US20040045215A1 - Combustible fuel - Google Patents
Combustible fuel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20040045215A1 US20040045215A1 US10/237,312 US23731202A US2004045215A1 US 20040045215 A1 US20040045215 A1 US 20040045215A1 US 23731202 A US23731202 A US 23731202A US 2004045215 A1 US2004045215 A1 US 2004045215A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- combustible fuel
- maize cob
- cob
- corn
- combustible
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007580 dry-mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004484 Briquette Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 2
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000144725 Amygdalus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011437 Amygdalus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000144730 Amygdalus persica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219501 Casuarina Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000165963 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Species 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000758789 Juglans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009496 Juglans regia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006040 Prunus persica var persica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020224 almond Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011361 granulated particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012169 petroleum derived wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
- C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to combustible fuel.
- the present invention relates to a combustible fuel manufactured from a biomass resource, such as corn cobs, and a method of producing the combustible fuel.
- Combustible fuels are widely used to generate heat for various uses, such as for combined heating and power or cooking.
- fossil fuels such as coal are very efficient heat generators, they produce environmentally undesirable fumes and gasses during combustion. These gasses can also be absorbed in food that is being cooked and taken in by consumption. It is believed that these fumes may have certain harmful effects.
- Johnston provides a high heating value, fuel pellet comprising from about 50 to about 99% by weight natural cellulose material and from about 1 to about 50% by weight synthetic polymeric thermoplastic material. Again, the use of plastics material leads to the formation of undesirable and environmentally unfriendly gaseous products during combustion.
- a process for preparing combustible solid fuel from grain residue is disclosed by Paquette in U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,825.
- the process includes the steps of passing the grain residue through a pelletising zone wherein the residue is subjected to compaction pressure of greater than about 100 psi while passing live steam there through for a period sufficient to cause the in-situ cellulose to form a cohesive pelletised mass.
- Paquette specifically teaches the use of grain residues obtained after milling of the grain and does not use biomass resources that are removed or discarded prior to the milling process.
- a combustible fuel includes a compressed unit of crushed maize cob.
- the maize cob may be selected from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
- the crushed maize cob may be compressed to a density of between 0.25 to 1.5 g/cm 3 .
- the combustible fuel may, after combustion thereof is completed, produce a residue of less than 2% by mass.
- the combustible fuel may include suitable ignition additives.
- the combustible fuel may include a corn starch as a binding agent.
- the combustible fuel may be adapted to fully ignite within about seven minutes.
- the combustible fuel may be pre-burned in an oxygen depleted atmosphere.
- the combustible fuel may be provided in any shape, e.g. disc-shaped.
- the combustible fuel may be adapted to produce less than 3 minutes smoke emission during combustion for a period of at least 30 minutes.
- a combustible fuel includes a corn cob, which is pre-burned in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal.
- the maize cob may be selected from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
- the combustible fuel may, after combustion thereof is completed, produce a residue of less than 2% by mass.
- the combustible fuel may include suitable ignition additives.
- the combustible fuel may be adapted to fully ignite within about seven minutes.
- a method of manufacturing a combustible fuel unit includes the steps of crushing at least one maize cob; of dry mixing the crushed maize cob(s) with a binder to produce a combustible fuel mixture; and of compressing a volume of the combustible fuel mixture to form a combustible fuel unit.
- the method may include the step of crushing the maize cob to a size of between 150 microns and 15 mm.
- the method may include the step of adding a suitable ignition additive to the combustible fuel mixture.
- the method may include the step of heating the combustible fuel mixture to reduce its moisture content.
- the method may include the step of compressing the combustible fuel mixture under a pressure of between 35000 kPa and 176000 kPa.
- the method may include the selection of the maize cob from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
- the invention also extends to a method of generating heat using a combustible fuel as set out herein.
- FIG. 1 a perspective view of a combustible fuel unit in accordance with the invention.
- FIG. 2 a block diagram of a method of manufacturing a combustible fuel unit shown in FIG. 1.
