Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/34—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
  • B65D5/02—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body
  • B65D5/06—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body with end-closing or contents-supporting elements formed by folding inwardly a wall extending from, and continuously around, an end of the tubular body
  • B65D5/067—Gable-top containers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/31—Heat sealable
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
  • B32B2307/7242—Non-permeable
  • B32B2307/7244—Oxygen barrier
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2377/00—Polyamides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2439/00—Containers; Receptacles
  • B32B2439/70—Food packaging
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1324—Flexible food casing [e.g., sausage type, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1334—Nonself-supporting tubular film or bag [e.g., pouch, envelope, packet, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1341—Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1372—Randomly noninterengaged or randomly contacting fibers, filaments, particles, or flakes
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1379—Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1379—Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit
  • Y10T428/1383—Vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit is sandwiched between layers [continuous layer]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
  • Y10T428/2813—Heat or solvent activated or sealable
  • Y10T428/2817—Heat sealable
  • Y10T428/2826—Synthetic resin or polymer
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
  • Y10T428/3192—Next to vinyl or vinylidene chloride polymer

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of polymer-coated packaging materials that are heat sealed, whereby the structure comprises a layer that forms an oxygen barrier. Another object of the invention is a sealed package formed from such packaging material by heat sealing.
• the invention also relates to the utilization of the barrier properties of polyamide (PA) in a fibre-based packaging material.
• PA polyamide
• the fibre-based packaging material with a polymeric coating layer that softens or melts under the effect of heat enables the use of the material in packages, such as package containers and cartons, which are sealed by heat sealing.
• packages such as package containers and cartons
• the polymer coating that is heat sealed the package can also be rendered liquid- tight.
• food packages in particular, are also required to protect the product against light and be oxygen and aroma-tight, which is achieved by means of suitably selected coating materials that are layered on the fibre base.
• the fibre-based packaging material has been provided with an aluminium foil, which makes the package liquid-tight, oxygen-tight, and aroma- tight and also provides an effective protection against the penetration of visible light and UV radiation.
• the aluminium foil is non-biodegradable, is susceptible to mechanical stress, complicates the recycling of the material and is also an expensive solution, it has increasingly been replaced by polymeric coating materials, of which the most important are ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
• multilayer boards which have liquid, oxygen and aroma barrier properties almost comparable to those of aluminium, and also resistance to impacts, damages and moulding that is better than that of aluminium foil.
• patent specification EP 0630745 could be cited.
• This specification discloses boards with a fibre base that is provided with a heat-sealable polymer coating on both sides thereof, its material being, e.g., low density polyethylene LDPE or linear low density polyethylene LLDPE, and having a barrier layer placed between the fibre base and the heat-sealable layer.
• the patent discloses various barrier solutions, wherein the barrier layer in the structure comprises an EVOH or PET layer, or a blend containing EVOH and polyamide.
• the raw ma- terials used should be compatible with the base layer of chemical pulp fibre.
• demands are also directed at the materials; the object must not deteriorate (e.g., absorb odours) because of the packaging material, the package should improve its preservability, serve the storage and logistics, and offer a base for presenting the product specification and marketing communica- tions, e.g., by printing.
• the recycling of the packing product after use should also be as simple as possible.
• the purpose of the present invention is to provide a product that provides an improved oxygen barrier to paper and board applications in particular.
• Another purpose of the invention is a product, wherein the properties of the oxygen barrier layer do not deteriorate when the structure is exposed to moisture.
• a further purpose of the invention is to provide a technically alternative solution, its use providing advantages over these.
• the idea of the invention is to utilize the oxygen barrier property of polyamide in a sandwich-structured packaging material.
• the amount of oxygen permeated by the oxygen barrier which is formed jointly by at least two layers of the same polymer, but different grades, and different polyam- ides herein, is especially low, but that it is not sensitive to humidity.
• the co- operative action between the layers is especially advantageous.
• the interface that is formed between these polyamide layers also plays a significant role in the effect of the oxygen barrier. When two superimposed polyamide layers are used, one such interface is formed in the structure; with three polyamides being located directly against each other, there are two interfaces in the sandwich structure, etc.
• barrier layer comprises at least two polyamide-containing layers with different barrier properties.
• the fibre-based heat-sealable packaging material according to the invention is characterized in comprising a base layer of fibrous material, at least one polymeric heat- sealable layer, and at least one polymeric barrier layer that forms the oxygen barrier and comprises at least two polyamide-containing layers with different barrier prop- erties.
