Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/56—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D211/58—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/08—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for nausea, cinetosis or vertigo; Antiemetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/10—Laxatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/14—Prodigestives, e.g. acids, enzymes, appetite stimulants, antidyspeptics, tonics, antiflatulents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D211/44—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4
  • C07D211/46—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4 having a hydrogen atom as the second substituent in position 4

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel benzylpiperazine derivatives having pharmacological activity, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment of various disorders.
• GPR38 is a 7-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor, with high affinity for the peptide motilin [Feighner et al., Science 1999, 284, 2184], suggesting that endogenous motilin exerts all or most of its activity via this receptor.
• Motilin is a 22 amino acid peptide found in large amounts within endocrine-like cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and especially in the duodenum-jejunum areas. During fasting, the peptide is known to be associated with the onset of Phase III migrating complex activity within the stomach [Boivin et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992, 37, 1562], suggesting a role in the mechanisms of prokinetic activity. Motilin is also released from the gut during feeding, sham feeding, gastric distension or by oral or intravenous nutrient application [Christofides et al., Gut 1979, 20, 102; Bormans et al., Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1987, 22, 781], suggesting additional roles for this peptide in the modulation of motility patterns during feeding.
• motilin In animals or in man, motilin has long been known to increase gastrointestinal motility, and promote gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion in an anal direction, during both fasting and fed conditions. This activity is thought to be primarily due to a facilitation of at least the cholinergic excitatory function of the gut [Van Assche et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 337, 267], perhaps also involving the activation of the vagus nerve [Mathis & Malbert, Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 274, G80]. In addition, higher concentrations of motilin directly evoke a small contraction of the muscle [Van Assche et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 337, 267].
• the antibiotic erythromycin was shown to mimic the gastrointestinal activity of motilin, in addition to its previously-described antibiotic properties [see Peeters, in Problems of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Anaesthesia Ed., Herbert MK et al. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999, pp 39-51]. More recently, erythromycin has been shown to activate the GPR38 receptor, confirming its ability to mimic the function of motilin [Carreras et al., Analyt. Biochem. 2002, 300, 146]. In addition, the availability of this non-peptide motilin receptor agonist has allowed at least some clinical studies to be undertaken in order to examine the clinical potential of motilin receptor agonists.
• agonists at the GPR38 receptor will mimic the activity of motilin or of other substances acting at this receptor, such as erythromycin, and find clinical utility in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders associated with hypomotility, especially the functional bowel disorders such as GERD, functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
• the compounds will also be useful for the treatment of other Gl conditions where the cause is known and in which Gl motility is reduced.
• Such conditions include constipation, caused by various diseases such as those associated with neuropathy, and/ or by the administration of other drugs, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, paralytic ileus following surgery or some other manipulation, gastric stasis or hypomotility caused by various diseases such as diabetes and/ or by the administration of other drugs or in enterally fed patients.
• motilin or erythromycin to activate the vagus nerve, the association of this nerve with changes in feeding behaviour [e.g. Furness et al., Auton. Neurosci.
• GPR38 [based on Ensembl: 13q21.1 (58.46 - 59.46 Mb)] within the markers (D13S257- 13q14.11 to D13S258 at 13q21.33) of a locus associated with obesity [Feitosa et al, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002, 70, 72] also suggests that agonists active at the GPR38 receptor will, in addition to promoting gastrointestinal motility, facilitate eating behaviours in at least those patients in which some degree of appetite suppression or cachexia is present. Such activity indicates that agonists at this receptor will find clinical utility in the treatment of symptoms associated with - for example - the treatment of cancer or by the presence of the cancer itself.
• motilin receptor agonists In addition to the ability of motilin receptor agonists to promote gastrointestinal motility, the association of motilin gene polymorphism with Crohn's disease [Annese et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998, 43, 715-710] and the changes in motilin receptor density during colitis [Depoortere et al., Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2001 , 13, 55] suggests a utility for agonists at the motilin receptor for the treatment of inflammatory bowel conditions in general.
