WO2007044030A2 - Utilisation d’adjuvants chimiques en tant que promoteurs, agents de récupération et régulateurs de viscosité dans des systèmes d’absorption d’énergie nanoporeux - Google Patents

Utilisation d’adjuvants chimiques en tant que promoteurs, agents de récupération et régulateurs de viscosité dans des systèmes d’absorption d’énergie nanoporeux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007044030A2
WO2007044030A2 PCT/US2005/043880 US2005043880W WO2007044030A2 WO 2007044030 A2 WO2007044030 A2 WO 2007044030A2 US 2005043880 W US2005043880 W US 2005043880W WO 2007044030 A2 WO2007044030 A2 WO 2007044030A2
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energy absorption
absorption system
poly
combination
porous material
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PCT/US2005/043880
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English (en)
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WO2007044030A3 (fr
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Yu Qiao
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The University Of Akron
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Priority to US11/720,784 priority Critical patent/US8734941B2/en
Publication of WO2007044030A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007044030A2/fr
Publication of WO2007044030A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007044030A3/fr

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/007—Reactive armour; Dynamic armour
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249955—Void-containing component partially impregnated with adjacent component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249994—Composite having a component wherein a constituent is liquid or is contained within preformed walls [e.g., impregnant-filled, previously void containing component, etc.]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to energy absorption systems and damping systems for the absorption of mechanical energy and/or the dissipation of impact forces.
  • infiltration pressure p ⁇ n
  • infiltration pressure is an important factor governing system performance because the energy absorption mechanism cannot be activated until the applied pressure exceeds the infiltration pressure.
  • current technology limits researchers to systems based on pure water. Accordingly, infiltration pressure is primarily adjusted using surface treatment techniques and by controlling pore size. As will become clear herein, the present invention overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art.
  • the present invention provides a method and apparatus for absorption of mechanical energy.
  • the present invention absorbs energy when a mechanical load is applied to a porous material immersed in an infiltration liquid.
  • the load forces the liquid into the nanopores against an unfavorable free energy of wetting and against solid-liquid friction, thus energy is absorbed.
  • chemical promoting agents can optionally be added to assist the infiltration liquid in entering the nanopores.
  • Chemical recovery agents can also optionally be added to enhance the system's ability to expel liquid when the load is removed.
  • the viscosity of the system can be adjusted by optionally adding chemical compounds referred to herein as viscosity adjustors.
  • the present invention removes the need for surface treatments or controlling porosity. It accomplishes this by introducing compounds that promote or suppress the infiltration of liquid into porous materials, thus changing the infiltration pressure.
  • the present invention enables one to tune infiltration pressure by adjusting the amount of such compounds.
  • the present invention relates to (1) chemical promoters that render infiltration pressure broadly tunable, (2) chemical recovery agents that significantly improve system recoverability, (3) promoters that do not affect the accessible pore volume, and (4) chemical viscosity adjustors that adjust the system's viscosity.
