Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D277/34—Oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/32—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D209/34—Oxygen atoms in position 2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D277/36—Sulfur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds of the general formula (I), derivatives, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions containing any of these singly or in combination.
• the present invention more particularly provides novel compounds of the general formula (I) wherein Ri through R 7 , W, X, Y, Z and V are as defined herein:
• Type I diabetes is an autonomic immune disease and patient must take insulin to survive.
• Type II diabetes is more common form is a metabolic disorder resulting from the body's inability to make a sufficient amount of insulin or to properly use the insulin that is produced. Insulin secretion and insulin resistance are considered the major defects, however, the precise genetic factors involved in the mechanism remain unknown.
• iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase
• IKKJJ-NF- ⁇ B Inducible nitric oxide synthase
• iNOS insulin-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance-like substance, and digestive tracts, and digestive tracts, and digestive tracts, and digestive tracts, and digestive tracts, and oxidative stress.
• iNOS Nitrosative protein modifications, such as tyrosine nitration often associated with iNOS expression, were elevated in plasma, skeletal muscle, vasculature and retina of patients with and rodent models of type II or obesity-related diabetes.
• iNOS induction resulted in attenuated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cultured skeletal muscle cells.
• the present invention is also concerned with treatment of immunological diseases or inflammation, notably such diseases as are mediated by cytokines or cyclooxygenase.
• the principal elements of the immune system are macrophages or antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells.
• the role of other immune cells such as NK cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells are known, but their role in primary immunologic disorders is uncertain.
• Macrophages are important mediators of both inflammation and providing the necessary "help" for T cell stimulation and proliferation.
• macrophages make IL 1, IL 12 and TNF- ⁇ all of which are potent pro-inflammatory molecules and also provide help for T cells.
• macrophages In addition, activation of macrophages results in the induction of enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase II (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of free radicals capable of damaging normal cells.
• COX-2 cyclooxygenase II
• iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
• free radicals capable of damaging normal cells.
• Many factors activate macrophages, including bacterial products, superantigens and interferon gamma (IFN ⁇ ). It is believed that phosphotyrosine kinases (PTKs) and other undefined cellular kinases are involved in the activation process.
• PTKs phosphotyrosine kinases
• other undefined cellular kinases are involved in the activation process.
• Cytokines are molecules secreted by immune cells that are important in mediating immune responses. Cytokine production may lead to the secretion of other cytokines, altered cellular function, cell division or differentiation. Inflammation is the body's normal response to injury or infection. However, in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, pathologic inflammatory processes can lead to morbidity and mortality.
• the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ⁇ ) plays a central role in the inflammatory response and has been targeted as a point of intervention in inflammatory disease. TNF- ⁇ is a polypeptide hormone released by activated macrophages and other cells.
• TNF- ⁇ participates in the protective inflammatory response by activating leukocytes and promoting their migration to extravascular sites of inflammation (Moser et al., J Clin Invest, 83:444- 55,1989). At higher concentrations, TNF- ⁇ can act as a potent pyrogen and induce the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (Haworth et al., Eur J Immunol, 21 :2575-79, 1991; Brennan et al., Lancet, 2:244-7, 1989). TNF- ⁇ also stimulates the synthesis of acute-phase proteins. In rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease affecting about 1% of the adult U.S.
• TNF- ⁇ mediates the cytokine cascade that leads to joint damage and destruction (Arend et al., Arthritis Rheum, 38:151-60,1995).
• Inhibitors of TNF- ⁇ including soluble TNF receptors (etanercept) (Goldenberg, Clin Ther, 21:75-87, 1999) and anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody (infliximab) (Luong et al., Ann Pharmacother, 34:743-60, 2000), have recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
• FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• TNF- ⁇ have also been implicated in many other disorders and disease conditions, including cachexia, septic shock syndrome, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis etc.
• TNF- ⁇ are potentially useful in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. While there have been prior efforts to provide compounds for inhibiting TNF- ⁇ , IL-I, IL-6, COX-2 or other agents considered responsible for immune response, inflammation or inflammatory diseases, e.g., arthritis, there still remains a need for new and improved compounds for effectively treating and inhibiting such diseases.
• the TNF- ⁇ has significant role in improvement of insulin resistance. It accelerates lipolysis and increases free fatty acid levels in the circulation. It down regulates synthesis of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate— 1 (IRS-I) and glucose transporter (GLUT-4). It increases phosphorylation of IRS-I serine-threonine and phosphortyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity. It inhibits insulin receptor autophosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-I, PPAR- ⁇ synthesis and insulin-stimulated glucose transport.
