Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D257/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having four nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D257/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having four nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to chelating agents.
• it relates to a series of bifunctional chelating agents for selective attachment to targeting molecules.
• BFCAs bifunctional chelating agents
• DOTA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
• DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
• DOTA-peptides are generally synthesized either in solution 6 or on solid support attaching the DOTA residue to a free amine of the resin bound peptide using unprotected DOTA, 1 or more conveniently, protected DOTA derivatives to overcome side reactions by polyactivation of the four carboxylic groups of DOTA. Therefore, a number of DOTA-derivatives were developed allowing selective formation of monoconjugates.
• the triprotected and commercially available DOTA- t ⁇ s(tert-butyl) ester 7 and the corresponding benzyl protected analogues DOTA- tris(benzyl) ester, 8 the isothiocyanate functionalized j ⁇ -NCS-Bz-DOTA 9 as well as the DOTAGA( ⁇ Bu) 4 1 ° which contains an additional unprotected carboxylic group are widely used BFCAs.
• derivatized amino acids containing a DOTA moiety in the side chain were used 11 or the DOTA moiety was synthesized stepwise on the JV-terminus of a resin bound peptide. 12
• the main limitation of all these methods is the attachment of the DOTA residue in an electrophilic manner. This procedure tolerates no other N- or S-nucleophilic groups for a selective reaction.
• the present invention provides a compound of the formula:
• R 1 is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, carboxyl protecting groups and hydrophilic moieties
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl and carboxyl protecting groups
• R 4 is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hydrophilic moieties and carboxyl protecting groups
• R 5 is an aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl or a combination of these groups and is substituted with a carbonyl group, an aminooxy group or a functional group suitable for participating in a cycloaddition reaction.
• R 5 is an alkyl, preferably, the alkyl is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms in length.
• R 5 is an aryl or heteroaryl group. More preferably, R 5 is a 5-9-membered aryl or heteroaryl group comprising one or two rings. More preferably, R 5 is a 6- membered aryl or heteroaryl group. Even more preferably, R 5 is a phenyl group. Most preferably, the phenyl group is para-substituted with the carbonyl group, aminooxy group or the functional group suitable for participating in a cycloaddition reaction. Preferably, R 5 is substituted with a carbonyl group or a functional group suitable for participating in a cycloaddition reaction.
• R 5 is substituted with a carbonyl group.
• the carbonyl group is a keto group.
• the keto group is a methylketone.
• the advantage of a keto group is that it gives the compound long term stability as it is not a highly reactive group. This allows it to be stored for a long period of time. Highly reactive groups present problems for trying to store compounds for a significant length of time. Further, keto groups allow chemoselective attachment to polyfunctionalized compounds like peptides. Another advantage, is that keto groups do not require additional protection during the synthesis process.
• the functional group suitable for participating in a cycloaddition reaction is an alkyne group or an azide group.
• the alkyne group is an ethinyl group.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H and carboxyl protecting groups, and R 4 is selected from H, methyl, ethyl and carboxyl protecting groups.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or alternative carboxyl protecting groups.
• R 4 is H or methyl. More preferably, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are t-butyl and R 4 is H or methyl.
• carbonyl protecting groups are present, they are preferably selected from benzyl, fluorenylmethyl and t-butyl.
• R 1 or R 4 is a hydrophilic moiety.
• R 1 and R 4 are both hydrophilic moieties.
• the compound is preferably used to complex Gallium-68.
• the hydrophilic moiety is a sugar. The advantage of attaching hydrophilic moieties, especially sugars, to the compound is that they improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound.
• the present invention also provides a conjugate comprising a compound as described above and a derivatised targeting molecule, wherein, when R 5 is substituted with a carbonyl group or aminooxy group, the targeting molecule is derivatised to contain a complementary aminooxy moiety or carbonyl moiety, and the compound and targeting molecule are joined by an oxime linkage and, when R 5 is substituted with a functional group suitable for participating in a cycloaddition reaction, the targeting molecule is derivatised to contain a complementary group for the cycloaddition reaction and the compound and targeting molecule are joined by means of a heterocyclic product of the cycloaddition reaction.
• R 5 is preferably substituted with a carbonyl group.
• the compound and targeting molecule are joined by means of a 1,2,3-triazole group.
• the present invention also provides a chelate comprising a radionuclide complexed with the compound described above or the conjugate described above.