• GPR38 is also found in regions outside the gastrointestinal tract. These areas include the pituitary, adipose tissue, urinary bladder and certain areas of the brain. The former suggests clinical utility in the promotion of pituitary function, such as the release of growth hormone secretagogues, the presence within adipose tissue again suggests a role in the control of body weight, and the presence within the urinary bladder suggests a role for agonists at this receptor in the treatment of incontinence. The presence of GPR38 within the brain supports the gastrointestinal and feeding utilities already mentioned, but in addition, suggests an involvement of the receptor in a greater spectrum of vagal-hypothalamic functions.
• WO9410185, EP838469, WO9823629, DE19805822, and US6165985 claim erythromycin derivatives targeting GPR38 for use in disorders relating to gastrointestinal motility.
• WO9921846, WO0185694, WO0168620, WO0168621 , and WO0168622 disclose a series of small molecule antagonists of the GPR38 receptor.
• JP07138284 and EP807639 disclose peptide agonists.
• JP09249620, WO02092592, WO05027637, US2005065156 and Li et al., (2004, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47(7) p1704-1708) disclose series of small molecule agonists.
• WO05012331 and WO05012232 disclose macrocyclic compounds which are agonists or antagonists of mammalian motilin or ghrelin receptors.
• WO06127252 discloses erythromycin derivatives.
• WO07/007018 describes compounds of formula (A), which have activity as agonists of the GPR38 receptor
• the present invention therefore provides compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable or derivative thereof:
• A is phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, optionally substituted with halogen, C ( i.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H or C (1-4) alkyl
• R 3 is optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl
• Y is NH, O, CH 2 or a bond
• R 4 is C (1-4) alkyl or C (1 ⁇ ) alkoxy C d-4 ) alkyl.
• R 3 When R 3 is substituted, it may have 1 , 2 or 3 substituents, each independently selected from halogen, C (1-4) alkyl, C ( i- 4) alkoxy, C (3 . 7 )Cycloalkyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, phenyl, NH 2 , NHR 5 , NR 5 R 6 , NHCOR 5 , NHSO 2 R 5 , C(O)CF 3 , C(O)C (1-4) alkyl, C(O)C (3-7) Cycloalkyl, C(O)OC (1-4) alkyl, C(O)OC ((3- 7) cycloalkyl, OC(O)C (1 ⁇ alkyl, OC(O)C (3-7) cycloalkyl, CONH 2 , CONHR 5 , CONR 5 R 6 , SOR 6 , SO 2 CF 3 , SO 2 R 6 , OSO 2 R 6
• alkyl as a group or part of a group e.g. alkoxy or hydroxyalkyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group in all isomeric forms.
• C ⁇ alkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, containing at least 1 , and at most 4 carbon atoms Examples of such alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, /so-propyl, n-butyl, iso- butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl, Examples of such alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, /so-propoxy, butoxy, /so-butoxy, sec-butoxy and terf-butoxy.
• Suitable C 3-7 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• halogen refers to fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I) and the term “halo” refers to the halogen: fluoro (-F), chloro (-Cl), bromo(-Br) and iodo(-l).
• heteroaryl represents a 5 or 6 membered unsaturated aromatic ring which comprises one or more heteroatoms.
• heteroaryl represents a 5 membered group it contains a heteroatom selected from O, N or S and may optionally contain a further 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms.
• heteroaryl represents a 6- membered group it contains from 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms.
• Examples of such 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl rings include pyrrolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, furazanyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and triazinyl.
• A is phenyl or pyridyl.
• R 1 is hydrogen or methyl.
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 3 is optionally substituted phenyl.
• Y is NH, O or a bond. In one embodiment of the invention, R 4 is methyl.
• A is phenyl or pyridyl; and/or R 1 is hydrogen or methyl; and/or R 2 is hydrogen or methyl; and/or R 3 is optionally substituted phenyl; and/or Y is NH, O or a bond; and/or R 4 is methyl.
• A When A is substituted it may be substituted by methyl.
• R 3 When R 3 is substituted phenyl it may be substituted by one to two substituents selected from fluoro, cyano, aminocarbonyl and methoxy.
• compounds of formula (I) may exist as stereoisomers.
• the invention extends to all optical isomers such as stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of formula (I) including enantiomers, diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof, such as racemates.
• the different stereoisomeric forms may be separated or resolved one from the other by conventional methods or any given isomer may be obtained by conventional stereoselective or asymmetric syntheses.