• IRS-I insulin receptor substrate— 1
• GLUT-4 glucose transporter
• An object of the present invention is therefore to provide novel heterocyclic compounds of the general formula (I), derivatives, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable compositions containing any of these singly or in combination.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide methods using these compounds and compositions for treatment of disorders associated with insulin resistance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, and for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases, particularly those mediated by cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-I, IL-6, IL- l ⁇ and cyclooxygenase such as COX-2.
• cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-I, IL-6, IL- l ⁇ and cyclooxygenase such as COX-2.
• mediator of cytokines such as TNF ⁇ may also provide methods of using such compounds for the treatment of cancer.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide such compounds and compositions having enhanced activities, without toxic effect or with reduced toxic effect.
• the present invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds of the general formula (I)
• — represents an optional bond
• V represents CH or N
• Y represents O or S
• W represents O or NRs
• Re is selected from hydrogen or linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci -C 6 ) alkyl groups
• X represents CR 9 , O or S wherein R 9 is hydrogen or R 9 together with Z forms a 5 or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N
• Z represents O, S or together with R 9 forms a 5 to 6 membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 1 to 2 hetero atoms selected from O, S or N
• Ri and R 2 may be same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, a halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, amino, CORi 0 , or
• a useful class of compounds includes those of the formula (I) wherein Y is O; X is S or CR 9 ; Ri is CORi 0 and R 2 is hydrogen or alkyl.
• a particular subclass of this class includes those compounds wherein R3 is hydrogen or halo; R4 and R$ are hydrogen; R 5 is hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl or alkoxy; and R 7 is hydrogen, -CH 2 COOR or a counterion.
• Another useful subclass of compounds of the formula (I) includes those wherein V is CH; X is S; Y, Z and W are O; R ]0 is -ORn; Rn is hydrogen or a counterion; R 2 , R 3 , R t , R 5 and Rg are hydrogen; and R 7 is hydrogen or a counterion.
• a useful class of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to formula (I) includes the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, besylate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts.
• Pharmaceutical compositions are provided by the invention comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a mixture of compounds, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof according to formula (I) sufficient to reduce in a subject the plasma level of glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol or triglycerides and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient or solvate.
• compositions are further provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a mixture of compounds, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof according to formula (I) sufficient to treat obesity, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, immunological diseases, diabetes or disorders associated with insulin resistance in a subject.
• compositions are preferable for oral use in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, syrup, aerosol or suspension.
• Methods are provided for treating diabetes, obesity, autoimmune diseases, inflammation and immunological disease, including the treatment of cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a mixture of compounds, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof of formula (I) to a patient in need thereof.
• Methods are provided for reducing the glucose, free fatty acid, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the plasma comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a mixture of compounds, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof of formula (I) to a patient in need thereof.
• a method for treating the disorders associated with insulin resistance comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a mixture of compounds, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof of formula (I) to a patient in need thereof.
• Fig. 1 is a graph of the results of the basal glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes of Compounds 1 and 2 of the invention.
• Fig. 2 shows the relative cytotoxicity of Compounds 1 and 2 compared to troglitazone (TZD).
• FIG. 3 shows microscopic images of stained fibroblasts comparing relative adipogenesis induced by rosiglitazone and compounds 1 and 2.
• Fig 4 shows the blood glucose lowering effect and effect on body weight from oral treatment of diabetic mice with Compound 2.
• Fig. 5 shows the glucose tolerance in diabetic mice from oral administration of Compound 2.
• Fig. 6 shows the serum cholesterol lowering effect of Compound 1 in diabetic mice.
• Fig. 7 shows the TNF ⁇ inhibition effects in human peripheral blood cells by Compounds 1 and 2.
• Fig. 8 shows the inhibition of LPS-induced NO production (by measurement of nitrite concentration) in mouse macrophages by Compounds 1 and 2.
• analog includes a compound that differs from the parent structure by one or more C, N, O or S atoms.
• the latter compound is an analog of the former.
• stereoisomer includes isomers that differ from one another in the way the atoms are arranged in space, but whose chemical formulas and structures are otherwise identical. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereoisomers.
• tautomer includes readily interconvertible isomeric forms of a compound in equilibrium.
• the enol-keto tautomerism is an example.
• polymorph includes crystallographically distinct forms of compounds with chemically identical structures.
• pharmaceutically acceptable solvates includes combinations of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute compound.
• substituted means that one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a substituent including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, amino, amidino, aryl, aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), aralkoxy (e.g., benzyloxy), carboalkoxy (e.g., acyloxy), carboxyalkyl (e.g., esters), carboxamido, aminocarbonyl, cyano, carbonyl, halo, hydroxyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, and thio.