  • the present invention also relates to an energy absorption system comprising a porous material in mechanical communication with a means for communicating a compressive load, an infiltration liquid, which is non-wetting to the porous material in the absence of a load, wherein the infiltration liquid is in fluid communication with the pores of the porous material, and the means for communicating a compressive load to the infiltration liquid and porous material so that the infiltration liquid is forced to enter the porous material.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for absorbing impact energy, comprising providing a porous material, providing an infiltration liquid, which is non-wetting to the porous material in the absence of a load, wherein the infiltration liquid is in fluid communication with the pores of the porous material, providing a means for communicating a compressive load to the infiltration liquid and porous material so that the infiltration liquid is forced to enter the porous material, and impacting the means for communicating a compressive load with a projectile, a self-propelled body, or a shock wave, wherein the impact is capable of actuating the means for communicating a compressive load.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the energy absorption system of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a set of hysteresis plots showing the relationship of applied pressure to specific volume as a function of ethanol content
  • Figure 3 is a plot showing infiltration pressure as a function of the ethanol content
  • Figure 5 is a plot showing system recoverability as a function of NaCl content, c NaCl 5
  • Figure 6 is a drawing showing the distribution of infiltration liquid and promoters in a nanopore
  • Figure 7 is a diagram showing an impact and recoil diagram of an encased embodiment with an impacting body
  • Figure 8 is a diagram showing an impact and recoil diagram of a padding embodiment with an impacting body
  • Figure 9(a) is a diagram showing a cross-sectional view of the energy absorbing material encased in a flexible skin having a roughly ellipsoidal shape
  • Figure 9(b) is a diagram showing a three dimensional view of the energy absorbing material encased in a flexible skin having a roughly ellipsoidal shape
  • Figure 10(a) is a diagram showing a shock absorbing joint in the context of a suspension bridge
  • Figure 10(b) is a diagram showing blow-up view of the shock absorbing joint of Fig. 10(a),
  • Figure 10(c) is a diagram showing a further blown-up cross sectional view of the shock absorbing element of 10(b)
  • Figure 11 is a diagram showing a flexible matrix impregnated with the energy absorbing material, with and without a shearing load, and
  • Figure 12 is a diagram showing a flexible matrix impregnated with the energy absorbing material with and without a compressive load
  • Figure 13 is a pressure/volume hysteresis loop of an idealized system having a perfectly monodisperse pore size
  • Figure 14 is a plot showing the effect of a promoter concentration on accessible pore volume and on critical radius
  • Figure 15 is a pressure/volume hysteresis loop of a series of sarcosyl embodiments
  • Figure 16 is a plot comparing the concentration of a promoter before and after infiltration
  • Figure 17 is a plot comparing the effect of promoter concentration on the infiltration pressures of a first and second Stage
  • Figured 18 is a solid-like nanoporous energy absorption and damping system modified with polyacrylic acid
  • Figure 19 is a sorption isotherm of the semi-solid nanoporous energy absorption and damping system of Figure 18,
  • Figure 20 is a sorption isotherm of the semi-solid nanoporous energy absorption and damping system similar to that of Figure 19, but replacing polyacrylic acid with MgSO 4 .
  • the term "means for communicating a mechanical” includes all structure that directly or indirectly transfers a mechanical load(s) to an infiltration liquid and/or porous material.
  • Such means include, without limitation, (1) a cavity and piston, wherein the cavity is capable of holding an infiltration liquid and a porous material, and also capable of receiving the piston, (2) a hollow sphere or ellipsoid with a flexible wall, wherein the liquid and porous material can be held therein, and (3) a flexible matrix in which pockets of the liquid and porous material are dispersed.
  • system recoverability is a measure of the absorbed energy at the end of the z-th (where i ⁇ 2) loading-unloading cycle as compared to that of the first cycle. Thus, recoverability observations are made while the system is relaxed, i.e. is not under a load.
  • promoter includes chemical compounds and chemical mixtures that decrease infiltration pressure. Promoters generally accomplish this by lowering the solid-liquid interfacial energy.
  • a promoter can be capable of entering substantially all of the pores of a porous material. Alternatively, a promoter can be capable of entering only a portion of the pores. For instance, some relatively large promoters can only enter relatively large pores.
  • recovery agent includes chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures that assist the energy absorbing system in releasing absorbed energy. In order to be effective, recovery agents need not result in a complete or 100% release of all absorbed energy. Similarly, recovery agents need not result in a complete recovery of the system's original shape.
  • infiltration liquid includes any liquid chemical compounds, solutions or mixtures that do not wet a given porous material without the application of a force or pressure. Accordingly, appropriate infiltration liquids are determined, in part, by the porous material with which it is combined.
  • porous material includes any solid or gel having pores, channels, or interconnected void spaces capable of being placed in fluid communication with fluids external to the porous material.
  • porous materials are capable of being liquids under loading conditions.
  • porous materials are capable of expelling absorbed infiltration liquids when the load is removed.
  • the capacity to expel absorbed infiltration liquids typically, but not necessarily, requires the addition of a recovery agent.
