WO2008036605A2 - Pastilles de combustible - Google Patents

Pastilles de combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008036605A2
WO2008036605A2 PCT/US2007/078655 US2007078655W WO2008036605A2 WO 2008036605 A2 WO2008036605 A2 WO 2008036605A2 US 2007078655 W US2007078655 W US 2007078655W WO 2008036605 A2 WO2008036605 A2 WO 2008036605A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
corn
hulls
fuel pellet
wheat
pellet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2007/078655
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2008036605A3 (fr
Inventor
Luke Reynolds
Scott Mcgowen
Robert Sheffer
Joshua S. Veal
Todd G. Brion
Luca C. Zullo
David A. Cook
Original Assignee
Cargill, Incorporated
Can Technologies, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cargill, Incorporated, Can Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Cargill, Incorporated
Priority to EP07814893A priority Critical patent/EP2079820A2/fr
Priority to CA002663750A priority patent/CA2663750A1/fr
Publication of WO2008036605A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008036605A2/fr
Publication of WO2008036605A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008036605A3/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
    • C10L5/36—Shape
    • C10L5/363—Pellets or granulates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • pelleted hardwood fuel One such alternative is pelleted hardwood fuel.
  • Hardwood pellets can provide sufficient heat to be an efficient fuel.
  • pelleted hardwood fuels face some of the same limitations as fossil fuels. For instance, hardwood trees that are harvested take years to replace with new growth. Also, the increased efficiencies achieved in the lumber and paper industries place constraints on the amount of hardwood scrap that is available for pelleting.
  • Hardwood also has a high lignin contents (e.g., typically at least about 25 wt.%). High lignin contents can result in the production of tar-like residues when the fuel is burned. This may necessitate processing of hardwood materials to remove a portion of the lignin content prior to being used to form a fuel pellet. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for alternative fuels that are renewable and in adequate supply.
  • the present application is directed to fuel pellets formed from a mixture which includes an agricultural biomass.
  • the fuel pellets include substantial amounts of agricultural biomass having a relatively low lignin content, e.g., about 60 wt.% (dry basis) or more of the agricultural biomass.
  • the fuel pellets may have a low ash content, good pellet durability (e.g., as determined by their pellet durability index) and heating values comparable to conventional hardwood fuel pellets.
  • the fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising agricultural biomass which includes whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp and/or sunflower hulls.
  • suitable agricultural biomass materials which may be used to form the present fuel pellets include co-products from corn milling processes (e.g. corn gluten feed, white fiber), oat hulls, rice hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, empty palm fruit bundles, almond hulls, walnut meal, and the like.
  • the fuel pellet such that it has an ash content with composition and/or characteristics comparable to that of fly ash.
  • Additional agricultural biomass materials which may be used to form the present fuel pellets include ground barley, cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseed, ground milo, oatmeal, oat flour, rye and/or broken rice.
  • the agricultural biomass may be used "as is” or may have undergone some physical or chemical process(es) prior to being used to produce the present fuel pellets.
  • the agricultural biomass is to produce the fuel pellet may have has undergone a pretreatment process such as size reduction, homogenization, thermal pretreatment or the like.
  • the fuel pellet typically has an ash content of no more than about 5 wt.%, desirably, no more than about 4 wt.% and, more desirably, no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the fuel pellets may have a heating value of about 7,500 BTU/lb (dry basis) or higher.
  • the agricultural biomass will have a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt.% (on a dry basis).
  • the mixture desirably includes at least about 60 wt.%, suitably at least about 75 wt.% and, often, at least about 90 wt.% of such agricultural biomass.
  • the lignin content of the fuel pellets is no more than about 10 wt.%, and, desirably no more than about 5 wt.% (on a dry basis).
  • the fuel pellet comprises an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn (e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn), corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • corn e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • corn cobs e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • corn stover e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • wheat e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • wheat e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • wheat middlings e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • wheat straw e.g. cracked corn and/or whole corn
  • soy beans soy bean hulls
  • soy cotyledon fiber alfalfa
  • dried distillers grain oats
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • Another embodiment relates to a fuel pellet formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt.% corn; and about 10 to 60 wt.% of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • Yet another embodiment relates to a method of producing heat comprising burning a fuel pellet wherein the fuel pellet comprises an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • Biomass fuel pellets for use in stoves and boilers should conform to a variety of requirements.
  • the pellets should have a sufficient heating value when burned to be an efficient source of energy.
  • the pellets should also have a low ash content to prevent equipment fouling.
  • the pellets should also have a sufficient integrity such that the amount of fine particles is kept low.
  • a fuel pellet should desirably have a heating value of at least about 6000 BTU/lb (dry basis), desirably at least about 6500 BTU/lb (dry basis), more desirably at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, preferably, at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) when burned.
