Classifications

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Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods of controlling growth of microorganisms, in particular, oral and superficial bacteria and fungi that cause disorders or diseases in host organisms, by applying gallium compounds to an affected or intended area topically or superficially.
• the invention further relates to formulations comprising gallium compounds for controlling growth of such microorganisms and objects or materials coated therewith or incorporating same.
• the invention relates to animal feeds containing gallium compounds.
• Gallium is a group Ilia semi-metallic element that has been used for many years for diagnosing neoplasms and inflammation in the field of nuclear medicine. Gallium has also shown some efficacy in the treatment of cancers (Adamson et al, 1975, Cancer Chemothe. Rept 59:599-610; Foster et al, 1986, Cancer Treat Rep 70:1311- 1319; Chitambar et al, 1997, Am J Clin Oncol 20:173-178), symptomatic cancer-related hypercalcemia (Warrell et al., 1989, in "Gallium in the treatment of hypercalcemia and bone metastasis", Important Advances in Oncology, pp. 205-220, J.B.
• Ga 3+ is known to have solution- and coordination- chemistries similar to those of Fe 3+ (Shannon, 1976, Acta Crystallographica A32:751-
• U.S. Patent No. 6,203,822 and International Patent Application No. WO 03/053347 disclose methods for treating patients infected with intracellular bacteria, in particular, species of the genus Mycobacterium, by intravenously or orally administering gallium compounds to patients infected by this class of bacteria (also 5 see Olakanmi et al, 2000, Infection and Immunity 68(10) :5619-5627). These organisms primarily infect macrophages, which are known to store large amounts of iron and overexpress transferrin receptors. Parenterally or orally administered gallium compounds are easily taken up by the macrophages through transferrin receptors
• This invention is based upon the inventors' use of gallium compounds to control the growth of pathogenic microorganisms at specific sites, such as oral cavities, nasal cavities, eyes, skins and vagina, in host organisms of such pathogens as well as on the surfaces of various objects that need to be kept free of such pathogens. Such a control is accomplished through the application of gallium compounds to an affected or intended area topically, or superficially.
• the present invention provides methods for controlling the growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms, comprising applying gallium compounds to an affected or intended area topically, or superficially.
• the present invention provides methods for controlling growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, at specific sites in host organisms, preferably mammals, and most preferably humans, inflicted with such pathogens, by topically or locally applying gallium compounds to said sites.
• Those microorganisms include, but are not limited to, bacteria within the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Yersinia, Salmonella, Chlamydia, Coxilla, Ehrlichia,
• the microorganisms targeted by the present invention include, but are not limited to, those commonly found in the oral cavity, especially those bacteria which cause dental caries, plaques, periodontal diseases, halitosis, gingivitis and other oral diseases and disorders.
• examples of such microorganisms include, but not by way of limitation, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus gordonii, Atopobium parvulum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Eubacterium sulci, and so forth.
• the microorganisms targeted by the present invention are pathogenic organisms causing infections in nasal and vaginal cavities, as well as on the skin surfaces and include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, ⁇ -hemolytic streptococci, Cory neb acterium minutissimum, Candida albicans, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Pityriasis versicolor, Exophiala wasneckii,
• Trichosporon beigelii Malassezia furfur, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., and the like.
• one aspect of the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing diseases or disorders caused by oral bacteria or fungi in a subject, comprising applying gallium compounds to the oral cavity.
• the disease or disorder includes dental caries, gingivitis, halitosis, oral thrush and the like.
• the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing a superficial infection in a subject, comprising topically applying gallium compounds to the affected area.
• the superficial infection includes skin infections, vaginal yeast infections, ocular infections, and the like.
• the present invention provides methods for controlling the growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms on the surfaces of objects, such as tooth brushes, dentures, dental retainers, contact lenses, bandages, dressings, medical devices, etc., by applying gallium compounds to the surfaces of the objects
• the present invention provides methods for controlling the growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms in foods, including grains (e.g., corn, wheat, rice, barley, and the like), vegetables (e.g., lettuce, spinach, potatoes, and the like), animal products, (e.g., fish, eggs and meat, and the like), by directly applying gallium compounds to the same by soaking, washing and/or spraying.
• grains e.g., corn, wheat, rice, barley, and the like
• vegetables e.g., lettuce, spinach, potatoes, and the like
• animal products e.g., fish, eggs and meat, and the like
• the present invention provides methods for controlling the growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms by applying gallium compounds to host organisms in need thereof in combination with probiotic microorganisms.
