WO2008144111A1 - Matériaux absorbeurs d'énergie - Google Patents

Matériaux absorbeurs d'énergie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008144111A1
WO2008144111A1 PCT/US2008/058712 US2008058712W WO2008144111A1 WO 2008144111 A1 WO2008144111 A1 WO 2008144111A1 US 2008058712 W US2008058712 W US 2008058712W WO 2008144111 A1 WO2008144111 A1 WO 2008144111A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy absorbing
energy
liquid phase
absorbing material
nanocomposite
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PCT/US2008/058712
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English (en)
Inventor
Xi Chen
Yu Qiao
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The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
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Application filed by The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York filed Critical The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
Publication of WO2008144111A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008144111A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B17/00—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined
    • A43B17/003—Insoles for insertion, e.g. footbeds or inlays, for attachment to the shoe after the upper has been joined characterised by the material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B23/00—Uppers; Boot legs; Stiffeners; Other single parts of footwear
    • A43B23/08—Heel stiffeners; Toe stiffeners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42D—BLASTING
    • F42D5/00—Safety arrangements
    • F42D5/04—Rendering explosive charges harmless, e.g. destroying ammunition; Rendering detonation of explosive charges harmless
    • F42D5/045—Detonation-wave absorbing or damping means

Definitions

  • EAM advanced energy absorbing materials
  • protection and/or damping devices e.g., car bumpers, soldier armors, and blast resistant layers.
  • Such devices can be designed to be used a relatively few number of times, such as bulletproof armor, or used in repeated loading and unloading cycles, such as the insole of a running shoe.
  • Cellular structures Due to its high energy absorption efficiency, cellular structures can be attractive EAMs.
  • Cellular structures include, among others, space-filling foams and their two-dimensional counterparts, honeycombs, which are lightweight and can be made with relative ease from many materials. In these materials, performance can be affected by geometric arrangement of the solids in space in various arrangements, for example, to form interconnected or isolated cells. When compressive loadings are applied, the cell walls can buckle, which is one energy absorption mechanism.
  • Cellular structures are applied in a variety of applications, for example, for shock mitigation, packaging, as well as damping. While existing energy absorbing materials have found applicability in some applications, it is desirable to increase and/or customize the energy absorbing characteristics of energy absorbing materials.
  • Some embodiments include an energy absorbing material including a housing and a nanocomposite material contained within the housing, the nanocomposite material including a nanoporous solid material and a liquid phase, the liquid phase entering one or more nanopores of the nanoporous solid material at an infiltration pressure and the energy absorbing material thereby absorbing energy.
  • the housing can include a honeycomb structure.
  • the liquid phase can include a non- wetting liquid.
  • the liquid phase can include water or water-based solution.
  • the energy absorbing material can be reusable.
  • the liquid phase can include sodium chloride.
  • the nanocomposite material can include a gas phase, including carbon dioxide or air.
  • Some embodiments include an energy absorbing device including an energy absorbing material, the energy absorbing material including a housing and a nanocomposite material contained within the housing, the nanocomposite material including a nanoporous solid material and a liquid phase, the liquid phase entering one or more nanopores of the nanoporous solid material at an infiltration pressure and the energy absorbing device thereby absorbing energy.
  • the energy absorbing device can be an engine mount, a protective frame, an armor, a shoe pad, a sports helmet, a vehicle bumper, a protective coating, or a soundproof coating.
  • Some embodiments include a cushioning medium for an article of footwear including a housing adapted for integration into the article of footwear and a nanocomposite material within the housing, the nanocomposite material including a liquid phase, and a nanoporous solid material, the liquid phase entering one or more nanopores of the nanoporous solid material at an infiltration pressure and the cushioning medium thereby absorbing energy.
  • the liquid phase can include water or water-based solution.
  • the nanoporous solid material can include a nanoporous material.
  • the cushioning medium can be in removable contact with the article of footwear.
  • the cushioning medium can include an insole.
  • the housing can include a cellular structure.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an example schematic diagram of an demonstration setup of the described subject matter.