• these layers are in contact with each other, i.e., they adhere to each other directly, forming an interface(s).
• the polyamide layers are located against each other without an adhesive or other layer between them.
• a discontinuity, a differentiation in crystallinity or orientation is believed to form on the interface of the polyamides with different barrier properties, having an advantageous effect on the prevention of oxygen permeation.
• the sealed package according to the invention which is formed from such a packaging material, is characterized in comprising a layer of fibrous material, at least two layers containing different polyamides in the barrier layer inside the same, their barrier properties being different, and an innermost polymeric heat-sealable layer.
• the sandwich structure may also comprise other layers.
• the use of the heat-sealable packaging material according to the invention is characterized in that the said packaging material contains at least one polymeric barrier layer that constitutes the oxygen barrier and comprises at least two layers containing polyamide, their barrier properties being different.
• Figs. 1 and 11 are simplified illustrations of possible packages that are moulded from packaging material blanks.
• Figs. 2 to 10 and 12 to 15, related thereto, are schematic cross-sectional views of the polymer-coated packaging boards according to the various embodiments of the invention.
• Figs. 16 and 17 show the results of the measurements of the different oxygen permeability properties of various polymer grades, which measurements can be used when selecting two or more polyamides for the structure according to the invention.
• Fig. 1 shows an example of a liquid package manufactured from the material according to the invention.
• Cross section A-A illustrates the meaning of the inside and the outside of the package, and how the layers are located with respect to the same to provide the package with functionally advantageous properties.
• liquid packaging board provided with a heat-sealable layer on both sides thereof.
• the polyamide has an oxygen barrier property in the sandwich-structured packaging material.
• the oxygen barrier formed jointly by the layers containing different polyamides is better than what could be expected on the basis of the properties of single layers.
• the layers can each consist completely of one selected polyamide.
• blends containing polyamide can be used either so that both components of the blend are polyamides, or that some other appropriate polymer is blended with the polyamide.
• the invention also includes the use of polyamides that are enriched by adding ingredients that improve the properties.
• the oxygen barrier is formed from exactly two layers of different polyamides, they can be located in an optional order in the structure. However, it is more advantageous to place the polyamides so that the polyamide with the higher crystallinity is located closer to the fibre layer, protecting the structure against wetting. Such a structure is preferable when packing products that must be stored dry and protected against gases, e.g., dry foodstuff, especially if the moisture outside the package is high. According to another embodiment, the polyamide layer with the higher crys- tallinity is located closer to the heat-sealable layer, which, in the package, comes in contact with the product that is packed. Such a structure is preferable in liquid pack- ages, wherein the moisture adverse to the gas barrier penetrates the material from inside the package.
• Polyamide in this application refers to polyamides and copolyamides, i.e., polymers that contain amide bonds (-CONH-) in the direction of the molecular chain.
• the polyamides that form fibres, and their immediate chemical derivatives and copoly- mers are often also called nylons.
• Aromatic polyamides are also of a special interest within the invention. Usable polyamides include, e.g., nylon 6, nylon 11, nylon 66, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 6/66, amorphous polyamide, or the like.
• polyamides with optimal properties are commercially available, e.g., the polyamides of the Grivory® series, those of the Grilon® series, those of the Grilamid® series from the manufacturer EMS, Switzerland; MXD-6 polyamide and its derivatives from the manufacturer Mitsubishi, Japan, etc.
• the amorphous polyamide refers to polyamides that exhibit no endothermic crystalline melting peak, when determined by the differential calorimetry (DSC).
• DSC differential calorimetry
• examples of such polyamides include the amorphous polyamides manufactured form the following diamines: hexamethylenediamine, 2- methylpentamethyledediamine, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylenediamine, 2,2,4- trimethylhexamethylenediamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, 2,2-bis(4- aminocyclohexyl)isopropylidene, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 1,3- diaminocyclohexane, methaxylylene diamine, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,4- diaminobutane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 2-ethyldiaminobutane, 1,4-diamin
• Examples of usable polyamides include amorphous polymers that are manufactured from the following di- carboxylic acids: isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, alkyl-substituted isophthalic and terephthalic acids, adipic acid, sebacic acid, butanedicarboxylic acid and the like.
• the diamines and diacids mentioned above can be combined as desired, provided that the resulting polyamide is amorphous.
• an aliphatic diamine can be combined with an aromatic diacid, or an aromatic diamine can be combined with an aliphatic diacid to obtain a suitable amorphous polyamide.