• Preferred compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 and R 2 are both methyl are those wherein the piperazine C* carbons have the 3R5S-configuration.
• Preferred compounds of formula (I) wherein one of R 1 and R 2 is methyl and the other is hydrogen are those wherein the piperazine C* carbon has the S-configuration.
• Suitable compounds of the invention are:
• One embodiment of a compound of formula (I) is 4-[(3-fluorophenyl)amino]- ⁇ /-methyl- ⁇ /-(4- ⁇ [(3S)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl]methyl ⁇ phenyl)-1 -piperidinecarboxamide or a salt thereof.
• the compounds of formula (I) can form acid addition salts thereof. It will be appreciated that for use in medicine the salts of the compounds of formula (I) should be pharmaceutically acceptable. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include those described in J. Pharm. ScL, 1977, 66, 1-19, such as acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids e.g. hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric or phosphoric acid; and organic acids e.g. succinic, maleic, acetic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, benzoic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Certain of the compounds of formula (I) may form acid addition salts with one or more equivalents of the acid.
• the present invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric forms.
• the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared in crystalline or non-crystalline form, and, if crystalline, may optionally be hydrated or solvated.
• This invention includes within its scope stoichiometric hydrates or solvates as well as compounds containing variable amounts of water and/or solvent.
• Salts and solvates having non-pharmaceutically acceptable counter-ions or associated solvents are within the scope of the present invention, for example, for use as intermediates in the preparation of other compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Additionally, the compounds of formula (I) may be administered as prodrugs. As used herein, a "prodrug" of a compound of formula (I) is a functional derivative of the compound which, upon administration to a patient, eventually liberates the compound of formula (I) in vivo.
• a compound of formula (I) as a prodrug may enable the skilled artisan to do one or more of the following: (a) modify the onset of action of the compound in vivo; (b) modify the duration of action of the compound in vivo; (c) modify the transportation or distribution of the compound in vivo; (d) modify the solubility of the compound in vivo; and (e) overcome a side effect or other difficulty encountered with the compound.
• Typical functional derivatives used to prepare prodrugs include modifications of the compound that are chemically or enzymatically cleaved in vivo. Such modifications, which include the preparation of phosphates, amides, esters, thioesters, carbonates, and carbamates, are well known to those skilled in the art.
• the invention also includes isotopically-labelled compounds, which are identical to those described herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, iodine, and chlorine, such as 3 H, 11 C, 14 C, 18 F, 123 I and 125 I.
• Compounds of the invention that contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of the present invention.
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H, 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. 11 C and 18 F isotopes are particularly useful in PET (positron emission tomography), and 125 I isotopes are particularly useful in SPECT (single photon emission computerized tomography), all useful in brain imaging.
• lsotopically labelled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples below, then substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent.
• this invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I):
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and A are as defined in formula (I) and Q is hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) or benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ), with a compound of formula (III):
• a reducing agent such as sodium tri(acetoxy)borohydride
• a suitable aryl halide for example R 3 -Br
• 4-aminopiperidine such as (1-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- aminopiperidine
• a suitable catalyst system such as palladium (II) acetate/BINAP
• a suitable solvent such as 1 ,4-dioxane
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined in formula (I), R 7 represents optional substitution in the phenylene moiety as defined for A above, and Q is hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group such as terf-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) or benzyloxycarbonyl
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined in formula (I)
• R 7 represents optional substitution in the phenylene moiety as defined for A above
• Q is hydrogen or a suitable nitrogen protecting group such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) or benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ), using conditions suitable for a reduction; for example when Q is BOC, hydrogenation in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as palladium on charcoal or platinum on charcoal, in a suitable solvent such as methanol and in the presence of a suitable base such as potassium hydroxide or triethylamine.
• BOC tert-butyloxycarbonyl
• CBZ benzyloxycarbonyl
• the reduction may be carried out using a suitable metal reducing agent such as iron powder, in the presence of a suitable proton source such as ammonium chloride and in a suitable solvent such as aqueous methanol.
• a suitable metal reducing agent such as iron powder
• a suitable proton source such as ammonium chloride
• a suitable solvent such as aqueous methanol.