• the substituent may be substituted.
• the term derivative refers to a compound obtained from a compound according to Formula (I), an analog, tautomeric form, stereoisomer, polymorph, hydrate, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, by a simple chemical process converting one or more functional groups, such as, by oxidation, hydrogenation, alkylation, esterification, halogenation, and the like.
• Suitable groups represented by Rs is selected from hydrogen, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-Ce) alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and the like;
• X represents CRp, O or S wherein Rg is hydrogen or R 9 together with Z forms a 5 or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N;
• Z represents O, S or together with R 9 forms a 5 or 6 membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system, containing 1 or 2 hetero atoms selected from O, S or N;
• Ri and R 2 are selected from hydrogen, halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, amino, COR 10 , linear or branched, substituted or unsubstit
• the substituents may be selected from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, azido, amino, hydrazine, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, haloacyl, acyloxyacyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, aryloxycarbonyloxyalkyl, cycloalkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, alkanoyloxyalkyl, cycloalkanoyloxyalkyl alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, alkylthio, ary
• a useful class of compounds includes those of the Formula (I) wherein Y is O; X is S or CR 9 ; Ri is CORi 0 and R 2 is hydrogen or alkyl.
• a particular subclass of this class includes those compounds wherein R 3 is hydrogen or halo; R 4 and Re are hydrogen; R 5 is hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl or alkoxy; and R 7 is hydrogen, -CH 2 COOR or a counterion.
• Another useful subclass of compounds of the Formula (I) includes those wherein V is CH; X is S; Y, Z and W are O; Rio is — ORn; Rn is hydrogen or a counterion; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , Rs and Rg are hydrogen; and R 7 is hydrogen or a counterion.
• the compounds of the present invention are effective in lowering blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglyceride levels and are useful in the treatment and / or prophylaxis of type II diabetes.
• the compounds of the present invention are effective in treatment of obesity, inflammation, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Surprisingly, these compounds increase the leptin level and have no liver toxicity.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of disorders associated with insulin resistance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, as 1 WeIl as hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, and for the treatment of inflammation and immunological diseases, particularly those mediated by cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-I, IL-6, IL- l ⁇ and cyclooxygenase such as COX-2, to include the treatment of cancer.
• the compounds of this class are also useful for he treatment of diabetes complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy and like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts forming part of this invention includes base addition salts such as alkali metal salts like Li, Na, and K salts, alkaline earth metal salts like Ca and Mg salts, salts of organic bases such as lysine, arginine, guanidine, diethanolamine, choline and the like, ammonium or substituted ammonium salts.
• base addition salts such as alkali metal salts like Li, Na, and K salts, alkaline earth metal salts like Ca and Mg salts, salts of organic bases such as lysine, arginine, guanidine, diethanolamine, choline and the like, ammonium or substituted ammonium salts.
• Salts may include acid addition salts which are sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, perchlorates, borates, hydrohalides, acetates, tartrates, maleates, citrates, succinates, palmoates, methanesulphonates, benzoates, salicylates, hydroxynaphthoates, benzenesulfonates, ascorbates, glycerophosphates, ketoglutarates and the like.
• a preferred class of salts includes the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, besylate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be hydrates or comprising other solvents of crystallization such as alcohols.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, containing the compounds of the general formula (I) as defined above, derivatives, analogs, tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, polymorphs, hydrates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates singly or in combination, in combination with the usual pharmaceutically employed carriers, diluents and the like, useful for the treatment of obesity, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, immunological diseases, diabetes or disorders associated with insulin resistance in a subject.
• compositions may be in the forms normally employed, such as tablets, capsules, powders, syrups, solutions, aerosols, suspensions and the like; may contain flavoring agents, sweeteners etc in suitable solid or liquid carriers or diluents, or in suitable sterile media to form injectable solutions or suspensions.
• Such compositions typically contain from 1 to 20 % preferably 1 to 10 % by weight of active compound, the remainder of the composition being pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or solvents.
• the preferred compositions for oral administration are in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, syrup, aerosol or suspension.
• compositions include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like.
• solvents include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like.
• the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
• therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount of a compound that is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, when administered to a mammal including humans, in need of such treatment.
• the therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the particular compound chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, timing of administration, the manner of administration and the like, all of which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• treatment means any treatment of a disease in a mammal, including: a) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop; b) inhibiting the disease, that is, slowing or arresting the development of clinical symptoms; and/or c) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms.