• Advantageous amorphous polyamides include those, wherein either the diamine or the diacid is aromatic and the other portion is aliphatic. These aliphatic groups contain a chain of 4 to 12 carbons or a cyclic ring of 15 carbons at the most.
• the aromatic rings of the polyamides are preferably monocyclic or bicyclic and they can have substituents that contain 6 carbon atoms at the most.
• semi-crystalline polyamide refers to polyamides, the crystalline melting point of which can be determined by a standard method in certain conditions. Such polyamides can also have amorphous regions and glass transition temperatures (Tg) that can be measured.
• Preferable semi-crystalline polyamides include nylon 6, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 66, nylon 69, nylon 610, nylon 612, MXD6, nylon 6/66, nylon 6/12, nylon 6/66 copolymer, nylon 66/610 copolymer, nylon 6/69 copolymer, and blends of the above.
• the abbreviation PA also refers to many polyamides, e.g., PA6.
• polyamide-containing layer refers to a layer, wherein the main component comprises any polymer(s) that is (are) classified as polyamide in the manner defined above.
• the layer may consist of one polyamide or a blend of several poly- amides.
• a layer consists "essentially of polyamide"
• polyamide consists of polyamide and an additive mixed therewith, the amount of the additive being relatively considerably smaller than that of the polymer.
• Typical additives usable in the solutions according to the invention include, without limiting thereto, nanoparticles, oxygen interceptors, normal pigments, etc.
• the essentially semi-crystalline polyamide refers to a layer of mainly semi-crystalline polyamide, and the essentially amorphous polyamide to a layer of mainly amorphous polyamide, both of which can contain another admixture(s) typical in the field, blended in the manner described above.
• the oxygen and/or moisture barrier properties are essential in packaging applications. These properties have a certain relationship to the structure of polyamides, but as the properties are a function of several factors, they cannot unambiguously be determined by the structural fea- tures alone.
• the moisture barrier properties typically improve with the growth of crystallinity, but no direct determination can be made as the crystallinity of the different grades may vary according to the crystallizing conditions.
• the other factors that may have an effect on the barrier properties include, among others, the chemical nature of the polyamides used (length of the carbon chain, aliphatic- ity/aromaticity, side chains, substituents, etc.), the processing conditions and the admixtures. Methods of determining the barrier properties and, especially, comparing the barrier properties of two or more different materials are well-known to those skilled in the art. In the following, a determination used in the field for each most essential barrier property is incorporated herein by reference.
• An evaluation method of the oxygen barrier typical in the field is to measure the oxygen permeability of a material in a time unit.
• the determinations are made in standard temperature and humidity conditions.
• the usual determination conditions comprise a temperature of 23 0 C / relative humidity of 0%, a temperature of 23 0 C / relative humidity of 60%, and a temperature of 23 0 C / relative humidity of 85%.
• Equipment designed for the purpose e.g., Ox-Tran 2/20 (Oxygen Transmission Rate Measurement Rate Measurement System), Mocon, Minneapolis, USA, is used to measure the oxygen flowing through a sample from one chamber to another, and it is given in a unit of cm 3 /m 2 .d.b.
• polyamides that have different oxygen barrier properties are those that, in similar conditions, yield considerably different oxygen permeability values by the method referred to above, for example.
• An evaluation method of the moisture barrier properties typical in the field is, e.g., the determination according to the method "Water vapour permeability (electrolysis method) DIN 53122-2 / DIN 533122-2- A".
• the Permatran W 3/31 device Water Vapour Permeability
• the water vapour permeated by the sample in the measuring time is determined and the result is given in a unit of g/m 2 .d.
• those skilled in the art are capable of selecting polyamides with different moisture barrier properties.
• the combined polyamide layer similar to the one described above is located between the fibre layer and the inner heat-sealable layer so that it is not in contact with the packaged product.
• the coating can be omitted from one side of the fibre base, when so desired.
• the fibre base is most preferably provided with a polymeric heat-sealable layer on both sides thereof but, certainly, other functional layers can lie between or on top of them. In that case, the same polymer is preferably used in all the heat-sealable layers.
• the layers can be added to the structure one by one or by first combining certain layers to one another and incorporating them into the coated or uncoated fibre layer. There are numerous different combinations and those skilled in the art can deduce them on the basis of the properties of the layers that are combined. Some or all polymer layers are preferably joined to the paper or board base layer by coextrusion.
• the aim is a total thickness of the barrier layer of typically 1 to 20 micrometers ( ⁇ m), preferably 2 to 12 ⁇ m, and most preferably 6 to 12 ⁇ m.