  • the present fuel pellets may have a heating value of about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis) or even higher.
  • Conventional hardwood can have a heating value as high as about 7900 BTU/lb.
  • Another requirement for a heating fuel is a low ash content.
  • Ash produced by burning fuel may result in fouling of equipment.
  • an adequate ash content may be no more than about 5 wt.%, suitably no more than about 4 wt.%. and, more suitably, no more than about 3 wt.%.
  • the ash content may be no more than about 2.0 wt.% or no more than about 1.7 wt.%.
  • fuel pellets with an ash content up to about 15 wt.% may be quite suitable.
  • Biomass fuel pellets must also have a sufficiently high integrity to limit the presence of fine combustible particles.
  • a pellet's integrity can be measured by its pellet durability index ("PDI") as measured via a procedure similar to that described in Feed Manufacturing Technology III (American Feed Industry Association, Arlington VA. McEllhiney, R. R. (technical Editor). 1985. Appendix G Wafers, Pellets, and Crumbles - Definitions and methods for determining specific weight, durability, and moisture content; Section 6 Durability; Paragraph 2, Pellets and crumbles) the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the procedure includes the following steps: 1) Obtain a composite product sample by obtaining several samples at regular intervals throughout production. The samples should be mixed together for testing.
  • An exemplary tumbler may be 25 x 12.5 x 12, including four chambers and tumble at about 54 rpm.
  • Biomass fuel pellets desirably have a PDI of at least about 90 and more desirable at least about 95.
  • the biomass fuel pellets may be generally cylindrical in shape and have a diameter of about 2/16 of an inch to 6/16 of an inch. More desirably, the fuel pellets may have a diameter of about 3/16 of an inch to 5/16 of an inch.
  • the fuel pellets may have an aspect ration (i.e. diameter : length) of about 1 :1 to 5:1.
  • K, S, and Cl can vaporize and deposit on metal surfaces.
  • the resulting deposited layer may eventually melt and become sticky, which can result in the trapping of nonvolatile materials, containing elements such as Si, Ca, and Mg.
  • Such elements may react with alkali metals, sulfur and/or chlorine
  • the products of such reactions e.g., alkali silicates
  • chloride salts can lead to breakdown of the protective oxide layer on metal surfaces and ultimately contribute to accelerating corrosion. It can be advantageous to have low levels of inorganic compounds incorporating the elements listed above in the present fuel pellets.
  • Example, for residential appliances, the Pellet Fuel Institute has a maximum limit on water soluble Na in fuel pellets of 300 ppm.
  • Table 4 shows the weight percents for each component of six exemplary fuel pellet formulations.
  • the fuel pellet formula may be weighed out and mixed in a ribbon mixer for 3 minutes. Once the mixing is complete, the loose mix may be conditioned with steam. The conditioned mixture will then be pelleted at a temperature of 140 - 180 0 F utilizing a 1 A inch die then cooled using a counter flow cooler. The cooled pellets were then screened to remove any remaining fine material.
  • a variety of materials may be used in place of and/or together with the agricultural biomass materials listed above.
  • oilseeds and oilseed materials may be used.
  • Such material include soy beans, soy bean byproducts, sunflower seeds, sunflower byproducts, rapeseeds and rapeseed byproducts.
  • the present fuel pellets may be formed from a mixture which includes substantial amounts of agricultural biomass having a relatively low lignin content, e.g., about 60 wt.% (dry basis) or more of the agricultural biomass.
  • the fuel pellets desirably have a low ash content, good pellet durability (e.g., as determined by their pellet durability index) and heating values comparable to conventional hardwood fuel pellets.
  • the fuel pellets may have an ash content as high as about 15 wt.%, although lower ash contents, e.g., no more than about 5 wt.% and, more desirably, no more than about 3 wt.%, are commonly suitable for many applications.
  • the fuel pellets may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising agricultural biomass which includes whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp and/or sunflower hulls.
  • suitable agricultural biomass materials which may be used to form the present fuel pellets include co-products from corn milling processes (e.g. corn gluten feed, white fiber), oat hulls, rice hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse and/or empty palm fruit.
  • the fuel pellets may comprise an agricultural biomass having a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt.%.
  • the fuel pellet itself has a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt.% and, often, no more than about 5 wt.%.
  • the pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90 and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the fuel pellet will have a heating value of at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis) and more desirably 7500 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the agricultural biomass may be selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw , soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, rapeseed hulls, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have a PDI of at least about 90 and more preferably at least about 95.
  • the agricultural biomass may comprise at least about 40 wt.% cracked corn, whole corn, or a mixture thereof and preferably at least about 40 wt.% cracked corn.
