WO2008050129A2 - Substrats au nickel - Google Patents

Substrats au nickel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008050129A2
WO2008050129A2 PCT/GB2007/004074 GB2007004074W WO2008050129A2 WO 2008050129 A2 WO2008050129 A2 WO 2008050129A2 GB 2007004074 W GB2007004074 W GB 2007004074W WO 2008050129 A2 WO2008050129 A2 WO 2008050129A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
nickel
substrate
porous
ammonia
gas stream
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2007/004074
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2008050129A3 (fr
Inventor
Geoffrey Mason
Bryan Buffham
Klaus Hellgardt
Paul Russell
David Richardson
Original Assignee
Loughborough University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Loughborough University filed Critical Loughborough University
Priority to EP07824318A priority Critical patent/EP2097152A2/fr
Priority to US12/312,097 priority patent/US20100055516A1/en
Publication of WO2008050129A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008050129A2/fr
Publication of WO2008050129A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008050129A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/24—Alkaline accumulators
    • H01M10/30—Nickel accumulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/08—Alloys with open or closed pores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/34—Gastight accumulators
    • H01M10/345—Gastight metal hydride accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the provision of new and useful surfaces on nickel substrates, such as but not limited to wires or spheres, as well as to usages of such metal substrates.
  • GB-A-1183642 International Nickel Limited
  • porous metal products e.g. nickel
  • the solution enters the fibres, is dried and then treated to destroy the cellulosic material and decompose the salt to metal, resulting in a mass which is sintered into a coherent body.
  • a preferred sintering atmosphere is cracked ammonia; conveniently sintering is carried out at a temperature of at least 900 0 C, and in some embodiments at least 1000 0 C.
  • the resultant products are typically flexible sheets or meshes.
  • the paper refers to the diffusion bonding of dense Si 3 N 4 ceramic to nickel at elevated temperatures, and the build up of nitrogen, which is formed as a side-product of the interfacial reaction, building up a pressure (fugacity) at the metal/ceramic contact surface. It is postulated that the nitrogen gas has to escape from the reaction interface either along the contact surface through channels of connected pores, or by interstitial diffusion through the nickel-based solid solution.
  • Formation of CrN is also said to be accompanied by volume change in the substrate.
  • Discussion of nitrogen in relation to the nickel substrate focuses on discussing the solubility of nitrogen in nickel; typical N 2 fugacities of 27500 bar are suggested.
  • Also provided according to the invention is a nickel substrate prepared according to the method of the invention.
  • nickel substrates produced according to the invention are characterised by one or more (i.e. combinations) of the following features:
  • the surface has cracks along the grain boundaries;
  • the pores have a surface pore diameter of less than 10 microns; preferably less than 5 microns, more preferably less than about 1 micron;
  • nickel substrate in the context of the invention is meant a nickel item having a surface on which the porous surface may be produced.
  • the nickel substrate may be made of “pure” nickel (e.g. greater than 98.5% purity, more preferably greater than 99% purity, more preferably greater than 99.5% pure, even more preferably greater than 99.9% pure), or it may in some embodiments be a nickel alloy, or in other embodiments a nickel based material (e.g. one comprising at least 70% nickel).
  • nickel substrate includes items which are nickel or nickel based throughout, but also includes items made of other materials which have a nickel surface coating.
  • the temperature of the gas stream is in the range 400 0 C to 1100 0 C, more preferably at least 450°C, preferably in the range 550 0 C to 65O 0 C, and in a preferred embodiment around 600 0 C.
  • the gas stream is free of oxidising agents and sulphiding agents. These may interact with the nickel on the surface being treated to form by-products such as nickel oxide or nickel sulphide which can be detrimental to use of the resultant substrates as catalysts. It may also optionally comprise an inert gas such as argon. It has also found to be important to the process of the invention that the gas stream flows during the treatment regime.
  • the treatment time of the nickel substrate with the gas flow is in the range 10 to 1000 hours, preferably 50 to 200 hours.
  • the treatment time will be dependent on other aspects such as the concentration of ammonia or hydrazine in the gas stream and treatment temperature, and could in certain circumstances be up to about 1000 hours or more.
  • the gas pressure in the range 1 to 5 bar, preferably 1 bar, although higher pressures (e.g. up to about 1000 bar) can be used without detriment.
  • the gas stream comprises at least 30% ammonia or hydrazine, more preferably at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, or at least 90% or 95% ammonia or hydrazine. Most preferably, the gas stream is at least 99%, more preferably at least 99.5% ammonia or hydrazine. Such concentrations may be beneficial in the initial preparation of a nickel substrate according to the invention.
  • the surface structure of the nickel substrate may be kept refreshed by substantially lower concentrations of ammonia or hydrazine.
  • Concentrations of ammonia or hydrazine may be as low as 0.01%, conveniently more than 0.1% in the process gas and may be added continuously or periodically in order to "refresh" the catalyst or to provide the benefits outlined immediately above .
  • the "treatment" gas in the gas stream comprises ammonia.
  • nickel nitride is generated from nickel and ammonia, but is unstable above approximately 450°C. It is believed that with the relatively high level of ammonia in the gas stream, this causes a very high rate of decomposition of ammonia on the nickel surface, which in turn generates a huge fugacity which causes nitrogen to diffuse into the solid nickel surface. As a result, transient nickel nitride is generated.
  • the nickel substrate once inside the outer surface of the nickel substrate, it is away from the very high nitrogen fugacity at the surface of the nickel substrate which stabilizes it.
  • the nickel nitride subsequently decomposes, releasing nitrogen gas at very high pressure generating a porous layer, the pores carrying a net outward flow.
  • the porous surface on the nickel substrate may have a number of beneficial advantages.
  • Nickel is a commonly used industrial catalyst, and nickel produced according to the invention typically has a ten-fold increase in surface area associated with it.
  • nickel substrates produced accordingly to the invention are beneficially used as catalysts, since the increase in surface area of the substrate results in an increase in catalytic activity.