• probiotic microorganisms include, but are not limited to, non-pathogenic species of the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, and so forth, whose growths are not affected by the presence of gallium.
• the present invention further provides formulations comprising gallium compounds for controlling the growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms.
• the gallium compounds are formulated as toothpaste, a mouthwash, or a gargle for the application to the oral cavity.
• the gallium compounds are formulated as ointments, lotions, creams, gels, solutions, eye drops, aerosols, and so forth, for topical or local applications.
• the gallium compounds are formulated as a coating to the surfaces of an object to disinfect the same and/or to treat the infections in a wearer of the object (e.g., contact lenses to treat ocular infections).
• the formulations of the present invention may contain probiotic microorganisms in addition to gallium compounds.
• the present invention provides animal feeds comprising gallium compounds with or without probiotics.
• subject refers to an animal, including a fowl (e.g., chickens, turkeys, and the like), and a mammal such as a non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rats, etc.) and a primate (e.g., monkey and human), most preferably a human.
• fowl e.g., chickens, turkeys, and the like
• mammal e.g., a non-primate
• a primate e.g., monkey and human
• topically refers to an application of the gallium compounds to a definite area of the body of a subject and is interchangeably used with the term “locally.”
• topically may refer to an application of the gallium compounds directly to an external area of the body, such as skin and eye as well as oral cavity, nasal cavity and vagina.
• topically may also refer to an application of the gallium compounds directly to a definite area inside the body which is exposed to an outer environment, for example, by injury or during surgery.
• the term "superficially” as used herein refers to an application of the gallium compounds to the surfaces of an inanimate or animate object.
• the term superficially may refer to an application of the gallium compounds to the surfaces of an inanimate or animate object by coating.
• the term superficially may refer to an application of the gallium compounds to the surfaces of an inanimate or animate object by soaking the object in a solution of the gallium compounds or adhering/bonding the gallium compounds to the surface of the object.
• prophylactically effective amount refers to that amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to prevent a disease or disorder associated with pathogenic microorganisms at a given site.
• a prophylactically effective amount may refer to the amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to prevent or suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms or kill pathogenic microorganisms at a given site.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to that amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to treat, manage or ameliorate a disease or disorder caused by pathogenic organisms at affected sites.
• 220121.01 effective amount may refer to the amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms, to suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (i.e., stasis), or to kill pathogenic microorganisms at the affected sites.
• a therapeutically effective amount of the gallium compounds 5 means that the amount of the gallium compounds alone, or in combination with other therapies, that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment, management, or amelioration of a disease or disorder.
• the term may refer to that amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms, to suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (i.e., stasis), or to kill pathogenic microorganisms (i.e., disinfect) on the surfaces of objects.
• the term may also refer to that amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to prevent
• an effective amount refers to that amount of the gallium compounds sufficient to promote animal growth and prevent infections when fed to the animals.
• probiotics refers to viable microorganisms '0 which alter the microflora by implantation or colonization in or onto the host, thereby exerting beneficial health effects on the host.
• the beneficial health effects of probiotics may be exerted particularly successfully in the environment which is hostile to pathogenic organisms but favorable for probiotics so that the growth of the probiotics outweigh that of the pathogenic organisms.
• Some examples of probiotics S are non-pathogenic species of genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and so forth.
• Fig. 1 is a diagram showing a mechanism by which microorganisms take in iron or gallium.
• siderophores potent iron-chelating compounds
• Microorganisms produce siderophores, which bind Fe 3+ in the environment and are transported into the cells via specific transport systems, where Fe 3+ is released as Fe 2+ and then stored.
• Known siderophores include hydroxamates, such as rhodotorulic acid, coprogens, ferrichromes, and fusarinines; . polycarboxylates; phenolates-catecholates and desferioxamine (Howard, 1999, supra).
• Ga 3+ and Fe 3+ have strong biochemical similarities, in particular, with regard to their binding to proteins and chelators. These similarities are mainly attributed to their comparable ionic radii and the degrees of ionic (electrostatic) versus covalent contributions to bonding (for review, see Bernstein, 1998, supra). Because of these similarities, Ga 3+ can mimic Fe 3+ in various biological processes.