  • Fig. 2 depicts example stress-strain curves of the described subject matter.
  • Fig. 3 depicts an example finite element simulation of empty and nanocomposite enhanced cells of the described subject matter.
  • Fig. 4 depicts example testing results of shoes and liquid super-sponge.
  • Fig. 5 depicts an example cross section of a running shoe.
  • Fig. 6 depicts an example cross section of the heel of a running shoe.
  • Figs. 7a and 7b depict graphical data in accordance with some embodiments of the described subject matter.
  • Fig. 8 depicts graphical data in accordance with other embodiments of the described subject matter.
  • Fig. 9 depicts graphical data in accordance with further embodiments of the described subject matter.
  • Fig. 10 depicts graphical data in accordance with yet other embodiments of the described subject matter.
  • An example energy absorbing material (EAM) that satisfies at least the described needs includes a nanoporous composite arrangement formed of a nanocomposite material (e.g., a nanoporous solid) and a liquid that is together sealed in one or more housings, for example, a honeycomb structure whose cells are filled with a nanocomposite material.
  • a nanocomposite material e.g., a nanoporous solid
  • a liquid that is together sealed in one or more housings, for example, a honeycomb structure whose cells are filled with a nanocomposite material.
  • Nanoporous materials include solids containing large volume fractions of nano-sized pores. These materials can have substantially high areas of pore surfaces. Traditionally, nanoporous materials have been used for absorption, catalysis and filtering purposes, but the high interface energy between nanoporous materials and liquid phases have not been explored for energy absorption applications.
  • a flexible material for example, a liquid phase such as water, or a water-based solution, is used as the nanofiller in the nanocomposite material to take advantage of the extensive surface/interface area. Once a critical pressure is reached, the nanofiller begins to be forced into the nanopores, thereby converting the loading energy into interfacial energy.
  • the solid-liquid interactions i.e., the capillary effect
  • the large specific area Accompanied by the pressure-induced infiltration, a large amount of external work is transformed into the solid-liquid interfacial energy, which can be regarded as being absorbed.
  • nanoporous materials with varying characteristics such as surface area, and pore size.
  • the network surrounding the template is produced first through phase separation or nanocasting.
  • the template is then removed by etching or heating, leaving the empty space inside as nanopores.
  • a thermostable polymer is combined with a thermolabile (thermally decomposable) polymer.
  • the mixture is cross-linked and thermalized, resulting in a nanoporous material.
  • a polymer is formed from a solution in the presence of microdroplets of a second solution. The microdroplets are then evaporated, leaving nanopores in the polymer.
  • Nanoporous materials can include microporous materials with a pore radius (r) between about 0.5 and about 2 nm, mesoporous materials with r between about 2 and about 50 nm, and macroporous materials with r > about 50 nm.
  • a nanocomposite material is constructed by dispersing surface charged nanoporous particles in a nonwetting liquid.
  • Nonwetting liquids include, for example, those liquids which, under ambient conditions (for example, without external pressure) the liquid is not likely to automatically flow into the pores of the nanoporous solid.
  • other techniques for forming nanocomposites can be employed.
  • microporous materials such as activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, and zeolites have been widely applied as electrodes, filters, sorption agents, etc.
  • mesoporous materials such as transition metal oxides, silicon nitride, and alumina, can be synthesized through synergistic co-assembly or precision imprinting.
  • Macroporous materials such as monel, copper, polymers, etc., can be synthesized through sintering of nanoparticles or reversed phase techniques. These materials can be in powder form with the grain size at the sub- ⁇ m or ⁇ m level, in membrane form with thickness around 10-1000 ⁇ m, or in bulk about 10-100 mm large.
  • Energy absorption is one important criteria in designing materials for protective structures such as car bumpers, soldier armors, etc.
  • Cellular solids e.g., metal foams, honeycombs
  • Composite materials such as chopped carbon fiber-polymer composites, fiber-cement composites, and knitted textile composites, have also been used as energy absorbing materials.
  • Combinations of composites and cellular structures have also been proposed, such as grid-domed textile composites and particle-reinforced syntactic foams.