  • critical radius refers to a promoter radius that is characterized by being capable of entering pores having a diameter equaling twice the critical radius or more (See Figure 14). Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that promoters need extra space to enter a pore, even when infiltration is otherwise energetically favorable. Therefore, the critical radius is typically several times larger than the molecular radius. Furthermore, the critical radius is not a material constant, but rather it is dependant on concentration. Specifically, as promoter concentration increases the critical radius decreases. This phenomenon can be described according to the following statistical mechanical theory.
  • a probability, p describes the likelihood that a promoter molecule will enter a comparably sized pore during a given time interval, ⁇ t.
  • p f the probability of a promoter entering the same pore during ⁇ t increases accordingly.
  • Stage I refers to the region of a two-Stage pressure/volume curve or hysteresis loop defining a lower pressure plateau (see Figure 13).
  • the lower pressure plateau is attributed to promoter molecules preferentially entering pores having a diameter greater than or equal to twice the critical radius, and substantially not entering smaller pores, which account for the higher pressure plateau.
  • the term “Stage II” refers to the region of a two-Stage pressure volume curve or hysteresis loop defining the higher pressure plateau (see Figure 13).
  • the higher pressure plateau is attributed smaller pores, which are substantially incapable of accepting promoters because the diameter of such pores is less than twice the critical radius.
  • Stage boarder refers to the division between first and second Stages, i.e. Stage I and Stage II, of the pressure/volume curve or hysteresis loop.
  • the Stage boarder can be calculated as the point where the slope of the sorption isotherm equals the average slope of Stages I and II (see Figure 13).
  • the present invention generally relates to an energy absorption system for dissipating energy from a mechanical load (e.g. a compressive load), and methods of using the same. More particularly, the invention comprises a porous material, and a liquid that tends not to wet the porous material in the absence of a load.
  • the invention may optionally include a promoter that assists the infiltration liquid in entering the porous material and/or a recovery agent to improve system recoverability.
  • the system's recoverability and the infiltration pressure can be adjusted simultaneously using promoters and/or recovery agents.
  • a load is applied to the invention, which forces the infiltration liquid into the porous material against an unfavorable free energy of wetting.
  • the system may or may not relax. That is to say, the liquid may either flow out of the pores or remain trapped.
  • the energy exerted on the invention can itself be entrapped, i.e. absorbed, by the invention.
  • internal friction due to the motion of fluids in the nanopores also causes energy dissipation.
  • the invention generally operates as follows.
  • porous materials e.g. zeolites or nanoporous silicas
  • p at the liquid cannot enter the nanopores due to an unfavorable free energy of wetting.
  • p ⁇ pressure-induced infiltration can occur.
  • Such infiltration may or may not require recovery agents to expel substantially all of the infiltration liquid. Since the specific surface area of porous materials is usually in the range of 100-1000 m 2 /g, their capacity for energy absorption can be much higher than that of shape memory alloys and composite materials.
  • the components are arranged in a compression system 10 comprising a piston 20 and a cavity 40 receiving the piston, wherein the porous material 120 and liquid 110 are located in the cavity 40 (see Fig. 1).
  • the piston 20 bears a load, which exerts a compressive force on the energy-absorbent system 100. This load tends to force the infiltration liquid 110 into the porous material 120, but it is opposed by an unfavorable free energy of wetting.
  • the point at which the load overcomes the unfavorable free energy of wetting is termed the infiltration pressure, p m .
  • the liquid 110 enters the porous material 120.
  • the plot in Figure 2 shows that as compression increases, pressure initially increases rather quickly, and then slows.
  • the region where the pressure increase slows is the region where liquid begins to enter the porous material beginning with the larger pores and gradually including smaller and smaller pores as pressure increases. Due to a variety of physical parameters including a non-uniform pore size, the region is not a well defined point. Rather, it is a pressure plateau.
  • the infiltration pressure is taken to be the midpoint of the plateau, which is defined as the point equidistant between the two points where the slopes of the isotherm curve are reduced by 50% from that of the proportional section.
  • the pressure plateau In systems where substantially all of the pores are accessible to promoter(s), the pressure plateau has a single Stage. Conversely, in systems where only a portion of the pores are accessible to promoters) the pressure plateau has two distinguishable Stages. The point at the high pressure edge of the pressure plateau where the pressure begins to rise sharply again is the point at which substantially all of the pores are filled.