• Ga 3+ binds to transferrin (see, for example, Clausen et al, 1974, Cancer Res 34:1931-1937; Vallabhajosula et al, 1980, / Nucl Med 21:650-656) and is transported into the cell via transferrin-mediated endocytosis (Chitambar, 1987, Cancer Res 47:3929-3934).
• Ga 3+ may competitively bind to siderophores and be easily taken up by microorganisms, where it can disrupt DNA and protein syntheses or bind to bacterial proteins and impair the growth of the microorganisms, thereby eventually leading to the stasis or death of the organisms.
• Ga 3+ may occupy membrane-reductases of the microorganisms and prevent Fe 3+ from binding to the reductases to be reduced to Fe 2+ , which would be more bioavailable than Fe 3+ .
• the present invention takes advantage of these characteristics of gallium compounds and provides methods and formulations for controlling the growth of pathogenic microorganisms to treat or prevent infections caused by such pathogens.
• Gallium compounds suitable for use in the present invention include any gallium-containing compounds that are pharmaceutically acceptable and safe for mammalian use, in particular, for human use. Gallium compounds have been used diagnostically and therapeutically in humans and are known to be very safe for human use (see Foster et ah, 1986, supra; Todd et ah, 1991, Drugs 42:261-273; Johnkoff et ah, 1993, BrJ Cancer 67:693-700).
• gallium compounds suitable for use in the present invention include, but not by way of limitation, gallium nitrate, gallium maltolate, gallium citrate, gallium phosphate, gallium chloride, gallium fluoride, gallium carbonate, gallium formate, gallium acetate, gallium sulfate, gallium tartrate, gallium oxalate, gallium oxide, and any other gallium compounds which can safely provide effective levels of element gallium in various applications.
• gallium complexes such as gallium pyrones, gallium pyridones, and gallium oximes, as well as gallium bound to proteins, such as transferrin and lactoferrin, or gallium bound to siderophores, such as hydroxamates, polycarboxylates, and phenolates- catecholates, desferioxamine and other iron-chelators, such as cysteine, ⁇ -keto acids, hydroxy acids and pyridoxal isonicotinyl hydrazone class (Richardson et ah, 1997, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41(9):2061-2063) and the like are also suitable for use in the present invention.
• the therapeutically effective amount (i.e., dosage) of a gallium compound can vary based on the nature and severity of the disease or disorder to be treated, the location of the affected area, the age and immunological background of a subject, the types of gallium compound to be used, as well as other factors apparent to those skilled in the art.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a gallium compound can be that amount which gives gallium ion concentration, at the site of the application, of at least about 1 ⁇ M, at least about 50 ⁇ M, at least about 100 ⁇ M, at least about 500 ⁇ M, at least about 1 mM, at least about 10 mM, at least about 50 mM,
• 220121.01 at least about 100 mM, at least about 200 mM, up to about 500 mM. Due to gallium's low toxicity, the amount may be liberally increased to more than 500 mM but less than that amount which causes any toxicity. For reference, it has been reported that healthy adults can tolerate at least about 200 mg/m 2 /day gallium nitrate intravenous 5 infusion for at least 7 days (see Schlesinger et at., supra).
• the prophylactically effective amount of a gallium compound may be that amount sufficient to prevent a disease or disorder associated with pathogenic microorganisms and may vary based on the location of the affected area, the types and the number of the pathogenic organisms in the area, the types of gallium
• the prophylactically effective amount of a gallium compound may be that amount which gives gallium ion concentration, at the site of the application, of at least about 0.1 ⁇ M, at least about 50 ⁇ M, at least about 100 ⁇ M, at least about 500 ⁇ M, at least about 1 mM, at least about 10 mM, at
• the amount of a gallium compound for prophylactic purposes may be liberally increased to more than 200 mM but less than the amount that causes any toxicity.
• the effective amount of a gallium compound sufficient to control the growth of pathogenic microorganisms on the surfaces of inanimate objects may vary i0 depending on the types of the objects, frequencies of their use, frequencies of their exposure to pathogenic organisms and other factors evident to those skilled in the art.
• the effective amount of a gallium compound for this application may be the amount which gives gallium ion concentration of at least about 50 mg/m 2 , at least about 100 mg/m 2 , at least about 200 mg/m 2 , at least about 300 mg/m 2 , at least
• the gallium compounds suitable for the present invention can be formulated in various forms depending on their applications. Accordingly, the present invention provides formulations comprising gallium compounds for controlling growth of iron-dependent pathogenic microorganisms.