  • Active materials such as piezoelectrics and shape memory alloys, are capable of dissipating mechanical energy (impacts or vibrations), which enables active energy absorption. Table 1 compares the absorption capacities of a few important materials.
  • the described subject matter is useful in advanced cushioning materials in a variety of national security and consumer applications, such as engine mounts and protective frames for land vehicles, aircrafts, satellites and spacecrafts, lightweight liquid armors, healthcare products, such as shoe pads or insoles to alleviate stress on joints, sports helmets, vehicle bumpers, protective coatings for consumer electronics devices, such as cellphones or laptops, soundproof coatings, and the like.
  • the nanocomposites are contained within a housing, for example, within a cellular structure such as a honeycomb.
  • a honeycomb structure can be used, not only to contain the nanocomposite, but also to provide additional energy absorption.
  • the addition of a nanocomposite to the empty spaces of a honeycomb structure can enhance the energy absorbing capacity of the honeycomb material.
  • the housing can be rigid such that it absorbs relatively less energy.
  • an engine mount for an automobile can include a substantially rigid cylinder and a piston which, when compressed, absorbs energy from the force of the compression.
  • the housing can be deformable such that its deformation also contributes to energy absorption.
  • a cell well of a cell containing a nanocomposite can provide additional energy absorption as it is compressed, contributing to a great energy absorption capacity of the device.
  • a deformable housing can also allow the EAM to conform to different tailored and flexible shapes for different applications (e.g., the sole of a running shoe in one application and a bullet proof armor in another).
  • the empty space in the ductile cell is filled by an aqueous suspension of hydrophobic nanoporous silica gel or other hydrophobic nanoporous materials
  • the work done by the compressive load along the axial direction can be dissipated, not only through the ordinary cell-wall buckling, but also via the extended yielding and the pressure-induced infiltration of the nanocomposite filler.
  • the energy absorption efficiency on either mass or volumetric basis, is considerably improved.
  • One technique to solve this problem is to reinforce the honeycomb with a nanocomposite filler, which shows much improved performance in comparison with empty cells and water-filled cells.
  • the liquid-based nanocomposite fits well with the cell wall, avoiding possible problems of filler-network mismatch.
  • the thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties of the structure can also be adjusted in broad ranges, depending on specific requirements; that is, the combination of nanoporous solid and non-wetting liquid, together with the housing, can have a variable thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, such that the device can achieve its energy absorption goal without compromising other thermal, electrical and magnetic functionalities.
  • Fig. 1 depicts an example schematic diagram of a setup for demonstrating the described principles, including a housing, such as a stainless steel cylinder 100, a hydrophobic nanoporous particle (such as a hydrophobic nanoporous silica gel 102 (or a mixture of silica nanoparticles with water)), loading plates 104 and 105, and a liquid phase 106, such as water.
  • the cell is filled with an aqueous suspension of 0.4 g of Fluka 100 C8 reversed-phase nanoporous silica gel.
  • the sample preparation is performed underwater so that no air is entrapped.
  • the nanoporous silica gel 102 is hydrophobic.
  • the average nanopore size is 7.8 nm.
  • the specific nanopore volume is 0.55 cm3/g.
  • the deformability of the empty cell is high.
  • a broad plateau is formed, with the width being more than 70% of the initial cell height.
  • the buckling plateau is quite jerky, consisting of a number of "bumps.” Each bump reflects the stress accumulation, formation, and folding process of a wrinkle.
  • the cell-wall buckling is suppressed, and initially the energy dissipation is dominated by the extended cell wall yielding along the radial direction.
  • the structure becomes quite rigid, and shortly after the peak load is reached, the inner pressure becomes sufficiently high such that abrupt cracking takes place along the longitudinal direction.
  • the behavior resembles that of an empty cell, except that, since the crack weakens the cell wall, the buckling of the fractured cell occurs at a relatively low stress level.
  • the decrease in buckling stress is in the range of 5-25%.