• the thickness of each single polyamide layer, of which there are thus two or more in the layer is about 1 to 10 micrometers ( ⁇ m), preferably 1 to 7 ⁇ m, and more preferably 2 to 6 ⁇ m.
• the layer thicknesses shown in the appended drawings are not to scale, and not even referentially in proportion to each other.
• a sealed package can be formed from the packaging material described above, comprising a layer of fibrous material, at least two layers of different polyamides with different barrier properties inside the same, and an innermost polymeric heat- sealable layer.
• the polymeric heat-sealable layer can also be provided on the outer surface of the package that is moulded from the material according to the invention.
• the liquid tightness of the package is obtained by a sufficiently thick heat-sealable layer.
• polyolefins such as different grades of polyethylene PE or polypropylene PP, are used herein.
• other heat-sealable polymers can be applied, e.g., a heat-sealable PET grade.
• Another aspect of the invention comprises the use of two different polyamide layers with different barrier properties in the fibre-based packaging material as polymer layers that form the oxygen barrier.
• the use is especially advantageous in a package consisting of polymer-coated packaging board, which is exposed to moisture both on the inside and/or the outside.
• Table 1 shows different layer combinations according to the invention.
• PB/barrier layer/tie layer/PO wherein PB is the base layer
• PO polyolefin
• PO/PB ⁇ arrier layer/tie layer/PO p /PO wherein PO P is polyolefin with pigment
• PO/PO p /PB/barrier layer/tie layer/PO P /PO wherein PO P is polyolefin with pigment
• PA refers to polyamide and the numbering is used to referentially indicate the mutual uniformity or difference of the layers so that PAl and PAl on one line are mutually the same polyamide, but different from PA2.
• symbol PAl be- tween the different lines is not bound to a certain type of polyamide but it may refer, for example, to nylon 6 on the first line and MXD6 on the second one, etc.
• the polyamide grades can be freely selected to be the most appropriate at each time, and the order from right to left has no significance in that case.
• the layer may consist of exactly one polyamide, a blend of two or more polyamides, a polyamide, with which some additives have been blended, or a blend containing additives.
• the layers could be selected so that one layer comprises PA6 and the other layer PA6, with which nanoparticles have been blended.
• Fig. 2 shows a packaging board according to the invention, which is provided with an oxygen barrier, and provided with a heat-sealable polymer coating on both sides thereof.
• the structure is otherwise similar to that in patent EP 0630745, but instead of one oxygen barrier layer described therein, the oxygen barrier layer in the structure according to the invention is divided, i.e., it includes two polyamide layers.
• the figure shows, first, a heat-sealable layer 12 combined directly with a base layer 11.
• the heat-sealable layer 12 consists of heat-sealable polyolefm and the base layer consists of paper or board.
• oxygen barrier layers Ib and Ia On the other side thereof, i.e., on the inside of the package, there are oxygen barrier layers Ib and Ia.
• the oxygen barrier layer Ia On the inner side of the oxygen barrier layer Ia, there is a tie layer 13 that joins the heat-sealable layer 12 to the structure.
• the heat-sealable layers also have moisture barrier properties. If no heat-sealable layer is to be provided on the outer surface of the package, a structure according to Fig. 12 is obtained, the base layer 11 constituting the outermost layer of the package.
• the heat-sealable layers 12 are preferably selected so that they are sealable not only to themselves but also to each other. This is simply implemented so that they consist of the same heat-sealable polymer, typically, polyolefm, e.g., low density polyethylene (LD-PE). They can also be different polyolefins, for example, so that the sealing layer on the outside comprises low density polyethylene and the heat-sealable layer on the inside is linear low density polyethylene (LLD-PE). In certain applications, polypropylene is used.
• the strength of the heat-sealable layers can be less than 20g/m 2 for dry packages, for example, and over 20g/m 2 for liquid packaging materials.
• the tie layer 13 can consist of acid-treated linear low density polyethylene with a strength of 1 to 6g/m 2 .
• the weight of the board of the base layer is at least about 170g/m 2 and, generally, in the order of 225g/m 2 or higher. If paper is used as the base structure, its weight is less than 170g/m 2 .
• the to- tal thickness of the oxygen barrier layers may vary from 2 to 20g/m 2 so that the layers can either be mutually of the same thickness or of a different thickness.
• the most conventional thicknesses of a single polyamide layer range from 3 to 8g/m 2 . In this example, e.g., types PA 6 and MXD6 can be selected as the polyamides.