• the gallium compounds are formulated as toothpaste, a mouthwash, a gel or a gargle for the application to the oral cavity.
• the gallium compounds are formulated as ointments, lotions, creams, gels, solutions, aerosols, suppositories and so forth, for topical or local applications. Any other formulations typically used for topical or local applications are applicable for the present invention.
• the formulations of the present invention may further comprise probiotic microorganisms in addition to gallium compounds.
• probiotics can take over the microflora while the gallium compounds reduce or inhibit the growth of the pathogenic organisms, or kill the pathogenic organisms.
• the gallium compound formulations of the present invention may further contain other active or inactive ingredients.
• such other ingredients include, but are not limited to, potassium nitrate (to reduce tooth sensitivity), fluorides, abrasives, such as hydrated silica, surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, and ammonium lauryl sulfate, sequestering agents (to remove calcium and magnesium from saliva), such as tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), polymers, such as acrylic PVM/MA copolymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polypropylene glycol (PPG), tooth whiteners, such as sodium carbonate peroxide, sweeteners, baking soda, as well as other anti-bacterial agents and fillers.
• emollients to reduce tooth sensitivity
• fluorides such as hydrated silica
• surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, and ammonium lauryl sulfate
• sequestering agents to remove
• Dental caries is a transmissible disease which is bacterially generated in combination with other pathological factors, such as reduced salivary function and
• chlorhexidine gluconate rinse or gel for patients with high levels of bacteria; but it is difficult for clinicians to determine the levels of cariogenic bacteria in the mouth.
• Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is also known to require iron uptake for its growth and survival and expresses several iron-responsive proteins (Spatafora et al., 2001, Microbiology 147:1599-1610).
• AfimA one of the iron-responsive proteins, null i0 mutation was not lethal in S. mutans, indicating that other mechanisms for iron uptake and transport are operating in this pathogenic organism (Spatafora et al., 2001, supra). It has been reported that S. mutans does not excrete a readily detectable phenolate or hydroxamate siderophores, but it has a membrane-reductase which reduces ferric ion to ferrous ion, which is subsequently transported into the cell by a
• the present invention provides a method for preventing dental caries, comprising applying a prophylactically effective amount of a gallium compound to a tooth surface and an oral cavity of a subject.
• the gallium compound is formulated as a toothpaste comprising a gallium compound and is applied to the tooth surface and oral cavity by brushing.
• the gallium compound is formulated as a mouthwash comprising a gallium compound and applied to the tooth surface by rinsing the oral cavity.
• the gallium compound may be formulated as an ointment or a gel to be applied to a tooth surface.
• Vaginal infections are among the most common medical concerns for women.
• vaginal infections the most common is a yeast infection caused by the overgrowth of Candida albicans (C. albicans), which is a normal resident in the vagina in small numbers.
• C. albicans Candida albicans
• siderophore uptake by sitl siderophore iron transport 1 gene product is required for C. albicans to invade and penetrate epithelial layers, indicating that iron uptake is directly linked to virulence factors of the organism (Heymann et al., 2002, Infection and Immunity 70(9)5246-5255).
• siderophore iron transport 1 siderophore iron transport 1
• the present invention provides a method for treating vaginal yeast infection comprising applying a gallium compound to the vagina of a subject.
• the gallium compound may be formulated as creams, ointments, gels, douches, or suppositories.
• the present invention further provides a method for treating other types of vaginal infections, including, but not by way of limitation, bacterial vaginosis caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp., M ⁇ biluncus spp., and Mycoplasma hominis, and parasitic vaginosis caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp., M ⁇ biluncus spp., and Mycoplasma hominis, and parasitic vaginosis caused by
• the present invention provides a method for treating vaginal infections, comprising applying a gallium compound in combination with a probiotic, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus leichmannii, Lactobacillus johnsonni, Lactobacillus and delbrueckii.
• a probiotic such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus leichmannii, Lactobacillus johnsonni, Lactobacillus and delbrueckii.
• the present invention provides a method for controlling a growth of microorganisms on a surface of an inanimate or animate object, comprising applying an effective amount of a gallium compound to a surface of the object.
• toothbrushes, dentures and dental retainers often harbor carried-over oral microorganisms and it is desirable to prevent the growth of such organisms on the surfaces of these products from oral hygiene viewpoints.