  • These may be used in industrial activities for which nickel catalysts are utilized; historically this has included processes such as the steam reforming of hydrocarbons, dry reforming of biogas, hydrogenation of sugars, the activation of fuel in high temperature fuel cell devices, and the catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids in oils and fats.
  • a further preferred utility may be in Raney nickel catalysts, in which aluminium is leached out of a nickel aluminium alloy to produce a porous nickel powder, which is used for example as a hydrogenation catalyst.
  • Raney nickel is a preferred industrial catalyst because of its stability and high catalytic activity at room temperature. It is typically used in the reduction of compounds that have multiple bonds such as alkynes, alkenes, nitriles, dienes, aromatics and carbonyls; Raney nickel additionally reduces heteroatom-heteroatom bonds such as nitro groups and nitrosamines. It has also found use in the reductive alkylation of amines, and in the amination of alcohols.
  • the beneficial catalytic activity may be obtained with supported nickel catalysts, as well as unsupported nickel catalysts.
  • the method of the invention may also be used to regenerate existing nickel catalysts.
  • nickel produced according to the invention can be generated in the form of foams by processes and techniques known in the art and marketed e.g. by Inco, and may be combined e.g. with yttria-zirconia to increase the area of the metal-solid-gas interface in fuel cell membranes.
  • one aim is to increase the three-phase boundary, gas/electrode/electrolyte, of the anode side.
  • nickel cermets are used for this purpose. These are a mixture of electrolyte, such as yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and nickel, to make it conducting.
  • YSZ yttria stabilized zirconia
  • Nickel foam can be used to fill the space in the YSZ powder; if it is nickel foam produced according to the invention and the space filled with YSZ powder, the three-phase boundary may increase and therefore increase current density. Indeed, the use of ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells increases current densities.
  • the invention can be used to increase the surface area of nickel powders in nicad battery plates and in nickel-hydride batteries.
  • the invention may be used to reduce the size of pores using electroless nickel plating of a pre-existing coarse porous substrate.
  • the deposited thin nickel film may then be exposed to ammonia according to the invention to provide the required pore density.
  • the resultant membranes may have sub-micron pores, and may be useful in micro-filtration.
  • the nickel substrates produced according to the invention may be used to provide a cost-efficient means of producing hydrogen fuel cells using renewable energy sources.
  • the nickel substrates may also be used as catalysts in aqueous processing systems for steam reforming, methanation and hydrogenation.
  • the invention may also be used to produce porous nickel foils, which are applicable to biomedical, sensor, magnetic and energy related materials.
  • the porous structure may be biocompatible, and may deform into many different shapes. Its mechanical strength can also be enhanced, giving it significant advantages over conventional structures used to culture or grow cells.
  • Porous nickel substrates according to the invention with large internal surface areas can be used to make inter alia batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and sensors. They can also be used in photonic crystal and optical applications.
  • the invention can also be used to make porous shape memory articles, such as those made e.g. from nitinol.
  • the invention may also be utilized to make fuel cells to replace batteries in wireless applications, such as for example laptop computers and cellphones, as well as in oil refinery catalysts.
  • Nickel substrates made according to the invention may take any form including but not limited to spheres, wires, powder, foils, sheets, meshes, rods, tubes, single crystals, and porous foams, either supported or unsupported.
  • FIG. 1 shows a Field Emission Gradient Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM) picture of a cross-section of a nickel sphere near the inlet of the gas stream as described in Example 1 ;
  • FGSEM Field Emission Gradient Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • FIG. 2 shows Field Emission Gradient Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM) picture of a cross-section of a nickel sphere near the outlet of the gas stream as described in Example 1;
  • FGSEM Field Emission Gradient Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • - Figure 3 shows a further Field Emission Gradient Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM) picture of a cross-section of a nickel sphere near the inlet of the gas stream as described in Example 1 ; and - Figure 4 shows how the catalytic activity of exposed nickel substrates increases as measured by fractional conversion.
  • FEGSEM Field Emission Gradient Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • Nickel spheres from Goodfellow (99%), [about 0.76mm diameter] were exposed to pure ammonia (BOC nitride grade) at 600 0 C for approximately 140 hours.
  • the spheres were placed in a 4mm diameter 20mm long ID quartz tube reactor and held in place with plugs of quartz wool.
  • the tube was placed in a furnace and the spheres were kept under flowing argon until a temperature of 600°C was reached; the argon was then replaced with pure ammonia flowing at 2 ml/minute.
  • Figures 1 to 3 are cross-sections of a sphere from near the inlet of the reactor tube, with Figure 3 being a higher magnification micrograph, and Figure 2 is a cross-section of a sphere from near the outlet of the reactor tube.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A similar experiment was conducted to Example 1, except that nitrogen, hydrogen and mixtures of the two were used instead of ammonia.
  • the resultant nickel surface displayed a much less porous and pitted surface with any pores or pitting thought to be due to the presence of impurities in the nickel, and the formation of resultant nitrides with these.
  • the comparative example demonstrates it is the decomposition of ammonia on the nickel surface which provides the porous structure.
  • Example 1 A similar experiment was conducted to Example 1, except that 99.99% pure nickel wire was utilised. The resultant surface had a similar degree of pore formation and pitting to that found for Example 1. This demonstrates that the changes to the spheres observed in Example 1 are not exclusively attributable to the presence of impurities.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé d'application d'une surface poreuse sur un substrat de nickel consistant à traiter le substrat avec un flux de gaz circulant comprenant de l'ammoniac ou de l'hydrazine à une température supérieure ou égale à 400°C, la surface poreuse résultante comprenant des pores qui sont sensiblement tous interconnectés et ont accès à la surface.
PCT/GB2007/004074 2006-10-27 2007-10-25 Substrats au nickel WO2008050129A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07824318A EP2097152A2 (fr) 2006-10-27 2007-10-25 Substrats au nickel
US12/312,097 US20100055516A1 (en) 2006-10-27 2007-10-25 Nickel substrates