- a combustible fuel unit in accordance with the invention is shown.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 includes crushed or granulated particles 12 of maize cob.
- the maize cob 12 can be a corn cob, a yellow maize cob or a white maize cob, which is compressed into a pellet of desired shape, e.g. disc-shaped, to a density of between 0.25 to 1.5 g/cm 3 .
- the particles 12 are held together in a matrix of binding agents, such as corn starch, and suitable ignition additives, for aiding in igniting the maize cob during use.
- binding agents such as corn starch, and suitable ignition additives, for aiding in igniting the maize cob during use.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 is adapted to fully ignite within seven minutes. Furthermore, during combustion the combustible fuel unit 10 produces less than 3 minutes smoke emission during a period of combustion of 30 minutes. The mass loss on ignition for the fuel unit 10 was measured as being 99.2%.
- Biomass fuels are characterized by their moisture content, density, apparent density, and what is called the “Proximate and Ultimate analyses”. They can be burned directly for heat or to make steam for power.
- the “proximate” analysis gives moisture content, volatile content (when heated to 950° C.), the free carbon remaining at that point, the ash (mineral) in the sample and the high heating value (HHV) based on the complete combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide and liquid water.
- the low heating value, LHV gives the heat released when the hydrogen is burned to gaseous water, corresponding to most heating applications.
- the average calorific value is about 15.2 MJ/kg.
- the lower heating values as received (LHV ar ) of charcoal is 23.711 MJ/kg and that of coal is 26.621 MJ/kg.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 is consumed by about 98% by mass during combustion and produces an ash residue of less than 2% by mass after combustion is completed.
- An analysis of the residue after combustion of a combustible fuel unit 10 showed the results in Table 3: TABLE 3 Fe 2 O 3 0.08% MnO 0.01% Cr 2 O 3 0.01% V 2 O 5 0% TiO 2 0.02% CaO 0.04% K 2 O 0.3% P 2 O 5 0.04% SiO 2 0.1% Al 2 O 3 0% MgO 0% Na 2 O 0% Cl 0.08% S 0.07%
- the method 14 includes a first step 16 wherein a maize cob is crushed to a size of between 150 microns and 15 millimetres. Thereafter in the step indicated by numeral 18 the crushed maize cob is dry mixed with a binder to produce a combustible fuel mixture. Additional additives, such as ignition additives, can be added to the mixture at this time.
- This combustible fuel mixture is heated if required, as shown in an intermediate step 20 , to reduce its overall moisture content to less than 12%.
- step 22 a volume the combustible fuel mixture is compressed to form the combustible fuel unit 10 .
- a pressure of between 35000 and 176000 kPa is applied to ensure that a solid combustible fuel unit 10 having a density of between 0.25 and 1.5 g/cm 3 s obtained.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 can be formed into a charcoal briquette by burning the combustible fuel unit 10 in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal, so that many of the impurities are removed and leaving a structure consisting mainly of carbon.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 can alternatively include a complete corn cob, which is turned into charcoal by burning it in an oxygen depleted atmosphere, so that many of the impurities are removed and leaving a structure consisting mainly of carbon.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 can thereafter be burned to generate heat, such as in cooking, heating, power, and combined heating and power.
- heat such as in cooking, heating, power, and combined heating and power.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 is made of maize cob, very few environmentally undesirable fumes are produced. Also, as the combustible fuel unit 10 is almost completely consumed during combustion, very little waste is produced.
- the combustible fuel unit 10 can be provided in any colour, e.g. for providing aesthetically more appealing colours than the normal black briquette currently commercially available.
Abstract
The invention discloses a combustible fuel including a compressed unit of crushed maize cob, such as corn cob or white or yellow maize cob, and a method of its manufacture. The corn cob has no additional non-biomass additives and results in a residue of less than 2% by mass after complete combustion.
Description
- The present invention relates to combustible fuel.
- More particularly, the present invention relates to a combustible fuel manufactured from a biomass resource, such as corn cobs, and a method of producing the combustible fuel.