• the present invention provides a method for disinfecting the objects, such as a toothbrush, a denture, a dental retainer, and other dental devices, by applying an effective amount of a gallium compound to a surface of the object.
• the gallium compounds may be applied to the surface of the object by dipping, brushing, spraying or coating.
• the coating may be based on a certain polymer that allows slow diffusion of the gallium compound at such a rate that it prevents microorganisms from growing on the surface of the object. Examples of polymer coatings include, but are not limited to, hydroxyapatite, polymethacrylates,
• 220I 2 1.01 tricalcium phosphate, polyanhydrides, hydrocarbon elastomers, methyl- and ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, phthalate, and so forth.
• the gallium compounds can be incorporated into materials, for example, the polymers (e.g., thermoplastics, thermoset resins, and the like), metals, and the like, which form the object itself (e.g., bristles of a toothbrush, a catheter, medical equipment, injection needles, and the like).
• the present invention provides a method for disinfecting contact lenses by applying an effective amount of a gallium compound to a surface of the lenses.
• the lenses may be disinfected by dipping them in the gallium compound solution, or by coating their surfaces with or without a certain polymer containing the gallium compounds as described above.
• the present invention provides a method for disinfecting skin surfaces of a subject, comprising applying the gallium compounds to the same, for example, as soap, shampoo, skin disinfectant (e.g., hand), and the like.
• the gallium compounds are applied to the skin surfaces in the form of cream, lotion, solution, aerosol, or ointment.
• the present invention provides a method for controlling the growth of microorganisms in drinks and foods, including grains, vegetables, animal products, such as fish, eggs, dairy products, meat, and the like, comprising applying the gallium compound directly to the same by washing, soaking and/or spraying.
• a treatment of foods can effectively protect the consumers from food poisoning.
• the present invention also provides medical implants, bandages, wound dressings which are surface-coated with the gallium compounds.
• the present invention provides a method for controlling a microbial growth on various environmental surfaces in households, hospitals, schools, etc., by applying the gallium compounds to the same.
• 220121.01 compounds can be used against any gallium-susceptible pathogenic microorganisms as discussed throughout the present specification (see Section 3 and Subsections 5.4 and 5.5, su ⁇ ra, and Subsections 5.7 and 5.8, infra), including the microorganisms that are known to have become resistant to first-line antibiotics.
• Such microorganisms include gallium-susceptible pathogenic microorganisms as discussed throughout the present specification (see Section 3 and Subsections 5.4 and 5.5, su ⁇ ra, and Subsections 5.7 and 5.8, infra), including the microorganisms that are known to have become resistant to first-line antibiotics.
• Escherichia coli O157 a causative organism for gastroenteritis, haemorrhagic colitis or urinary and genital tract infections
• vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis a causative organism for endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and wound infections
• methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA; a causative organism for various skin infections, eye infection, wound infections, and so forth
• LO typhi the causative organism for typhoid fever
• the applications of the gallium compounds to various surfaces are cost effective and significantly reduce microbial contaminations in the environment without increasing the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
• the present invention provides an animal feed comprising an effective amount of a gallium compound. .5
• the effective amount of a gallium compound in an animal feed sufficient to promote animal growth and prevent infections can be readily determined based on the therapeutic or prophylactic dosages of the gallium compounds described in the
• the animal feed of the present invention may further comprise probiotics.
• probiotics The health benefits of probiotics are discussed in Subsections 3.1 and 5.3. Typical probiotic compositions and methods for increasing the number of probiotic or resident microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,221,350.
• Gallium compounds may be utilized in many different applications other than those described in the previous sections. For example, gallium compounds may be applied topically or directly to a body area, including an open wound and an internal organ or tissue exposed to an outer environment during surgery in addition to an external area, that needs to be protected from or is afflicted with various infections caused by pathogenic organisms.
• Such infections include, but not by way of limitation, skin infections, such as cellulites, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, erysipelas, impetigo, erythrasma, paronychia, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, candidiasis (e.g., oral thrush), ring worm, tinea versicolor, etc. as well as eye infections, such as blepharitis, hordeola, conjunctivitis, etc., and nasal infections.
• skin infections such as cellulites, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, erysipelas, impetigo, erythrasma, paronychia, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, candidiasis (e.g., oral thrush), ring worm, tinea versicolor, etc. as well as eye infections, such as blepharitis, hordeola,
• yeasts or fungi that cause skin infections include Candida albicans, species of genus Microsporon, such as M. auduini and M. canis; species of Trichophyton, such as T. metagrophyte and T. tonsurans, and the like.