  • the promoter is too large to eneter a portion of the pores of a porous material.
  • An aqueous solution is made comprising Sigma 61747 N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (hereinafter sarcosyl).
  • the nanoporous material comprises a Fluka 100 end-capped C 8 reversed phase silica, with the average pore size of 7.8 urn and the standard deviation of 2.4 ran.
  • the pore surface is covered by a layer of 10-12% hydrophobic silane groups.
  • the chemical formula of sarcosyl is
  • Infiltration is induced using a model 5569 Instron machine.
  • Each sample comprises 0.5 g of nanoporous silica particles immersed in 7 g of an aqueous solution of sarcosyl, with the initial sarcosyl concentration, c, ranging from 0-9.0 wt%.
  • the system is sealed in a stainless steel cavity 40.
  • a piston is compressed into the container at a rate of 1 mm/min.
  • pressure-induced infiltration occurs and the effective bulk modulus of the system decreases considerably, resulting in the formation of an infiltration plateau, as shown in Figure 15.
  • Infiltration begins first in relatively large pores. Smaller pores become involved as pressure increases. Eventually, substantially all of the porous space is filled.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates the influence of promoter concentration, c, on V s , which is the specific volume of the larger pores, which can be infiltrated by sarcosyl molecules. If we assume that the pore size follows a normal distribution function, the V s /Vo ratio can be related to the critical radius between Stages I and II, r cr , as shown in Figure 14. The value of r cr is much larger than the molecular size of sarcosyl.
  • the nanoporous particles When the nanoporous particles are immersed in a mixture of infiltration liquid and promoter one of two absorption effects could occur.
  • the first is selective absorption, wherein promoter molecules are preferentially absorbed by the nanopores. Selective absorption phenomena has been observed repeatedly in catalysis and purification processes. If it were to possibility is that both promoter and liquid are absorbed simultaneously.
  • the second option describes the present invention.
  • Recovery agents can make gas phase nucleation and growth easier by either lowering the energy barriers or increasing the excess solid-liquid interfacial tension, or both. Thereby the system can recover before the applied pressure is reduced to 0. Additionally, phase segregation, which can be caused by the recovery agents, can also change the system's desorption behavior.
  • Infiltration liquids within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, water, alcohols, polyols, various relatively polar organic solvents, and liquid metals. More particularly, alcohols within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, ethanol, propanols, butanols, pentanols, hexanols, and heptanols and mixtures thereof. Polyols within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, glycerin, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, mineral oils and mixtures and copolymers thereof.
  • Organic solvents within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide and the like.
  • Liquid metals within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, mercury, lithium, gallium, tin/lead-lithium, and the like.
  • the promoter generally has the following characteristics: (1) the promoter molecules are either much smaller than the pore size of the porous material such that repulsion from the pore is negligible, or they are large enough to enter only a portion of the pores while being excluded from smaller pores; (2) the promoter molecules are able to form bonds with the liquid molecules; and (3) it is energetically favorable for the promoter molecules to enter nanopores that are large enough to accept the promoter.
  • the promoter acts as a "carrier" molecule where the infiltration liquid piggybacks on the promoter, and (2) a surface modification mechanism where the promoter adsorbs to the surface of the nanopore with its more nonpolar portion facing the nonpolar pore wall, and its more polar portion facing the polar infiltration liquid.
  • ethanol is an example of a promoter molecule.
  • Other promoters within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, methanol, propanols, butanols, pentanols, hexanols, and heptanols.
  • promoters within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, lignosulfonates and hydroxyl-carboxylic acids and salts, carbohydrates, sulfates, chloride acid, and organic and inorganic salts thereof.
  • larger molecular weight promoters can be used wherein the size of such promoters excludes them from a portion of the pores in the porous material. Accordingly such promoters can selectively adjust the system performance only in pores that are large enough to accept them.