• the radionuclide is selected from Actinium-225, Bismuth-212, Bismuth-213, Lead-203, Copper-64, Copper-67, Gallium-66, Gallium-67, Gallium-68, Lutetium-177, Indium- I l l, Indium-113, Yttrium-86 and Yttrium-90, Dysprosium 162, Dysprosium 165, Dysprosium 167, Holmium-166, Praseodymium- 142, Praseodymium- 143, Promethium-149, and Terbium-149.
• the present invention also provides a method of synthesis of a compound according to the invention, the synthesis comprising: the reaction of the di -substituted aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl or combination R 5 , L '-CH(CO 2 R 4 )- R 5 -X, with cyclen, wherein R 4 and R 5 have the same meaning as above, L 1 is a leaving group and X is a carbonyl group, aminooxy group or a functional group suitable for participation in a cycloaddition reaction, or a protected form of such a functional group; and the alkylation of the other nitrogen atoms of the cyclen using L 2 CH 2 CO 2 R, wherein R is R 5 R or R as defined above and L is a leaving group.
• the synthesis comprises the reaction of a di-substituted aryl or heteroaryl R 5 , 1 ⁇ -CH(CO 2 R 4 )- R 5 -X, with cyclen.
• the advantage of using cyclen as a starting material is that it is relatively cheap compared to other compounds, for example, the highly expensive DOTA tris tert- butyl ester.
• the method of synthesis can involve reacting further R 5 containing groups with cyclen, wherein between two and four of the nitrogen atoms of cyclen are reacted with L 1 -CH(CO 2 R 4 )- R 5 -X, wherein R 4 is selected from H, methyl, ethyl and carboxyl protecting groups and R 5 has the same meaning as above and wherein any remaining nitrogen atoms of the cyclen are alkylated using L CH 2 COaR 5 wherein R is R , R or R 3 as defined above.
• the invention also provides a method of synthesising the conjugate of the invention by reacting together the compound of the invention and the derivatised targeting molecule.
• This synthesis may take place prior to the complexation of the conjugate with a radionuclide to form a chelate.
• An advantage of reacting together the compound and the derivatised targeting molecule prior to the complexation of the conjugate with a radionuclide is that the chelating agent may first be further manipulated (e.g. purified and formulated for targeted administration) without the precautions necessary for radionuclide manipulation.
• the conjugate can be mass produced at a central location before being transported to different locations for use. Another advantage is that the conditions used for complexing the compound to a radionuclide may be quite harsh so that the final conjugate is formed before these harsh conditions are used which could otherwise affect the compound.
• the compound and targeting molecule are joined together by a cycloaddition reaction in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.
• the metal catalyst is based on Cu or Kh.
• the invention also provides a chelate for use in therapy or diagnosis.
• the invention provides use of a chelate in the preparation of a medicament for the diagnosis and/or treatment of hyperproliferative and/or neoplastic conditions.
• the invention provides a chelate for use for the diagnosis and/or treatment of hyperproliferative and/or neoplastic conditions.
• the condition in the above uses is cancer.
• the cancer is hormone responsive.
• the invention also provides a method of diagnosis or treatment of a hyperproliferative and/or neoplastic condition in a subject, the method comprising the administration to the subject of a diagnostically or therapeutically effective amount, respectively, of a chelate according to the invention.
• the invention provides the use of a compound according to the invention in the synthesis of a conjugate according to the invention.
• the invention provides the use of a conjugate according to the invention in the synthesis of a chelate according to the invention.
• the invention also provides a conjugate or a chelate wherein the targeting molecule is a peptide.
• the invention provides a method of dechelating a metal catalyst from a bifunctional chelating agent following the metal catalysed conjugation of the bifunctional chelating agent to a targeting molecule having one or more disulfide bridges, the method comprising the removal of the metal ions using sodium sulfide, followed by treatment with NH 3 and a solvent comprising acetonitrile and water to restore the disulfide bridges.
• the bifunctional chelating agent is the compound of the invention.
• the conjugation reaction involves a cycloaddition reaction.
• the metal catalyst is based on Cu or Rh.
• the invention provides a conjugate comprising a compound with multiple R 5 groups, as described above, and two or more targeting molecules joined to the compound through the R 5 groups.