• L represents a leaving group such as halogen (e.g. bromine) with a compound of formula R 4 NHQ 1 , wherein R 4 is as defined in formula (I) and Q 1 is a suitable nitrogen protecting group such as terf-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), in the presence of a suitable transition metal catalyst system such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0)/xantphos, in the presence of a suitable base such as cesium carbonate and in a suitable solvent such as dioxane; followed by a suitable deprotection step.
• halogen e.g. bromine
• An alternative process for preparation of compounds of formula (IV) comprises reaction of a compound of formula (VII) as defined above with a compound of formula (X): (X) wherein R 7 represents optional substitution in the phenylene moiety as defined for A above and Q 1 is a suitable protecting group such as acetyl under conditions suitable for reductive amination as described above, followed by a suitable deprotection step to remove Q 1 .
• Aldehyde or ketone groups can be protected as acetals, ketals, thioacetals or thioketals. Deprotection of such groups is achieved using conventional procedures well known in the art. For example, protecting groups such as terf-butyloxycarbonyl may be removed using an acid such as hydrochloric or trifluoroacetic acid in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, diethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, isopropanol or mixtures thereof.
• Salts may be prepared conventionally by reaction with the appropriate acid or acid derivative.
• the present invention also provides compounds of formula (II) as shown above wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and A are as defined for formula (I), and Q is hydrogen or a suitable protecting group such as terf-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) or benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ). These compounds are useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of the present invention.
• the potencies and efficacies of the compounds of this invention for GPR38 can be determined by FLIPR assay performed on the human cloned receptor as described herein. Compounds of formula (I) have demonstrated partial or full agonist activity at the GPR38 receptor, using the FLIPR (FLuorometric Imaging Plate Reader) functional assay described herein.
• Compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are therefore of use in the treatment of conditions or disorders which are mediated via the GPR38 receptor.
• the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are of use in the treatment of certain gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disorders, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, paralytic ileus following surgery or other manipulation, emesis, gastric stasis or hypomotility caused by various diseases such as diabetes and/ or by the administration of other drugs, Crohn's disease, colitis, or in enterally fed patients, cachexia associated with advanced diseases such as cancer and/or the treatment thereof, and other disorders such as incontinence (herein after referred to as the "Disorders of the Invention").
• treatment includes prophylaxis as well as alleviation of established symptoms.
• the invention also provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a therapeutic substance, in particular in the treatment of the conditions or disorders mediated via the GPR38 receptor.
• the invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a therapeutic substance in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disorders, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, paralytic ileus following surgery or other manipulation, emesis, gastric stasis or hypomotility caused by various diseases such as diabetes and/ or by the administration of other drugs, Crohn's disease, colitis, or in enterally fed patients, cachexia associated with advanced diseases such as cancer and/or the treatment thereof, and other disorders such as incontinence.
• gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disorders, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, paralytic ileus following
• the invention further provides a method of treatment of conditions or disorders in mammals including humans which can be mediated via the GPR38 receptor, which comprises administering to the sufferer a therapeutically safe and effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the invention provides for the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of the conditions or disorders mediated via the GPR38 receptor
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• the present invention provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition, the process comprising mixing a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the invention which may be prepared by admixture, suitably at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, is usually adapted for oral, parenteral or rectal administration and, as such, may be in the form of tablets, capsules, oral liquid preparations, powders, granules, lozenges, reconstitutable powders, injectable or infusible solutions or suspensions or suppositories. Orally administrable compositions are generally preferred.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose form, and may contain conventional excipients, such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); tabletting lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium starch glycollate); and acceptable wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate).
• binding agents e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• fillers e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate
• tabletting lubricants e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica
• disintegrants e.g. potato starch or sodium starch glycollate
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspension, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be in the form of a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents (e.g. sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats), emulsifying agents (e.g. lecithin or acacia), non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils e.g. almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils), preservatives (e.g.
• Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
• fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilising a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a sterile vehicle.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form e.g. in ampoules or in multi-dose, utilising a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a sterile vehicle, optionally with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
• the compound depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
• the compound can be dissolved for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
• adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservatives and buffering agents are dissolved in the vehicle.