• Useful compounds according to the present invention include:
• Step-I The reaction of compound of formula (Ia) with 4-fluorobenzaldehyde to produce a compound of the formula (Ib) may be carried out in the presence of solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, DME and the like or a mixtures of solvents may be used.
• the reaction may be carried out in an inert atmosphere.
• the reaction may be effected in the presence of a base such as K 2 CO3, Na 2 COs 5 potassium tert-butoxide, NaH or mixtures thereof.
• the reaction temperature may range from 60 0 C to 100 0 C, preferably at a temperature in the range of 80 0 C to 100 0 C.
• the duration of the reaction may range from 1 to 24 hours, preferably from 15 to 20 hours.
• the reaction of the compound of the formula (Ib) with a compound of formula (Ic) is carried out in the presence of base and in the presence of a solvent such as toluene, methoxyethanol or mixtures thereof to yield a compound of formula (I).
• the reaction temperature may range from 60 0 C to 180 0 C.
• Suitable catalyst such as piperidinium acetate or benzoate, sodium acetate or mixtures of catalysts may also be employed.
• the water produced in the reaction may be removed by using Dean Stark water separator or by using water-absorbing agents like molecular sieves.
• a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I), by reducing the penultimate step of formula (I) wherein — represents bond The reduction step is not required when represent no bond and all other symbols are as defined earlier.
• the reduction of the compound of formula (I), to produce the general compound of formula (I) may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney Nickel, and the like. Mixtures of catalysts may also be used.
• the reaction may be conducted in the presence of solvents such as methanol, dichloromethane, dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like. Mixtures of solvents may also be used.
• a pressure between atmospheric pressure to 100 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 50-300% w/w.
• any reactive functional group in the substrate molecule may be protected according to the conventional chemical practice.
• Suitable protecting groups in any of these reactions are those used conventionally in the art, and the methods of formation and removal of such protecting groups are those conventional methods appropriate to the molecule being protected.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 75 mL); the organic layer was discarded and the resulting aqueous layer was acidified with HCl ( ⁇ 6M) to pH 2.0.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford a mixture which was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexane - ethyl acetate (7:3) containing 1% acetic acid as eluent to yield a pale yellow solid (2.5 g, 25.6 %).
• Step 11 Synthesis of (4-[4-(2,4-Dioxothiazolidin-5- ylidenemethvDphenoxyl phenvUacetic acid
• 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were differentiated to adipocytes by a cocktail containing insulin, dexamethasone and IBMX for four days.
• Fully differentiated adipocytes were treated with the compounds (1.0 ⁇ M concentrations) or 0.1% DMSO for 72 hours and then glucose uptake was carried out for 10 minutes without any addition of insulin.
• Basal uptake was initiated by addition of radioactive 14 C- 2-deoxyglucose and after 10 minutes they were washed with cold PBS mixed with cold glucose. At the end, the cells were solubilized with 0.1% SDS and counted in a Beckman scintillation counter. Both the Compounds 1 and 2 induced glucose uptake over basal levels.
• HepG2 human liver cells
• Troglitazone the first marketed thiazolidinedione was withdrawn from the market because of severe hepatotoxicity.
• PPAR- ⁇ agonists both TZD or non-TZDs induce differentiation in the fibroblast cells.
• the adipogenic potential of these compounds are correlated with their affinity to this receptor.
• 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were treated with either DMSO control or rosiglitazone (all at 10 ⁇ M concentrations) as positive control or these two compounds for several days at different concentrations.
• the differentiated adipocytes were stained with Oil-red-O (Sigma) and washed thoroughly to remove the unbound stain. The stained differentiated adipocytes were visualized under high-resolution microscope.
• PPAR- ⁇ agonist rosiglitazone strongly induced adipogenesis in this cell system whereas both compounds 1 and 2 remained unchanged, that is they are non-adipogenic and probably they do not.
• db/db a model diabetic mice were orally treated with compound 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and blood glucose was monitored by one touch glucometer every day morning before the next dose.
• Blood glucose levels were monitored pre-dose, at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 210 minutes, and showed improvement in glucose tolerance.
• Compound 1 and 2 inhibit major pro-inflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from volunteers.
• human PBMC cells were cultured and incubated with Compound 1 and 2 at lO ⁇ M concentration.
• Cells (1 x 10 6 AnL) were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at a concentration of (100 ng/mL) for 20 hours.
• LPS lipopolysaccharides
• Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) were plated in 6-well plate (2 million cells/well), and incubated at 37°C with LPS (200 ng/mL + IFN- ⁇ 10 U/mL) for 18 hours. Nitrite levels were measured by the Griess reagent. The results are shown in Fig. 8. All of the compounds were tested at 30 ⁇ M concentrations.

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