  • the energy absorption capacity is reduced, as shown in Table 2, where the absorbed energy U is calculated as the average area under the load-displacement curves in the nominal strain range of 0-0.75, and m and V are the mass and the volume, respectively.
  • the solid curve 218 in Fig. 2 indicates the behavior of a cell filled with the nanocomposite.
  • the nominal stress increases from points 208 to 210.
  • P rises to 32 MPa the pressure-induced infiltration is reactivated, forming the second plateau 210-212.
  • the total volume change associated with the second loading is about 170 mm 3 , smaller than the total nanopore volume; that is, the energy absorption capacity of the nanoporous silica gel is not fully utilized.
  • the nominal stress drops to 7 MPa, after which the behavior is similar to that of an empty cell (214-216).
  • U/m of the nanocomposite-filled cell is more than 20% larger and UN is more than two times higher.
  • 220 represents the behavior of an empty cell and 222 represents the behavior of a water-filled cell.
  • Fig. 3 depicts an example finite element simulation of the empty and the nanocomposite enhanced cells.
  • Curve 300 represents a simulation for a nanocomposite enhanced cell and 302 represents a simulation for an empty cell.
  • a numerical protocol closely simulates the behavior under various situations.
  • a phenomenological approach was taken: the tube was first filled with a liquid with the bulk modulus of 2.1 GPa, the same as that of water; upon loading, the pressure of the liquid quickly increased to 18 MPa, at which point infiltration and the cell-wall buckling started. It can be seen that the simulation has well captured the buckling initiation condition of the pressurized cell used in the tests.
  • the data and the numerical simulation examples have shown that the energy absorption efficiency of a honeycomb is improved by using nanocomposite filler.
  • the energy absorption is achieved at least via cell-wall buckling, extended yielding, as well as pressure-induced infiltration.
  • the buckling in this example is largely non-uniform.
  • honeycomb The cellular structures (e.g., honeycomb) are formed in accordance with any appropriate technique known to someone of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a honeycomb structure can be formed by cutting strips from a sheet material, forming the strips, joining the strips intermittently to form a core by welding, gluing, or chemical bonding, and affixing face sheets atop the core.
  • the nanocomposite material can be made to fill the spaces between the intermittently joined strips prior to affixing the face sheets to the core.
  • the core can be formed by extrusion techniques, the spaces filled with the nanocomposite material, and the face sheets affixed to the core to seal the cells.
  • Still another honeycomb formation technique is described in United States Patent No. 6,057,025, issued to O. Kalman. In this technique, the nanocomposite material can be inserted into the domed portions prior to affixing the face sheets to the core.
  • any appropriate technique that completely or partially fills the cells with the nanocomposite material can be employed to introduce the nanocomposite into the cells.
  • a core that is capable of holding material in the cells can be dipped into the nanocomposite material, allowing the nanocomposite material to fill the cells before sealing the cells.
  • combining a nanocomposite with a honeycomb structure is not an intuitive practice since, for example, the addition of the nanocomposite can increase the weight of the EAM.
  • a nanocomposite can have a greater energy absorption density (i.e., energy absorption per mass) compared with air, the employment of a nanocomposite in honeycomb can provide a significant gain of energy absorption capacity, thereby offsetting the increased weight.
  • combining a nanocomposite with a honeycomb structure can also allow the honeycomb material to be reduced, thereby providing the same energy absorption capacity as a honeycomb structure with more honeycomb material or a honeycomb structure with greater weight. It should also be understood that these characteristics can also be achieved with housings other than honeycomb structures.
  • the nanocomposites can be directly filled into existing cellular materials or honeycombs. If the EAM is to be used for high-pressure applications, the cell wall can be enhanced (e.g., thickened or combined with other additives or support materials) so as to sustain higher pressures. If the EAM is to be used for low-pressure applications, the cell wall can be reduced (e.g., thinned).
  • the alignment and shape of cells can also be adjusted for optimized energy absorption performance. For example, when designing a shoe insole, the cells can be aligned in a way such that when a person is walking, the pressure flow/distribution is consistent with the optimized ergonomics.