• Causative organisms for eye infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Propion ⁇ bacterium spp., Nocardia spp., Bacteroides spp, Fusarium spp. and so forth.
• Nasal infections caused by Streptococcus penumoniae may lead to ear infection, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. The infections caused by these organisms have
• 220121.01 become more and more common because of the development of drug-resistant microorganisms, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as the increased number of immunocompromised individuals due to HIV infection or AIDS, organ transplants, treatments for autoimmune diseases, and so forth.
• MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• 5 the applications of gallium compounds for human uses as well as veterinarian uses are very beneficial especially in view of their low toxicity and low risks for generating resistant microorganisms.
• Other applications in the fields of food industries, agricultural industries, fishing industries and so forth are also possible.
• MIC minimum inhibitory concentration
• MMC minimum bactericidal concentration
• the MBC is determined to be the lowest concentration of the gallium compound at which no growth is observed.
• Table 1 shows the list of microorganisms tested for MIC and MBC. All organisms were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA. Each microorganism was picked from the seed culture (see Table 1) and inoculated in an appropriate type of broth to obtain a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard. The standard suspension of the microorganism was then diluted to 1:100 with the broth and used for the tests.
• ATCC American Type Culture Collection
• VA Manassas
• microdilution broth method in 96-well plates (i.e., 0.1 ml of the gallium nitrate solution mixed with 0.1 ml of the microorganism suspension) or a macrodilution broth method in test tubes (i.e., 1 ml of the gallium nitrate solution mixed with 1 ml of the microorganism suspension) as follows:
• Macrodilution broth method Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE); Salmonella typhi; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
• MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• VRE Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis
• Salmonella typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Porphyromonas gingivalis Porphyromonas gingivalis
• the growth of the microorganisms were determined by visual observation of turbidity in the samples.
• Viability control A mixture of equal volumes of deionized water and an appropriate broth inoculated with a test microorganism but without gallium nitrate;
• Sterility control A mixture of equal volumes of deionized water and an appropriate broth without either microorganisms or gallium nitrate.
• concentrations of microorganisms in the suspension used in MIC test were determined by inoculating serial dilutions of the suspensions onto appropriate agar plates and counting the number of colonies.
• ND Not determined due to non-specific turbidity caused by the precipitation of gallium nitrate at some dilutions.
• a toothpaste is formulated to contain gallium nitrate at 50 ⁇ M and 0.2% by weight sodium fluoride as active ingredients in the treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease.
• the formulation also contains conventional inactive ingredients including water, sorbitol, glycerin, hydrated silica, polyethyleneglycol, xanthan gum, sodium saccharin, methylparaben, and propylparaben. These are blended in amounts known to those skilled in the art to obtain a toothpaste of appropriate consistency.
• the formulation can be packaged in conventional toothpaste tubes, and used in the normal manner.
• the present invention is applied to the formulation of suppositories and creams for the treatment of internal and external vaginal yeast infections, respectively, as follows.
• Gallium citrate at 200 ⁇ M is combined with inactive ingredients including, in the case of a suppositories, gelatin, glycerin, lecithin, mineral oil, titanium oxide, and white petrolatum, or, in the case of external creams, benzoic acid, isopropylmyristate, polysorbate 60, potassium hydroxide, propyleneglycol, distilled water and stearyl alcohol.
• inactive ingredients including, in the case of a suppositories, gelatin, glycerin, lecithin, mineral oil, titanium oxide, and white petrolatum, or, in the case of external creams, benzoic acid, isopropylmyristate, polysorbate 60, potassium hydroxide, propyleneglycol, distilled water and stearyl alcohol.
• a liquid formulation in a form of an aqueous solution of 5% by weight gallium phosphate and 5% by weight dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride is prepared and packaged for use in households, hospitals, barber shops and beauty parlors as a surface treatment agent for disinfecting objects whose surfaces are prone
• gallium tartrate In the formulation of animal feeds whereby various nutrients and 5 adjuvants are added to grains that are fed to domestic animals, gallium tartrate at 200 mg/kg feed is added to the feed separately or in combination with the aforesaid ingredients to ensure optimal mixing.
• the gallium tartrate can be applied as an aqueous solution using conventional equipment to achieve dispersal of the gallium tartrate throughout the feed.

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