• Fig. 3 shows otherwise the same layers but the heat-sealable layer inside the package is divided into a transparent layer 12 and a pigmented layer
• a pigmented layer made of the same polymer (typically PE) as the material of the heat-sealable layer is added, which can also participate in the formation of the seam.
• PE polymer
• the said pigmented layer 14 can contain a black pigment only, and a black (e.g., carbon black) and a white (e.g., titanium oxide) pigment, mixed in a suitable proportion, whereby the inner surface of the finished product looks as if having a layer of aluminium foil.
• the light-shielding properties of such a layer are comparable to using a metal layer.
• the oxygen barrier layer can be manufactured from two or more polyam- ides, according to the invention.
• the structure according to Fig. 3 can also be implemented without the outermost heat-sealable layer so that the base layer 11 of board comprises the outermost layer of the structure.
• Fig. 5 shows a structure that otherwise corresponds to the sandwich structure of Fig. 2, except that the oxygen barrier layer consists of a film comprising three different polyamides, or it could be conceived that the oxygen barrier layer is divided into three parts, each of them thus being a different polyamide.
• a polymer film structure can be applied to the packaging material structure according to the present invention, wherein amorphous polyamide is layered on a symmetrical structure between two semi-crystalline polyamides.
• the struc- ture comprises three layers of polyamide, which are located so that one amorphous polyamide layer is joined, on both sides, to the layers of semi-crystalline polyamide. Such a structure is described in Fig. 5.
• a sandwich structure can also be arranged, comprising three polyamides so that the said polyamides are semi-crystalline.
• the layers can ei- ther be arranged so that all three semi-crystalline polyamides are different polyamides or that two semi-crystalline polyamides are used, being arranged so that on both sides of the middlemost polyamide, there is a layer of the same polyamide.
• their mutual order can be selected freely according to Fig. 5, for example.
• the most preferable em- bodiment is the semi-crystalline/amorphous/semi-crystalline one, which according to the reference numbers in Fig. 5 means that layers Ia and Ic represent the semi- crystalline polyamide and Ib the amorphous one.
• the layers of the semi- crystalline polyamide may either be mutually the same or a different polyamide.
• Fig. 4 thus includes three directly parallel polyamide layers, but the polyamide layer (Ib) in this structure is between two layers of the same polyamide.
• the innermost heat-sealable layer 12 is marked with a footnote (14), implying that the three-layer polyamide can also be applied to applications containing pigmented polymers.
• the barrier layer structure is divided into four parts so that two different polyamides are used.
• the structure can be described so that each polyamide is divided into two and the layers are extruded alternatively.
• One layer of each grade remains surrounded by the second grade on both sides thereof, and one layer of the first grade is in contact with the base layer on one side thereof, and with the second polyamide grade on the other side, and one layer of the second grade is in contact with the first grade and the tie layer. If the heat-sealable layer in such a structure is divided into two so that the "half remaining inside the sandwich structure is pigmented, the structure according to Fig. 13 is obtained.
• Fig. 7 An additional feature in the structure of Fig. 7 is the symmetry, which is an advan- tage when forming the coating layers by coextrusion. It comprises, first, polyamide layers Ib on both sides of the substrate or base layer 11 consisting of board and, next, polyamide layers Ia, which are joined to the heat-sealable layers 12 by tie layers 13.
• Fig. 8 shows a special packaging board, which is suitable for food packages that suitable for processing in an autoclave, in particular, its material comprising transparent heat-sealable layers 12a, 12c of polypropylene that lie on the outer surface of the package, polyamide layers 15 inside the fibre base 11, oxygen barrier layers Ia, Ib of polyamide, and the tie layer 13, which adheres the oxygen barrier surrounded by the polyamide to the pigment layer 14a, the material of the tie layer being, e.g., a polymer by the name of Admer marketed by Mitsui Chemicals.
• the package formed from the material is thus protected against the yellowing of the fibre base 11 in the autoclave by the pigmented layers, of which 12b is polypropylene provided with a white pigment, and 14a is polypropylene pigmented black; and the oxygen- shielding layers 15, Ia, Ib and the light-shielding layer 14a inside the package pro- tect the packaged product, lengthening its preservability and useful selling period.
• the layers 12b and/or 14a may optionally contain a white or black pigment or a blend thereof, producing a grey layer with a layer strength of 5 to 50g/m 2 .
• the transparent heat- sealable layers 12a and 12c can optionally be omitted from such a structure.