  • the present fuel pellets may include up to about 30 wt.% triacylglyceride material (i.e., have a "triacylglyceride content" of no more than about 30 wt.%).
  • the fuel pellet has a triacylglyceride content of no more than about 5 wt.% and, more desirably, the fuel pellet has a triacylglyceride content of no more than about 3 wt.%.
  • the fuel pellet further comprises a sugar alcohol component, which may comprise glycerol.
  • a sugar alcohol component which may comprise glycerol.
  • the fuel pellet contains no more than about 5 wt.% of the sugar alcohol but in certain embodiments, may contain up to about 30 wt.% of the sugar alcohol.
  • the fuel pellet further comprises a processing aid.
  • the processing aid may comprise paraffin wax, hydrogenated triacylglyceride, tallow, and/or a thermoplastic polymer (which may optionally be densified).
  • a fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 85 wt.% cracked corn, about 20 to 60 wt.% wheat middlings, and optionally up to about 5 wt.% glycerol. In many embodiments, the inclusion of 3 wt.% glycerol or less as a pelleting aid may be quite suitable.
  • suitable pelleting aids may encompass both lubricants and binders.
  • glycerol may have functionality as both.
  • suitable binders would include, but are not limited to, lignin sulfonates, starches of various grains, gelatins, or alginates with inclusion levels as low as 0.1%. or as high as 40-50% in case of starches.
  • Super Lube Uniscope
  • Lube Aid Ag Research
  • Pelltech Boregaard Ligno Tech
  • a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • a fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt.% corn, and about 10 to 60 wt.% of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • a method of producing heat may comprise burning a fuel pellet comprising an agricultural biomass.
  • the agricultural biomass may include material selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 2.5 wt.% ash, desirably no more than about 2.0 wt.% ash, and more desirably no more than about 1.7 wt.% ash.
  • the fuel pellet commonly has a density of at least about 35 lbs/ft 3 and desirably no more than about 45 lbs/ft .
  • the pellets have a density of about 40- 43 lbs/ft 3 .
  • a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass wherein the pellet has an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, a sulfur content of no more than about 0.2 wt.%, a moisture content of no more than about 15 wt.% (more desirably no more than about 13 wt.%), a triacylglyceride content ("TAG content") of no more than about 5 wt.% and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the agricultural biomass may have a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt.% and desirably no more than about 5 wt.%.
  • the fuel pellet may comprise from 0.1 to 5 wt.% glycerol. In other embodiments, the fuel pellet may comprise at least about 0.5 wt.% glycerol. In yet other embodiments, the fuel pellet comprises about 1 to 3 wt.% glycerol.
  • the fuel pellet may have a generally cylindrical shape.
  • the fuel pellet may have a diameter of about 2/16 of an inch to 6/16 of an inch. More desirably, the fuel pellet may have a diameter of about 3/16 of an inch to 5/16 of an inch.
  • the fuel pellet may have an aspect ratio of about 1 : 1 to 5 : 1.
  • the fuel pellet may comprises a processing aid.
  • Pellets containing such a processing aid may suitably include about 0.1 to 3 wt.% glycerol.
  • a fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt.% corn, and more desirably about 40 to 80 wt.% corn.
  • the mixture may further comprise wheat, wheat middlings, soy hulls, sunflower hulls, rapeseed hulls, oats, dried distillers grains, beet pulp, corn cob, or mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet comprises an agricultural biomass having a lignin content of no more than about 10 wt.% (dry basis), wherein the pellet has an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the fuel pellet comprises at least about 60 wt.% (dry basis) of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, dried distillers grain, oats, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, ground barley, cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseed, ground milo, oatmeal, oat flour, rye, broken rice, empty palm fruit bundles and mixtures thereof.
  • an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, dried distillers grain, oats, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products
  • the fuel pellet typically has an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis), more suitably at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, more desirably, at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the fuel pellets are formed from a mixture which includes corn, corn byproducts, oats, oat byproducts, wheat, wheat byproducts, rice, and/or rice byproducts.
  • oilseeds and oilseed materials may be used. Such materials include soy beans, soy bean byproducts, sunflower seeds, sunflower byproducts, rapeseeds and rapeseed byproducts.
  • the fuel pellet comprises at least about 60 wt.% (dry basis) of agricultural biomass, such as the materials described in this paragraph.
  • the fuel pellets comprise at least about 60 wt.% (dry basis) of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, dried distillers grain, oats, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, empty palm fruit bundles and mixtures thereof.
  • an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, dried distillers grain, oats, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice
  • Such fuel pellets typically have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis), more suitably at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, more desirably, at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • the fuel pellets are formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt.% corn; and about 10 to 60 wt.% of an agricultural biomass which includes corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, ground barley, cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseed, ground milo, oatmeal, oat flour, rye, broken rice, empty palm fruit bundles or a mixture thereof.