- Combustible fuels are widely used to generate heat for various uses, such as for combined heating and power or cooking. Although fossil fuels such as coal are very efficient heat generators, they produce environmentally undesirable fumes and gasses during combustion. These gasses can also be absorbed in food that is being cooked and taken in by consumption. It is believed that these fumes may have certain harmful effects.
- For the above reasons it is desirable to use a combustible fuel that produces relatively small amounts of undesirable fumes and gasses. Such a combustible fuel has been found to exist in biomass resources, such as in some forestry or agricultural residues. A further advantage is that the biomass resources are normally readily available.
- The use of biomass resources as fuels has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,684 where Seymour provided a composite fuel article comprised of particulate consumable material, such as ground corn cobs and husk material, a petroleum derivative, such as paraffin slack wax, a lignosulfonate, and a corn starch. The constituents are heated, mixed together and compressed to form a solid fuel article in the shape of a log or briquette. The applicant is of the opinion that the inclusion of the petroleum derivatives or wax and the lignosulfonate lead to the formation of undesirable and environmentally unfriendly gaseous products during combustion.
- In U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,897, Johnston provides a high heating value, fuel pellet comprising from about 50 to about 99% by weight natural cellulose material and from about 1 to about 50% by weight synthetic polymeric thermoplastic material. Again, the use of plastics material leads to the formation of undesirable and environmentally unfriendly gaseous products during combustion.
- A process for preparing combustible solid fuel from grain residue is disclosed by Paquette in U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,825. The process includes the steps of passing the grain residue through a pelletising zone wherein the residue is subjected to compaction pressure of greater than about 100 psi while passing live steam there through for a period sufficient to cause the in-situ cellulose to form a cohesive pelletised mass. Paquette specifically teaches the use of grain residues obtained after milling of the grain and does not use biomass resources that are removed or discarded prior to the milling process.
- In U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,561 Dean et al disclose a process and apparatus for pelletising tree bark and other botanical material for use as an industrial fuel. A dryer burning fines from the final product is used to heat bark or other botanical material which is typically a waste product from lumbering or agricultural production. Once dried, the material is finally ground, preheated and forced through a pelletising mill to create a pelletised product for substituting coal as a heating source. This process requires a large amount of energy to heat the material and may not be economical to operate.
- It is an object of the invention to suggest a combustible fuel, which will assist in overcoming the abovementioned problems.
- According to the invention, a combustible fuel includes a compressed unit of crushed maize cob.
- The maize cob may be selected from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
- The crushed maize cob may be compressed to a density of between 0.25 to 1.5 g/cm3.
- The combustible fuel may, after combustion thereof is completed, produce a residue of less than 2% by mass.
- The combustible fuel may include suitable ignition additives.
- The combustible fuel may include a corn starch as a binding agent.
- The combustible fuel may be adapted to fully ignite within about seven minutes.
- The combustible fuel may be pre-burned in an oxygen depleted atmosphere.
- The combustible fuel may be provided in any shape, e.g. disc-shaped.
- The combustible fuel may be adapted to produce less than 3 minutes smoke emission during combustion for a period of at least 30 minutes.
- Also according to the invention, a combustible fuel includes a corn cob, which is pre-burned in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal.
- The maize cob may be selected from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
- The combustible fuel may, after combustion thereof is completed, produce a residue of less than 2% by mass.
- The combustible fuel may include suitable ignition additives.
- The combustible fuel may be adapted to fully ignite within about seven minutes.
- Further according to the invention, a method of manufacturing a combustible fuel unit includes the steps of crushing at least one maize cob; of dry mixing the crushed maize cob(s) with a binder to produce a combustible fuel mixture; and of compressing a volume of the combustible fuel mixture to form a combustible fuel unit.
- The method may include the step of crushing the maize cob to a size of between 150 microns and 15 mm.
- The method may include the step of adding a suitable ignition additive to the combustible fuel mixture.
- The method may include the step of heating the combustible fuel mixture to reduce its moisture content.
- The method may include the step of compressing the combustible fuel mixture under a pressure of between 35000 kPa and 176000 kPa.