  • Figure 13 illustrates this effect using an idealized two-Stage system. The smaller pores are substantially less affected or wholly unaffected by such larger molecular weight (i.e. larger sized) promoters.
  • the effect is to adjust the infiltration pressure non-uniformly across the infiltration plateau.
  • the promoter affects the lower end of infiltration plateau, i.e. the larger pores, much more than the higher end, i.e. smaller pores.
  • the effect is to break the infiltration pressure curve into two Stages, m Stage I, pores equaling the critical radius or larger accept promoter molecules.
  • the second Stage comprises pores that are smaller than the critical radius. These pores are too small to accept promoter molecules. Thus, they are substantially unpromoted, meaning the infiltration pressure of Stage II is substantially unaffected by the promoter.
  • Such systems are useful in programmable damping.
  • Compounds that can be cross-classified as both promoters and recovery agents within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, surfactants such as soaps and alkylammonium compounds, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, organic and inorganic ammoniums, alkylammonium-carboxylates, sarcosinates, sulfonates, and sulfates; alkyl alcohols, fats, fatty acids, fatty acid amides; and oils including tallow or coconut, palm, castor, olive, or citrus oils; alkylammonium salts of alcohols, sulfates, and of fatty acids; alkoxylated and polyalkoxylated compounds; ethoxylated and polyethoxylated alkylphenols; alcohols, polyols, carboxylic acids, alkylaryl polyethylene glycols, copolymers containing ethylene oxide and silicone surfactants; fatty acid esters, ethers, and their
  • the porous material of the present invention can be end-capped C 8 reversed phase nanoporous particles, having a particle size in the range of 15-35 ⁇ m, a surface coverage around 10-12%, and an average pore size of 7.8 nm. According to the results of Barrett- Joyner-Halenda (BJH) testing, the specific area and pore volume of a porous material consistent with this description are 287 m /g and 0.55 cm /g, respectively.
  • Other suitable porous materials include, but are not limited to, natural nanoporous materials such as diatoms, and radiolarii, abalone shell.
  • porous materials within the scope of the present invention include, without limitation, zeolites and zeolite-like materials, nanoporous carbons, carbon nanotubes, nanoporous transition metal oxides such as titanias, aluminas, metal sulfides such as CdS and ZnS, aluminum phosphates, gold, and nanoporous polymers such as polyurethane and polypyrrole, and the like.
  • Still further suitable porous materials include, without limitation, Kaolins, Serpentines, Smectites, Glauconite, Chlorites, Vermiculites, Attapulgite, Sepiolite, Allophane and Imogolite.
  • any porous materials within the scope of the present invention can be used in any appropriate combination thereof.
  • KQ bulk modulus of the porous particle-liquid system
  • FIG. 4 Silica comprises the porous material, water comprises the infiltration liquid, and sodium chloride comprises the recovery agent.
  • sodium chloride i.e. c Naa — 0
  • FIG. 4(a) after the first loading-unloading cycle, the energy absorption capacity of the invention is reduced to nearly zero, due to the fact that most of the porous space remains occupied by the liquid.
  • adding NaCl (23.1 wt%) as shown in Figure 4(b), the energy absorption capacity does not diminish as much from the first loading-unloading cycle, and the energy absorption capacity in subsequent cycles diminishes only slightly. This indicates that most of the liquid flows out the nanopores when the pressure is released.
  • Figure 5 illustrates that once the NaCl content, c Naa , exceeded about 17 wt% the system recoverability stabilizes at about 75%.
  • the measurements are carried out using a model 5560 Instron machine in displacement control mode.
  • the crosshead speed is set to 1 mm/min.
  • the specific volume change is defined as the ratio of the volume variation to the amount of silica particles.
  • nanoporous silica particles are immersed in distilled water, and sealed in a compression system 10 depicted in Figure 1.
  • the volume fraction, c, of ethanol in the liquid is about 0%.
  • p m critical pressure
  • the lack of outflow of the confined liquid leads to a significant hysteresis loop in the load-volume curve, as shown in Figure 2.
  • nanoporous silica particles are immersed in a mixture of Pharmco 95% ethanol and distilled water and subjected to the same infiltration test as in the previous embodiment.