  • an agricultural biomass which includes corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain,
  • Such fuel pellets typically have a PDI of at least about 90.
  • Such fuel pellets typically have a heating value of at least about 6800 BTU/lb (dry basis), more suitably at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis) and, more desirably, at least about 7200 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • Such fuel pellets suitably have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%.
  • a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3.0%, a PDI of at least about 90%, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
  • a fuel pellet may comprise an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
  • a fuel pellet may be formed by pelleting a mixture comprising about 40 to 90 wt.% corn, and about 10 to 60 wt.% of an agricultural biomass selected from the group consisting of corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
  • a method of producing heat may comprise burning a fuel pellet comprising an agricultural biomass.
  • the agricultural biomass may include material selected from the group consisting of cracked corn, whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 3 wt.%, a PDI of at least about 90, and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb.
  • the fuel pellet may have an ash content of no more than about 2.5 wt.% ash, desirably no more than about 2.0 wt.% ash, and more desirably no more than about 1.7 wt.% ash.
  • the fuel pellet commonly has a density of at least about 35 lbs/ft 3 and desirably no more than about 45 lbs/ft .
  • the pellets have a density of about 40-43 lbs/ft 3 .
  • Yet another embodiment is directed to a method of producing heat comprising burning fuel pellets formed by pelleting a mixture comprising an agricultural biomass which includes whole corn, corn cobs, corn stover, wheat, wheat middlings, wheat straw, soy beans, soy bean hulls, soy cotyledon fiber, alfalfa, dried distillers grain, oats, oat straw, sugar beet pulp, sunflower hulls, co-products from corn milling processes, oat hulls, rapeseed meal, rapeseed fractions, bagasse, rice hulls, empty palm fruit bundles and mixtures thereof.
  • the fuel pellets commonly have a PDI of at least about 90 and a heating value of at least about 7000 BTU/lb (dry basis).
  • Yet another embodiment is directed to a method of producing heat comprising burning fuel pellets formed from a mixture which includes substantial amounts of agricultural biomass having a relatively low lignin content, e.g., about 60 wt.% (dry basis) or more of the agricultural biomass.
  • the fuel pellets desirably have a low ash content, good pellet durability (e.g., as determined by their pellet durability index) and heating values comparable to conventional hardwood fuel pellets.
  • the fuel pellets may have an ash content as high as about 15 wt.%, although lower ash contents, e.g., no more than about 5 wt.% and, more desirably, no more than about 3 wt.%, are commonly suitable for many applications.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne des pastilles de combustible contenant des quantités importantes de biomasse agricole à teneur en lignine relativement faible. Ces pastilles présentent une faible teneur en cendres, une bonne durabilité (définie, par exemple, par leur indice de durabilité) et des valeurs de chauffage comparables aux pastilles de combustible en bois dur classiques. Les pastilles selon l'invention peuvent être obtenues par bouletage d'un mélange contenant de la biomasse agricole contenant du maïs entier, des épis de maïs, de la canne de maïs, du blé, du remoulage bis, de la paille de blé, du soja, des cosses de soja, des fibres de cotylédons de soja, de la luzerne, de la drêche sèche de distillerie, de l'avoine, de la paille d'avoine, de la pulpe de betterave et/ou des cosses de tournesol. Les autres matériaux issus de la biomasse agricole pouvant être utilisés pour fabriquer ces pastilles de combustible comprennent des coproduits issus des processus de maïserie (par exemple, du gros gluten de maïs, de la fibre blanche), des bales d'avoine, des écorces de riz, de la farine de colza, des fractions de colza, de la bagasse, de l'orge moulu, des coques de coton, du coton entier, du sorgho moulu, de la farine de gruau, de la farine d'avoine, du seigle, de la brisure de riz et des balles de fruits de palmier à huile vides.
PCT/US2007/078655 2006-09-18 2007-09-17 Pastilles de combustible WO2008036605A2 (fr)

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EP2090641A1 (fr) * 2008-02-15 2009-08-19 Renewable Densified Fuels, LLC Granulés de combustible densifiés
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FR3028261A1 (fr) * 2014-11-12 2016-05-13 Soc Des Etablissements Barreteau Combustible solide sous forme de produit presse et son procede de fabrication
RU2628608C1 (ru) * 2016-07-01 2017-08-21 Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт механизации сельского хозяйства (ФГБНУ ВИМ) Способ производства топливных брикетов или гранул
CN109628192A (zh) * 2018-11-23 2019-04-16 龙正环保股份有限公司 一种生物质致密成型燃料及其制备方法

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