- The method may include the selection of the maize cob from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
- The invention also extends to a method of generating heat using a combustible fuel as set out herein.
- The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings.
- In the drawings there is shown in:
- FIG. 1 a perspective view of a combustible fuel unit in accordance with the invention; and
- FIG. 2 a block diagram of a method of manufacturing a combustible fuel unit shown in FIG. 1.
- Referring to FIG. 1, a combustible fuel unit in accordance with the invention, generally indicated by
reference numeral 10, is shown. Thecombustible fuel unit 10 includes crushed or granulatedparticles 12 of maize cob. - The
maize cob 12 can be a corn cob, a yellow maize cob or a white maize cob, which is compressed into a pellet of desired shape, e.g. disc-shaped, to a density of between 0.25 to 1.5 g/cm3. - The
particles 12 are held together in a matrix of binding agents, such as corn starch, and suitable ignition additives, for aiding in igniting the maize cob during use. - Once ignited, the
combustible fuel unit 10 is adapted to fully ignite within seven minutes. Furthermore, during combustion thecombustible fuel unit 10 produces less than 3 minutes smoke emission during a period of combustion of 30 minutes. The mass loss on ignition for thefuel unit 10 was measured as being 99.2%. - Biomass fuels are characterized by their moisture content, density, apparent density, and what is called the “Proximate and Ultimate analyses”. They can be burned directly for heat or to make steam for power. The “proximate” analysis gives moisture content, volatile content (when heated to 950° C.), the free carbon remaining at that point, the ash (mineral) in the sample and the high heating value (HHV) based on the complete combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide and liquid water. (The low heating value, LHV, gives the heat released when the hydrogen is burned to gaseous water, corresponding to most heating applications.) (Cf. “Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels”, S. Gaur and T. Reed, Marcel Dekker, 1998.)
- The energy production of various samples of the
combustible fuel unit 10 was tested using a bomb calorimeter. The samples were constituted by finely ground, medium ground and courseground cob particles 12 mixed with or without a corn starch binding matrix. The values given in Table 1 below are lower heating values as received (LHVar):TABLE 1 Sample Description Calorific value 1 Finely ground particles with starch additive 14.564 MJ/kg 2 Medium ground particles with starch additive 15.187 MJ/kg 3 Finely ground particles without starch additive 15.122 MJ/kg 4 Medium ground particles without starch 15.486 MJ/kg additive 5 Rough ground particles without starch additive 15.712 MJ/kg - As can be seen from the test results, the average calorific value is about 15.2 MJ/kg. In comparison the lower heating values as received (LHVar) of charcoal is 23.711 MJ/kg and that of coal is 26.621 MJ/kg.
- Higher heating values, including higher heating values of inter alia corn cob char and other fuels (HHVdaf) are given in Table 2:
TABLE 2 HHVDRY HHVDAF (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) ENERGY FUELS Eucalyptus Camaldulensis 19.42 19.57 Casuarina 18.77 19.12 Poplar 19.38 19.64 Sudan Grass 17.39 19.04 AGRICULTURAL Peach Pits 20.82 21.04 Walnut Shells 20.18 20.29 Almond Prunings 20.01 20.34 Black Walnut Prunings 19.83 19.99 Corncobs 18.77 19.03 Wheat Straw 17.51 19.22 Cotton Stalk 18.26 19.57 Corn Stover 17.65 18.69 Sugarcane Bagasse 17.33 19.53 Rice Hulls 14.89 18.75 Pine Needles 20.12 20.43 Cotton Gin Trash 16.42 19.93 SOLID FUELS Coal - Pittsburgh Steam 31.75 35.40 Charcoal 34.39 35.45 - The
combustible fuel unit 10 is consumed by about 98% by mass during combustion and produces an ash residue of less than 2% by mass after combustion is completed. An analysis of the residue after combustion of acombustible fuel unit 10 showed the results in Table 3:TABLE 3 Fe2O3 0.08% MnO 0.01% Cr2O3 0.01% V2O5 0% TiO2 0.02% CaO 0.04% K2O 0.3% P2O5 0.04% SiO2 0.1% Al2O3 0% MgO 0% Na2O 0% Cl 0.08% S 0.07% - Referring now to FIG. 2, a method of manufacturing the
combustible fuel unit 10, generally indicated byreference numeral 14, is shown. Themethod 14 includes afirst step 16 wherein a maize cob is crushed to a size of between 150 microns and 15 millimetres. Thereafter in the step indicated by numeral 18 the crushed maize cob is dry mixed with a binder to produce a combustible fuel mixture. Additional additives, such as ignition additives, can be added to the mixture at this time. - This combustible fuel mixture is heated if required, as shown in an
intermediate step 20, to reduce its overall moisture content to less than 12%. - Finally, in