• the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum.
• Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner, except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved, and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration.
• the compound can be sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspension in a sterile vehicle.
• a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
• Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilising agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or colouring agents. Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base also comprising one or more dispersing agents, stabilising agents, solubilising agents or suspending agents. They may also contain a preservative.
• the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g. containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
• the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be formulated as solutions for administration via a suitable metered or unitary dose device or alternatively as a powder mix with a suitable carrier for administration using a suitable delivery device.
• compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be formulated for oral, buccal, parenteral, topical (including ophthalmic and nasal), depot or rectal administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or nose).
• the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be formulated for topical administration in the form of ointments, creams, gels, lotions, pessaries, aerosols or drops (e.g. eye, ear or nose drops).
• Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
• Ointments for administration to the eye may be manufactured in a sterile manner using sterilised components.
• the composition may contain from 0.1% to 99% by weight, preferably from 10 to 60% by weight, of the active material, depending on the method of administration.
• the dose of the compound used in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders will vary in the usual way with the seriousness of the disorders, the weight of the sufferer, and other similar factors.
• suitable unit doses may be 0.05 to 1000 mg, more suitably 1.0 to 500mg or 1.0 to 200 mg, and such unit doses may be administered more than once a day, for example two or three times a day. Such therapy may extend for a number of weeks or months.
• the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination preparations.
• the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with one or more compounds with activity in reducing gastric acid; one or more compounds with activity in reducing gastro-esophageal reflux; one or more compounds with activity in reducing esophago-gastric irritancy or inflammation, especially when used to alleviate erosive or non-erosive esophagitis; one or more compounds with analgesic activity; and/or one or more compounds with mixed activity on motility and pain.
• Examples of compounds with activity in reducing gastric acid include H2 receptor antagonists, acid pump antagonists and proton pump inhibitors.
• Examples of compounds with activity in reducing gastro-esophageal reflux include agonists at GABA-B.
• Examples of compounds with analgesic activity include compounds active at Neurokinin receptors (NK1 , 2, 3), TRPV1 and sodium-channels.
• Examples of compounds with mixed activity on motility and pain include CRF2 antagonists, 5-HT3 antagonists or octreotide or other molecules active at sst2 receptors.
• Agilent 1100 Gradient Pump Agilent 1100 Autosampler Agilent 1100 DAD Dectector Agilent 1100 Degasser Agilent 1100 Oven Agilent 1100 Controller Waters ZQ Mass Spectrometer
• Sedere Sedex 55 Sedere Sedex 85 or Polymer Labs PL-ELS-2100
• the column used is a Waters Atlantis, the dimensions of which are 4.6mm x 50mm.
• the stationary phase particle size is 3 ⁇ m.
• Aqueous solvent Water + 0.05% Formic Acid
• the generic method used has a 5 minute runti
• the above method has a flow rate of 3ml/mins
• the column used is a Waters Acquity BEH UPLC C18, the dimensions of which are 2.1 mm x 50mm.
• the stationary phase particle size is 1.7 ⁇ m.
• Aqueous solvent Water + 0.05% Formic Acid
• Organic solvent Acetonitrile + 0.05%
• the generic method used has a 2 minute runtime.
• the above method has a flow rate of 1ml/min.
• the injection volume for the generic method is 0.5ul
• the column temperature is 40deg
• the UV detection range is from 220 to 330nm
• MDAP Cold Access Mass Directed Auto Prep System
• Open Access Mass Directed Prep instruments consist of the following:
• the stationary phase particle size is
• Aqueous solvent Water + 0.1% Formic Acid
• Organic solvent MeCN: Water 95:5 +0.05% Formic Acid
• Needle rinse solvent MeOH: Water: DMSO 80:10:10
• One of five methods may be used depending on the analytical retention time of the compound of interest.
• 3-Fluoroaniline 28.38ml, 0.296mol was added to a solution of 4-oxo-1-piperidine carboxylate (6Og, 0.302mol) in 1 ,2-DCE (600ml) and the mixture stirred for 15 minutes.
• Sodium tri(acetoxy)borohydride (83g, 0.392mol) was added gradually over 5 minutes and the mixture stirred for 5.5h, then poured into a mixture of 2M HCI (100ml), water (200ml) and ice (11). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with DCM (200ml).