  • the volume fraction of ethanol, c is about 5%. This results in an infiltration pressure of about 16 MPa.
  • Further embodiments are shown in the table below. Each of these are substantially similar to the foregoing embodiment, except that volume fraction of ethanol varies resulting in variations in infiltration pressure.
  • nanoporous silica particles are immersed in a mixture of Pharmco 95% ethanol and distilled water and subjected to the same infiltration test as in the previous embodiment.
  • the volume fraction of ethanol, c is about 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50% respectively. This results in infiltration pressures as shown in Figure 3.
  • nanoporous silica particles are immersed in distilled water, and sealed in the compression system 10 depicted in Figure 1.
  • the weight fraction, c NaCl , of NaCl in the liquid was about 0%.
  • P the load
  • the loading-unloading cycle is repeated several times until the system behavior converges to a steady state, as shown in Figure 4(a).
  • the ratio of the absorbed energy in the z-th cycle to that in the first cycle is about 20%.
  • Embodiments having a variety of C ⁇ aC i values are shown in the table below. In each case the measurement is carried out in substantially the same manner as set forth in this paragraph. A plot of these results can also be seen in Figure 5.
  • porous rrmtprin1 ⁇ 5 are immprsprl in a ⁇ nintinn nf a rernvprv a ⁇ pnt ⁇ piprtpri frnrn mpfhanni bp ⁇ rpnp sulfate acids and salts, chloride acids and salts, and the like and subjected to the same infiltration method as set forth in the previous embodiments.
  • zeolites and zeolite-like materials can be used as the porous material, immersed in the foregoing mixtures of infiltration liquids, promoters, and recovery agents and subjected to the same infiltration method as set forth in the previous embodiments.
  • glycerin is used to adjust the viscosity of the infiltration liquid.
  • the system comprises 0.5 g of Fluka 100 Cg reversed phase silica particles, with the average pore size of 7.8 nm.
  • the specific pore volume is about 0.5 cm 3 /g.
  • the silica particles are immersed in a mixture of distilled water and glycerin.
  • the glycerin content varies from about 0% to about 100 wt%. Note that when the glycerin content is 0, the system is substantially pure water, and when the glycerin content is 100%, the system is substantially pure glycerin.
  • the silica particles and the liquid(s) are sealed in a steel cavity 40 similar with that discussed above, and through similar a testing procedure, the sorption isotherm curves are obtained.
  • Infiltration pressure decreases as the glycerin content increases.
  • glycerin, as well as other viscous liquids can be used to adjust the viscosity of the liquid phase, which is important to simultaneously achieving shear thickening and pressure-induced infiltration.
  • the viscous liquid concentration can be 100%. This means the system does not need to contain water. Such systems are compatible with all of the promoter and/or recovery agents enumerated herein.
  • adding polyacrylic acid sodium salt converts the liquid phase to a solid-like soft matter.
  • the system comprises 0.5 g of Fluka 100 C 8 reversed phase silica particles immersed in 7 g of water. Two percent by weight of Polyacrylic acid sodium salt is added to the liquid phase. After a few seconds, the liquid becomes solid-like (see Figure 18).
  • the solid-like system is placed in a steel cavity 40 and tested through the same sorption isotherm of the modified system is comparable to that of the unmodified system. In some cases, system recoverability even becomes better.
  • Such semi-solid embodiments may be more amenable to some industrial applications than liquid embodiments.
  • saturated MgSO 4 can be used to convert the liquid phase to semisolid without losing the energy absorption capacity.
  • An embodiment is similar to the polyacrylic acid embodiment except that polyacrylic acid is replaced with magnesium sulfate.
  • the MgSO 4 concentration is 30wt%. Initially the system is liquid-like. After mixing for three minutes, the system is allowed to stand in a sealed container at room temperature for three days. A crystal layer forms at the bottom of the bottle during this time. The remaining liquid is removed and the semi-solid system is tested using the same method as that of polyacrylic acid. The results are shown in Figure 20. As shown, system recoverability is much better than that of an unmodified system. Furthermore, the semi-solid consistency makes sealing much easier.