step 22, a volume the combustible fuel mixture is compressed to form thecombustible fuel unit 10. A pressure of between 35000 and 176000 kPa is applied to ensure that a solidcombustible fuel unit 10 having a density of between 0.25 and 1.5 g/cm3 s obtained. - As a further step, the
combustible fuel unit 10 can be formed into a charcoal briquette by burning thecombustible fuel unit 10 in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal, so that many of the impurities are removed and leaving a structure consisting mainly of carbon. - The
combustible fuel unit 10 can alternatively include a complete corn cob, which is turned into charcoal by burning it in an oxygen depleted atmosphere, so that many of the impurities are removed and leaving a structure consisting mainly of carbon. - The
combustible fuel unit 10 can thereafter be burned to generate heat, such as in cooking, heating, power, and combined heating and power. As thecombustible fuel unit 10 is made of maize cob, very few environmentally undesirable fumes are produced. Also, as thecombustible fuel unit 10 is almost completely consumed during combustion, very little waste is produced. - The
combustible fuel unit 10 can be provided in any colour, e.g. for providing aesthetically more appealing colours than the normal black briquette currently commercially available.
Claims (19)
1. A combustible fuel including a compressed unit of crushed maize cob.
2. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , in which the maize cob is selected from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
3. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , in which the crushed maize cob is compressed to a density of between 0.25 to 1.5 g/cm3.
4. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , which, after combustion thereof is completed, produces a residue of less than 2% by mass.
5. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , which includes suitable ignition additives.
6. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , which includes a corn starch as a binding agent.
7. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , which is adapted to fully ignite within about seven minutes.
8. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 1 , which is pre-burned in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal.
9. A combustible fuel including a corn cob pre-burned in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal.
10. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 9 , in which the maize cob is selected from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
11. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 9 , which, after combustion thereof is completed, produces a residue of less than 2% by mass.
12. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 9 , which includes suitable ignition additives.
13. A combustible fuel as claimed in claim 9 , which is adapted to fully ignite within about seven minutes.
14. A method of manufacturing a combustible fuel unit including the steps of crushing at least one maize cob; of dry mixing the crushed maize cob(s) with a binder to produce a combustible fuel mixture; and of compressing a volume of the combustible fuel mixture to form a combustible fuel unit.
15. A method as claimed in claim 14 , which includes the step of crushing the maize cob to a size of between 150 microns and 15 mm.
16. A method as claimed in claim 14 , which includes the step of adding a suitable ignition additive to the combustible fuel mixture.
17. A method as claimed in claim 14 , which includes the step of heating the combustible fuel mixture to reduce its moisture content.
18. A method as claimed in claim 14 , which includes the step of compressing the combustible fuel mixture under a pressure of between 35000 kPa and 176000 kPa.
19. A method as claimed in claim 14 , in which includes the selection of the maize cob from a group containing a corn cob, a yellow maize cob and a white maize cob.
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/237,312 US20040045215A1 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2002-09-09 | Combustible fuel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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---|---|---|---|
US10/237,312 US20040045215A1 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2002-09-09 | Combustible fuel |
Publications (1)
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US20040045215A1 true US20040045215A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
Family
ID=31990784
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US10/237,312 Abandoned US20040045215A1 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2002-09-09 | Combustible fuel |
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