• the material can be folded and heat sealed into a sealed package so that the superimposed, pigmented polymer layers 12c and 12b lie on the outer surface of the pack- age, i.e., outside the fibre base 11, and the grey light-shielding layer 14a and the transparent heat-sealable layer 12a on the inner surface of the package, i.e., inside the fibre base 11, the oxygen barrier layers Ib, Ia, and the tie layer 13.
• the external superimposed pigmented layers 12c, 12b of the package give the package a light, almost white tint, which does not change when the package is heat-treated in the autoclave, for example.
• the structure according to Fig. 8 can also be implemented without the poly amide layers 15, which is illustrated in Fig. 15.
• Another alternative way of implementing the structure of Fig. 8 is to use, as the heat-sealable layers 12c and 12b, polypropyl- ene that is pigmented white and black, respectively.
• the barrier layers is, for example, PA6 from Honeywell, USA and Grivory G21® from EMS, Switzerland.
• the fibre base 11 can consist of a packaging board containing bleached sulphate pulp, its weight being 130 to 500g/m 2 , preferably 170 to 300g/m 2 . If the fibre base alternatively consists of bleached paper, its weight can be 20 to 120g/m 2 .
• the weight of each polyamide barrier layer 15, Ia, and Ib can be 3 to 15g/m 2 , preferably 3 to 8g/m 2 .
• the weight of the transparent heat-sealable layers 12a, 12c can be 3 to 30g/m 2 , preferably 7 to 20g/m 2 .
• the weight of the external pigmented layer 12b of the fibre base 11 can be 20 to 50g/m 2 and that of the other pigment-containing layer 14a 3 to 10g/m 2 '
• the weight of the internal light-shielding layer 14a of the fibre base 11, which is pigmented grey, can be 5 to 50g/m 2 , preferably 25 to 40g/m 2 .
• the content of titanium dioxide in the coating layer 12b dyed white can be 5 to 25%, preferably 7 to 12%.
• the content of carbon black in the inner coating layer 3 can be 0.05 to 0.5%, pref- erably 0.06 to 0.15%. If the layer 14a also comprises titanium dioxide, its content can be 5 to 25%, preferably 7 to 15%.
• the content of carbon black in the light- shielding layer 14a pigmented grey can be 0.05 to 0.5%, preferably 0.12 to 0.15%, and the content of titanium dioxide, correspondingly, 5 to 25%, preferably 7 to 12%.
• the weight of the Admer tie layers 13 can be 3 to 15g/m 2 , preferably 5 to 10g/m 2 .
• Figs. 9 and 10 show further layer alternatives, the packaging material containing a four-layer barrier layer. All the layers in Fig. 9 are polyamides with different barrier properties. In the structure of Fig. 10, there are three different polyamides so that one of the layers is surrounded by two layers of the second polyamide on both sides thereof, the third polyamide being joined to one of the two. When a corresponding structure is implemented so that the heat-sealable layer of the inner surface of the package is divided into two, a pigmented and a conventional heat-sealable layer, the structure according to Fig. 14 is obtained.
• Fig. 11 shows a sealed package with the shape of a rectangular prism, which is manufactured by folding and heat sealing from a blank consisting of the packaging material according to Fig. 12.
• the package is suitable to packing dry products and designed to protect the packaged product against moisture and gases coming from the outside.
• the figure includes section B-B from the wall of the package. This sandwich structure is shown in Fig. 12.
• the Ox-Tran 2/20 equipment (Oxygen Transmission Rate Measurement Rate Measurement System) was used in the determination.
• Cut-to-size pieces with a sample size of 50cm 2 which were suitable for the equipment, were cut from the materials that were to be measured.
• Suitable parameters were selected for the equipment and the temperature was set at 23 0 C.
• Other parameters included, e.g.,
• MXD6 is a product of Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co, its chemical formula being:
• B73TP is a PA6 grade of Honeywell.
• FIGs. 15 and 16 Another way of illustrating the comparison of the properties of the barrier layer comprises indicators.
• the graphs of the barrier properties shown in Figs. 15 and 16 are found in literature, for example.
• samples PA6 and MXD6 yield different values to the barrier properties; herein, the oxygen barrier properties in a board coating, and in terms of the invention, they are different polyamides, i.e., by combining them as adjacent layers in the board sandwich structure, for example, the product according to the invention would be implemented.
• the reference numbers used in the drawings are different polyamides, i.e., by combining them as adjacent layers in the board sandwich structure, for example, the product according to the invention would be implemented.

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