• Figure 1 shows the structures of 4-acetylphenyl-DOTA-derivatives 1 and 2 and ethinyl -DOT A-derivative 3;
• Figure 2 shows a HPLC trace of crude DOTA conjugate 19 obtained by oxime ligation
• Figure 3 shows a HPLC trace of crude DOTA conjugate 24 obtained after 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and subsequent deprotection (step 2, Scheme 5);
• Figure 6 shows the HPLC trace of ter/-butyl 2-[l -(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)- 4,7,10-tris(f ⁇ rr-butylacetate)]-(4-acetylphenyl)acetate (1). Gradient: 10 ⁇ 80%; 30 min;
• Figure 7 shows the HPLC trace of 2-[l-(l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)-4,7,10-tris(terf- butylacetate)]-(4-acetylphenyl) acetic acid (2). Gradient: 10 ⁇ 60%; 30 min;
• Figure 8 shows the HPLC trace of (J? ⁇ S>methyl 2-[l-(l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)- 4,7, 10-tris(ferr-butylacetate)]-2-(4-ethynyl)phenyl)acetate (3).
• Gradient 1 O ⁇ l 00%; 30 min;
• Figure 9 shows the HPLC trace of methyl 2-[l-(l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)-4,7,10- tris(t ⁇ -ir-butylacetate)]-(4-acetylphenyl)acetate (11). Gradient: 10 ⁇ 80%; 30 min;
• Figure 10 shows the HPLC trace of DOTA-Tyr 3 -octreotate derivative 19. Gradient: 10 ⁇ 60%; 30 min;
• Figure 11 shows the HPLC trace of DOTA-Tyr 3 -octreotate derivative 24. Gradient: 10 ⁇ 60%; 60 min;
• Figure 12 shows the HPLC trace of crude DOTA conjugate 26 obtained by 1 ,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Gradient: 10 ⁇ 60%; 60 min;
• Figure 13 shows the NMR spectra of rerr-butyl 2-(4-acetylphenyl)acetate (5)
• Figure 14 shows the NMR spectra of tert-butyl 2-(4-acetylphenyl)acetate (6)
• Figure 15 shows the NMR spectra of methyl 2-(4-acetyl ⁇ henyl)-2-bromoacetate (7);
• Figure 16 shows the NMR spectra of /er/-butyl 2-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-bromoacetate (8);
• Figure 17 shows the NMR spectra of methyl 2-[l-(l, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)]-(4- acetylphenyl)acetate (9);
• Figure 18 shows the NMR spectra of tert-bv&yl 2-[l-(l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)]- (4-acetylphenyl)acetate (10);
• Figure 19 shows the NMR spectra of methyl 2-[l-(l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane)- 4,7, 10-tris(fert-butylacetate)]-(4-acetylphenyl)acetate (11);
• Figure 20 shows the NMR spectra of 2-[ 1 -( 1 ,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclodecane)-4,7, 10- tris(tert-butylacetate)]-(4-acetylphenyl) acetic acid (2);
• Figure 21 shows the NMR spectra of tert-butyl 2-[l-(l,4,7 5 10-tetraazacyclodecane)- 4,7, 10-tris(ter/-butylacetate)]-(4-ace1ylphenyl)acetate (1);
• Figure 22 shows the NMR spectra of Methyl (4-iodophenyl)acetate (13);
• Figure 23 shows the NMR spectra of Methyl 2-(4-(2- (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl)acetate (14);
• Figure 24 shows the NMR spectra of Methyl 2-bromo-2-(4-(2- (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl)acetate (15);
• Figure 25 shows the NMR spectra of ( ⁇ /S)-methyl 2-[l -(1 ,4,7,10- tetraazacyclodecane)]-2-(4-ethynyl) ⁇ henyl)acetate (16);
• Figure 26 shows the NMR spectra of (i?/5)-methyl 2-[l -(1,4,7, 10- tetraazacyclodecane)-4,7, 10-tris(fert-butylacetate)] -2-(4-ethynyl)phenyl)acetate (3) ;
• Figure 27 shows the NMR spectra of 7V-(3-azidopropyl)succinamide (21).
• novel bifunctional poly(amino carboxylate) chelating agents allowing chemoselective attachment to highly functionalized biomolecules is described.
• chelator 1,4, 7,10-tetraazacyclodecane- 1,4,7, 10- tetracetic acid (DOTA) novel bifunctional chelating agents were synthesized bearing additional functional groups by alkylating 1 ,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) with one equivalent of para-functionalized alkyl 2-bromophenylacetates and three equivalents of commercially available alkyl 2-bromoacetates.
• the oxime ligation denotes the highly selective reaction between an aminooxy component and aldehydes or methylketones 2 under formation of an oxime bond, which is known to be reasonably stable both in vitro and in vivo.