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0621386.2 2006-10-27
GBGB0621386.2A GB0621386D0 (en) 2006-10-27 2006-10-27 Nickel substrates

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008050129A2 true WO2008050129A2 (fr) 2008-05-02
WO2008050129A3 WO2008050129A3 (fr) 2009-07-30

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US (1) US20100055516A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2097152A2 (fr)
GB (1) GB0621386D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008050129A2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008027767B4 (de) * 2008-06-11 2015-05-21 Süd-Chemie Ip Gmbh & Co. Kg Radial durchströmter monolithischer Katalysator aus beschichtetem Nickelschaum und dessen Verwendung
WO2017015569A1 (fr) * 2015-07-22 2017-01-26 Gencell Ltd. Procédé pour la décomposition thermique d'ammoniac et réacteur pour la mise en oeuvre dudit procédé

Families Citing this family (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2013155393A (ja) * 2012-01-27 2013-08-15 Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc 被覆部材およびその製造方法
EP3216522A1 (fr) 2013-02-06 2017-09-13 Alantum Europe GmbH Corps en mousse métallique à surface modifiée, son procédé de production et son utilisation
CN115041706B (zh) * 2022-05-31 2023-07-11 中南大学 一种改善3d打印镍钛铜合金综合性能的热处理方法
CN115101722B (zh) * 2022-06-28 2023-06-23 晖阳(贵州)新能源材料有限公司 一种磁控溅射法制备多孔银包覆硬碳复合材料的制备方法

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US20030164309A1 (en) * 2001-12-28 2003-09-04 Omega Co., Ltd. Method and device for deodorization and purification of exhaust gas or flue gas

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US5235108A (en) * 1989-02-24 1993-08-10 Engelhard De Meern B.V Process for preparing secondary alkylamine
US20030164309A1 (en) * 2001-12-28 2003-09-04 Omega Co., Ltd. Method and device for deodorization and purification of exhaust gas or flue gas

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HYUNG SOO UH ET AL: "Carbon nanotubes growing on rapid thermal annealed Ni and their application to a triode-type field emission device" THIN SOLID FILMS ELSEVIER SWITZERLAND, vol. 504, no. 1-2, 10 May 2006 (2006-05-10), pages 50-54, XP002524295 ISSN: 0040-6090 *
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008027767B4 (de) * 2008-06-11 2015-05-21 Süd-Chemie Ip Gmbh & Co. Kg Radial durchströmter monolithischer Katalysator aus beschichtetem Nickelschaum und dessen Verwendung
WO2017015569A1 (fr) * 2015-07-22 2017-01-26 Gencell Ltd. Procédé pour la décomposition thermique d'ammoniac et réacteur pour la mise en oeuvre dudit procédé
US10450192B2 (en) 2015-07-22 2019-10-22 Gencell Ltd. Process for the thermal decomposition of ammonia and reactor for carrying out said process

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20100055516A1 (en) 2010-03-04
GB0621386D0 (en) 2006-12-06
EP2097152A2 (fr) 2009-09-09
WO2008050129A3 (fr) 2009-07-30

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