患者用大豆蛋白素材及びこれを使用した食品 |
US20110165314A1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2011-07-07 | Green Brent E | pH Adjusted Soy Protein Isolate and Uses |
US20140065289A1 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2014-03-06 | Brent E. Green | Ph adjusted soy protein isolate and uses |
US9456621B2 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2016-10-04 | Burcon Nutrascience (Mb) Corp. | pH adjusted soy protein isolate and uses |
US10327456B2 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2019-06-25 | Burcon Nutrascience (Mb) Corp. | pH adjusted soy protein isolate and uses |
WO2020218402A1 (ja) | 2019-04-26 | 2020-10-29 | 株式会社Mizkan Holdings | 種子貯蔵タンパク質を用いた乳化組成物及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
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JPWO2008069273A1 (ja) | 2010-03-25 |
JP5353244B2 (ja) | 2013-11-27 |
US7838633B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
US20100022754A1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
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