• the reaction was shown to tolerate every free amino acid side chain except an iV-terminal cysteine and found widespread use, e.g. in the synthesis of template assembled synthetic proteins 21 ' 22 , radioactive labeled peptide conjugates, 23 ' 24 cyclic peptides 25 and protein analogues.
• Tritylchloride polystyrol (TCP) resin (0.94 mmol/g) was purchased from PepChem (Tubingen Germany). Coupling reagents and amino acid derivatives were purchased from Novabiochem, Neosystem, and IRIS Biotech GmbH, Merck Biosciences, Perseptive Biosystems GmbH and Neosystem. Dry solvents were purchased from Fluka. AU other reagents and solvents were purchased from Merck, Aldrich and Fluka and were used as received. Standard syringe techniques were applied for transferring dry solvents. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on aluminium-backed plates Merck silica gel 60 F 254 .
• TLC Thin-layer chromatography
• the eluent was a linear gradient from water (0.1% TFA) to acetonitrile (0.1% TFA) over 30 minutes.
• the retention time (R 1 ) of the analytical RP- HPLC is given in minutes with the gradient in percentage of acetonitrile.
• NMR Broker AC-250, AV-360, AV-500 and DMX500. 1 U and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded at ambient temperature. Spectra were calibrated to their respective solvent signals (CDCl 3 : 1 H 7.26 ppm, 13 C 77.0 ppm; MeOH-d 4 : 1 H 3.31 ppm, 13 C 49.05 ppm;).
• the Fmoc-protected resin was treated with 10 mL of a solution of 20% piperidine in
• the resin was washed with DCM (3x10 mL) and treated with a mixture of TFA, H 2 O and triisopropylsilane (90:5:5, v/v/v; 20 mL) for 3x10 min. After removal of the resin by filtration, the filtrates were combined and stirred for another 90 min. The solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure to precipitate the peptide with Et 2 O.
• the copper powder was filtered off and dissolved copper salts were precipitated by addition OfNa 2 S (Na 2 S * 9H 2 O; 12 mg, 49 ⁇ mol, 12.0 equiv).
• the mixture was filtrated and the solvent removed under reduced pressure.
• the terr-butyl esters were cleaved by treating with a TFA/TIPS/H 2 O mixture (95:5:5, v/v/v; 1 mL) for 2 h. Thereafter, the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was directly purified by semipreparative RP- HPLC (20 ⁇ 50%, 30 min) to yield 23 (3.22 mg, 51%) as a colorless powder after lyophilization.
• OBNINSK 68 Ge/ 68 Ga-generator (1.48 GBq; Chemotrade Chemiehandelsgesellschaft mbH, Leipzig, Germany).
• the generator eluate was first concentrated in vacuo to a final volume of app. 200 ⁇ L. Although not usually carried out, this concentration step was necessary to be able to fully exploit the comparatively low 68 Ga-activity provided by the old generator used for this experimental study.
• the reaction mixture was heated to 95°C for 15 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with 2 mL of water. To remove unreacted Ga-activity, the labeled peptide [ 68 Ga]19 was immobilized on a Sep-Pak C-18 cartridge, washed with 10 mL of water and eluted with 2 mL of ethanol. To obtain an ethanol-free solution for injection into mice, the solvent was then evaporated in vacuo and the product was redissolved in 2 mL of PBS to a final activity concentration of 38 ⁇ Ci/100 ⁇ L.
• Analytical HPLC for quality control was performed on a Nucleosil 100 Cl 8 (5 ⁇ m, 125 x 4.0 mm) column using a Sykam gradient HPLC System (Sykam GmbH, F ⁇ rstenfeldbruck, Germany) and an UVIS 200 photometer (LinearTM Instrument Cooperation, Reno, USA).
• Sykam GmbH F ⁇ rstenfeldbruck, Germany
• UVIS 200 photometer LinearTM Instrument Cooperation, Reno, USA.
• the outlet of the UV- photometer was connected to a Na(Tl) well-type scintillation counter Ace MateTM 925-Scint (EG&G Ortec, M ⁇ nchen, Germany).
• the eluents used were H 2 O (0.1% TFA; solvent A) and CH 3 CN (0.1 % TFA; solvent B), and the gradient was: 0-2 min, 0% B; 2-9 min, 0-40% B; 9-15 min, 40% B. Peptides were eluted at a constant flow of 1 mL/min.