  • Suitable viscosity adjusting additives include, without limitation, polyelectrolytes such as poly(acrylic acid) and its salts, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic) acid, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l -propanesulfonic acid-co-acrylonitrile), poly(2-acrylamido-2- methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid-co-styrene), poly(anetholesulfonic acid) and its salts, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) and its salts; poly(4- styrenesulfonic acid) and its salts, poly(vinyl sulfate) salts, poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt), quaternized poly(2-vinylpyridines), 4-styrenesulfonic acid salt hydrates, diallyldimethylammonium
  • additives include, without limitation, super- absorbents and materials that can contain a large amount of water or other liquids, e.g. poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) and its salts, poly(acrylic acid) salt-graft-poly(ethylene oxide), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), poly(isobutylene-co-maleic acid), and their salts and copolymers.
  • super- absorbents and materials that can contain a large amount of water or other liquids, e.g. poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) and its salts, poly(acrylic acid) salt-graft-poly(ethylene oxide), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), poly(isobutylene-co-maleic acid), and their salts and copolymers.
  • Viscosit) adjusting additives also include, without limitation, materials that can contain a large amount of water such as boric acid and salts, chloride salts, sulfate salts, and other acids, sal is, and alkali; sponge-like materials such as sponges and foams, cotton, textiles, composites, etc.; and viscous liquids such as glycerin, glycol, molten salts, and the like.
  • materials that can contain a large amount of water such as boric acid and salts, chloride salts, sulfate salts, and other acids, sal is, and alkali
  • sponge-like materials such as sponges and foams, cotton, textiles, composites, etc.
  • viscous liquids such as glycerin, glycol, molten salts, and the like.
  • the present invention protectively surrounds an obj ect.
  • the embodiment comprises a flexible rigid skin encasing a system of porous material, liquid, promoter(s), and optionally one or more recovery agents.
  • the porous materials, liquids, promoters and recovery agents set forth in this document can be used in any appropriate combination.
  • the recovery agent can be omitted.
  • This embodiment acts as a protective shock absorbing encasement.
  • the drawing in Figure 7 shows an object 310 surrounded by the energy absorbing composition 100 of the present invention, which is further encased in a flexible skin 300.
  • the flexible skin 300 deflects inward compressing the energy absorptive composition 100.
  • the composition 100 is among the recoverable embodiments then the composition 100 would first compress and then re-expand in the manner of a spring while the object 310 remains unharmed.
  • the composition 100 is among the non- recoverable embodiments then the system comprising 100 and 300 plastically deforms acting as a sacrificial, i.e. one-time use, energy absorber.
  • a further embodiment comprises an energy absorbing pad or bubble, hi this embodiment the energy absorbing material 100 is sealed between two sheets of flexible skin 320 as shown in Figure 8.
  • energy is preferentially absorbed by the energy absorbing composition 100 rather than the body underlying the pad, or the impacting body.
  • a still further embodiment comprises an energy absorbing sphere or ellipsoid, hi this embodiment the energy absorbing material 100 is contained within an arbitrarily shaped flexible skin 300 as shown in Figure 9(a) and 9(b).
  • the system comprising the energy absorbing material 100 and the flexible skin 300 deforms under a load, thus absorbing energy.
  • the deformation can be elastic or plastic depending, in part, on whether one or more optional recovery agents are included.
  • Such an arrangement is be useful in applications requiring elastically deforming ball bearings, or as shock-absorbing springs, as shown in Figure l ⁇ (a-c).
  • Another embodiment comprises a monolithic energy absorbing structure 700 comprising a flexible matrix 710 containing aggregates of energy absorbing material 100.
  • the aggregates co- absorb energy along with the flexible matrix when the matrix
  • the energy absorbing system takes the form of an insole for shoes, a helmet, a motor vehicle's bumper, body armor, a blast resistant container, a blast resistant device, or any device for dispersing impact energy as a means of protecting an object or body.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système d’absorption d’énergie destiné à absorber l’énergie d’impact mécanique à l’aide d’un ou plusieurs produits chimiques pour la promotion de l’absorption d’un liquide et incluant éventuellement un ou plusieurs promoteurs, agents de récupération et/ou agents de régulation de la viscosité permettant au système de libérer l’énergie absorbée.