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1-dimethylethyl 4-amino-1- piperidinecarboxylate and 4-bromobenzonitrile using a method similar to that described for D5 in Description 5.
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1-dimethylethyl 4-[(4-cyanophenyl)amino]- 1-piperidinecarboxylate (D7) using a method similar to that described for D6 in Description 6 although purification by column chromatography was also carried out.
• the title compound was prepared from 1,1-dimethylethyl 4-oxo-1- piperidinecarboxylate and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyaniline using a method similar to that described for D9 in Description 9.
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1-dimethylethyl 4-oxo-1- piperidinecarboxylate and 2-fluoroaniline using a method similar to that described for D3 in Description 3.
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1-dimethylethyl 4-amino-1- piperidinecarboxylate and 2-bromobenzonitrile using a method similar to that described for D5 in Description 5.
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl (2R)-4-[(4- aminophenyl)methyl]-2-methyl-1 -piperazinecarboxylate (D25) using a method similar to that described for D23 in Description 23A although the reaction was heated at 5O 0 C for 48 h prior to addition of sodium borohydride and for 1.5 h after addition.
• the title compound may be prepared using a method similar to that described for D21.
• the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and the residue partitioned between DCM and water.
• the DCM layer was separated and the aqueous was extracted with DCM (x2).
• the DCM layers were combined and dried to produce a yellow oil (9.614g).
• the mixture was purified by passing through an SCX cartridge to produce a yellow oil (4.787g) which was a mixture of the title compound and unreacted D82. This whole was dissolved in DCM (6OmL) and triethylamine (2.936 mL) added followed by Boc anhydride (4.612g, 21.13mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight under argon.
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1-dimethylethyl (2R,6S)-4-[(4- aminophenyl)methyl]-2,6-dimethyl-1-piperazinecarboxylate (D28) using a method similar to that described for D23 in Description 23A although the reaction was heated at 5O 0 C for 48h prior to addition of sodium borohydride then for 1h after addition. Further paraformaldehyde (1eq) and sodium methoxide (1eq) were added; the reaction was heated at 5O 0 C for 12 h; further sodium borohydride (1eq) was added and the reaction heated at 5O 0 C for 1h.
• the title compound was prepared from 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl (2S)-4-[(4-amino-2- methylphenyl)methyl]-2-rnethyl-1 -piperazinecarboxylate (D54) using a method similar to that described for D23 in Description 23A although the reaction was heated at 5O 0 C for 16h prior to addition of sodium borohydride and 5.5h after addition.
• E2-E15 were prepared from the appropriate intermediate, 20 as indicated in the table, using methods similar to that described for E1 in Example 1 with reaction times as indicated in the table.
• the title compound was prepared from 1,1-dimethylethyl (2S)-4-( ⁇ 4-[( ⁇ 4-[(3- fluorophenyOaminol-i-piperidinylJcarbonyOCmethyOaminol ⁇ -methylphenylJmethyl) ⁇ - methyl-1-piperazinecarboxylate (D56) using a method similar to that described for E16 in Example 16, except that chromatography was carried out using Biotage KP- NHTM column eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/petrol. MS (ES): MH + 454.3.
• GPR38 FLIPR functional agonist assay protocol 24 hours prior to assay, CHO-K1 cells stably expressing the GPR38 receptor were seeded (10,000 cells/well) into poly-D-lysine coated 384-well black-wall, clear-bottom microtitre plates (Greiner). On the day of assay, media was aspirated from cell plates using a cell washer (leaving 10ul of media).
• the loading buffer was HBSS ⁇ Elga water + 137mM NaCI + 5mM KCI + 0.41 mMa KH2PO4(anhyd) + 2OmM HEPES + 5mM glucose + 0.81 mM MgSO4(anhyd) + 1.3mM CaCI2 + 4.16mM NaHCO3 ⁇ + 0.25mM brilliant black + 2uM Fluo 4 dye and the CHO-K1 cells thawed from frozen aliquots and seeded 24 hours prior to the assay.
• Examples 1 to 20 have a pEC50 > 6.4 in the FLIPR assay.

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