• the UV detection wavelength was 220 nm.
• the rat pancreatic tumor cell line AR42J was used as a tumor model. 55 To establish tumor growth, cells were detached from the surface of the culture flasks using 1 mM EDTA in PBS, centrifuged and re-suspended in serum-free culture medium (RPMI-1640, Biochrom, Berlin, Germany). Concentration of the cell suspension was 3.7 x 10 6 cells/1 OO ⁇ L serum. Nude mice (female, 6-8 weeks) were injected 100 ⁇ L of the cell suspension subcutaneously into the flank. Ten days after tumor transplantation all mice showed solid palpable tumor masses (tumor weight 0.7-1.4 g) and were used for the experiments.
• serum-free culture medium RPMI-1640, Biochrom, Berlin, Germany
• mice were intravenously injected 38 ⁇ Ci [ Ga]19 (corresponding to 0.15 ⁇ g of peptide) in 100 ⁇ L PBS into the tail vein.
• Non-specific tissue accumulation of the radioligand was determined by coinjection of an excess of cold competitor (20 ⁇ g Tyr 3 -octreotide / mouse).
• a Reagents and conditions (a) SOCl 2 , MeOH, 1 h; 93%; (b) HC ⁇ C-TMS, Pd(PPh 3 )VCuI, NEt 3 , CH 3 CN, 3 h; 93%; (c) 1) LDA, THF, 1 h; 2) NBS, THF, 18 h; 47% (92% related to recovered 14); (d) 1 ,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane, K 2 CO 3 , DMF, 10 h; 53%; (e) 1) BrCH 2 CO 2 MBu K 2 CO 3 , DMF, 4 h; 2) TBAF ; THF, 15 min; 85%.
• Reagents and conditions (a) 1ON HCl/dioxane (1:1, v/v), 18 h; (b) CH 3 CN/H 2 O (1 :1, v/v; HPLC grade) pH 4 (TFA, HPLC grade), 18 h; 73% (two steps).
• a Reagents and conditions (a) LiOH, THF/H 2 0, 18 h;(b) 1) Cu/CuS0 4 , THF/H 2 0, 18 h; 2) TFA/TIPS/H 2 O (95:5:5, v/v), 2 h; 3) Na 2 S, THF/H 2 0; 4) DMSO 5 NH 3 , CH 3 CN/H 2 O, 48 h; 37% (five steps).
• the 6S Ge/ 68 Ga-generator eluate is used directly for peptide labeling without further processing.
• the eluate was evaporated to dryness, and the 68 Ga-activity was then re-dissolved in a small volume of reaction buffer (0.1 N NaOAc, pH 3.5), which was then used for the radiometallation reaction.
• reaction buffer 0.1 N NaOAc, pH 3.5
• the generator was almost exhausted, this procedure allowed to reduce the amount of peptide precursor needed for efficient radiometal incorporation and thus, led to a comparably high specific activity of [ 6S Ga]19 (570 Ci/mmol at the time point of injection into mice).
• [ 68 Ga]19 was obtained in 55.7% radiochemical yield.
• the radiochemical purity of [ 68 Ga]19 was 91.4%.
• DOTA (l,4,7,10-tetrakis(carboxmethyl)-l,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane) and its derivatives emerged as an important class of chelators for imaging technologies in medicine due to their ability to form very stable complexes with a variety of di- and trivalent metal ions.
• suitable prochelators bearing orthogonally protected carboxy- groups have been described. However, so far there is only one report on the synthesis prochelators enabling connections other than through amine or carboxyl functionalities within the targeting molecule.
• [ 68 Ga]19 may serve as a proof of principle for the general applicability of the DOTA-conjugation chemistry via oxime ligation for the synthesis of novel receptor binding radiopeptides without challenging their receptor binding ability.
• novel alkyne and keto functionalized DOTA derivatives described in this article allow a facile and chemoselective conjugation with polyfunctionalized compounds. Furthermore, a bifunctional derivative comprising a free carboxyl and carbonyl moiety is reported which may be a useful tool for further derivation and synthesis of higher compounds like heterodimers.
• our new modified chelators we have developed economical straightforward procedures avoiding complicated protection group chemistry considering the final application of the BFCA. This allows easy access to labeled compounds in few synthetic steps.
• Both the alkyne as well as the methyl ketone functionalized DOTA derivatives proved to react highly selectively in the corresponding conjugation reaction with appropriate N- terminal modified Tyr -octreotate.

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