PCT/US2005/043880 2004-12-06 2005-12-06 Utilisation d’adjuvants chimiques en tant que promoteurs, agents de récupération et régulateurs de viscosité dans des systèmes d’absorption d’énergie nanoporeux WO2007044030A2 (fr)

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US60/633,937 2004-12-06

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WO2008144111A1 (fr) * 2007-03-29 2008-11-27 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Matériaux absorbeurs d'énergie
CN102532539A (zh) * 2011-12-28 2012-07-04 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种一维导电聚吡咯/凹凸棒纳米复合材料的制备方法
CN102558553A (zh) * 2011-12-28 2012-07-11 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种一维导电聚苯胺/凹凸棒纳米复合材料的制备方法
WO2012164218A1 (fr) * 2011-05-30 2012-12-06 UNIVERSITE DE HAUTE ALSACE (Etablissement Public à Caractère Scientifique, Culturel et Professionnel) Procédé pour le stockage d'énergie haute pression par solvatation/désolvatation et dispositif de stockage associé
US8353240B1 (en) 2010-12-22 2013-01-15 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Compressible fluid filled micro-truss for energy absorption
CN103055824A (zh) * 2013-01-07 2013-04-24 河北工业大学 一种钙基膨润土-AA-（AA-Na）复合镉离子吸附剂
CN109627561A (zh) * 2018-12-11 2019-04-16 泉州邦尼生物科技有限公司 一种弹力透气鞋垫的制备方法

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US8823243B2 (en) * 2005-08-15 2014-09-02 Yu Qiao Nanoporous materials for use in intelligent systems
US11098784B1 (en) * 2017-02-23 2021-08-24 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Shock mitigation utilizing quiescent cavitation
JP6778863B2 (ja) * 2017-09-21 2020-11-04 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 アロフェン膜複合体、それを用いたシート、及びアロフェン膜複合体の製造方法
JP6456467B1 (ja) * 2017-12-08 2019-01-23 フォシャン センシックフュージョン テクノロジー カンパニー，リミテッド 力覚センサレイ
CN109360970B (zh) * 2018-11-20 2022-04-08 肇庆市华师大光电产业研究院 一种锂硫一次电池正极材料及其制备方法

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US6615959B2 (en) * 2000-01-26 2003-09-09 Sarl Dld International Damper with high dissipating power

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008144111A1 (fr) * 2007-03-29 2008-11-27 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Matériaux absorbeurs d'énergie
US8353240B1 (en) 2010-12-22 2013-01-15 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Compressible fluid filled micro-truss for energy absorption
WO2012164218A1 (fr) * 2011-05-30 2012-12-06 UNIVERSITE DE HAUTE ALSACE (Etablissement Public à Caractère Scientifique, Culturel et Professionnel) Procédé pour le stockage d'énergie haute pression par solvatation/désolvatation et dispositif de stockage associé
FR2976030A1 (fr) * 2011-05-30 2012-12-07 Univ Haute Alsace Procede pour le stockage d'energie haute pression par solvatation/desolvatation et dispositif de stockage associe
CN102532539A (zh) * 2011-12-28 2012-07-04 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种一维导电聚吡咯/凹凸棒纳米复合材料的制备方法
CN102558553A (zh) * 2011-12-28 2012-07-11 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种一维导电聚苯胺/凹凸棒纳米复合材料的制备方法
CN102558553B (zh) * 2011-12-28 2013-08-07 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 一种一维导电聚苯胺/凹凸棒纳米复合材料的制备方法
CN103055824A (zh) * 2013-01-07 2013-04-24 河北工业大学 一种钙基膨润土-AA-（AA-Na）复合镉离子吸附剂
CN109627561A (zh) * 2018-12-11 2019-04-16 泉州邦尼生物科技有限公司 一种弹力透气鞋垫的制备方法

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