  • Such an arrangement may include shapes and arrangements that result in higher energy absorption, a faster response time, or the like where it is determined that such properties are desirable.
  • the cell alignment and shapes can be designed so as to provide maximum and more effective protection of the body.
  • Different nanocomposites can be filled into different cells to tailor the energy absorption profile. For example, some cells can be filled with an EAM with a lower infiltration pressure, and some cells can be filled with an EAM with a higher infiltration pressure.
  • Such arrangements can make the EAM capable of absorbing both lower and higher pressures under different circumstances.
  • the response time of the EAM can be very quick, on the order of microseconds.
  • the housing can be non- deformable (e.g., so as to enhance maximum pressure increase within the cell), or the housing can be deformable (e.g., to allow certain flexibility). Deformation can be recoverable (e.g., the shoe insole example below), or non-recoverable (e.g., deformation of a thin wall of the honeycomb cell during buckling). In different applications, different reusability can be achieved.
  • the liquid-solid interaction can also be tailored.
  • the gas solubility can be reduced in nanopores.
  • the undissolved gas cluster can help to repel the infiltrated liquid segment out during unloading, contributing to reusability (e.g. for cyclic protection).
  • a larger pore size is used, a certain barrier can be formed for defiltration during unloading - if the barrier is high, the liquid can be prevented from exiting the pore during unloading.
  • the EAM can be used for single use applications (e.g., body armor or a car bumper).
  • the barrier can be lowered by adding admixtures into the liquid to make the nanocomposite less hydrophobic, and thus making it easier for the liquid to defiltrate from the pores during unloading.
  • a reusable device can be constructed for damping protection, for example, applied to health products described below.
  • damping/cyclic protections include sound proof coatings, engine mounts, protective covers for electronics or sensitive instruments, etc.
  • nanoporous silica- water components are sealed in a steel housing.
  • the average pore size is IOnm and the liquid is confined in the nanopore after the load is removed, and the energy absorption capability (hysteresis area within a cycle) is small in subsequent cycles.
  • Cycles 700-704 are depicted in Fig. 7a.
  • the portion of cycle 700 before point 706 shows a linear compression of the empty nanoporous solid and liquid.
  • the portion from point 706 to 708 shows infiltration as the liquid starts to flow into the nanopores.
  • the portion from point 708-710 shows that the pores are filled and shows a linear compression of the filled nanoporous solid and the liquid.
  • the portion from points 710 to 712 shows unloading.
  • a 2 nm pore size of silica is employed and the defiltration occurs which can contribute to reusability.
  • a similar principle can apply to other nanoporous solid-liquid combinations, where the pore size variation can lead to controlled defiltration properties for different properties of energy absorption. Lines 750-754 depict three cycles of these examples.
  • a nanoporous silica can become less hydrophobic, for example, by increasing alcohol content in water.
  • Fig. 8 shows that with increased ethanol the energy absorption capability is decreased.
  • the device can be used for absorbing lower pressures because the infiltration pressure is reduced. Lower pressure absorption can be useful for typical consumer applications, such as for shoe insoles.
  • more viscous liquids can be used.
  • Fig. 9 shows different water-glycerin mixtures, and with the increase of glycerin content, energy absorption can be enhanced. This is due to the additional friction between viscous liquid molecules.
  • the energy absorption can be enhanced due to friction between liquid molecules and nanoporous solid, as shown in Fig. 10 for water-silica components.
  • the EAMs of the described subject matter are applied to healthcare products, for example, shoe insoles, sports helmets, mattresses, replacement knee joints, therapeutic cushions, stretchers, ambulance beds, and the like.
  • An exemplary running shoe includes an initial heel thickness of 36.88 mm and weighs 568.74 grams (of which about 50 gram of insole material is dedicated for impact absorption).
  • An exemplary walking shoe includes an initial heel thickness of 27.31 mm and weighs 601 grams (of which about 50 gram of insole material is dedicated for impact absorption).
  • the example nanocomposite material is 5 g of water with 2 g of silane group treated nanoporous silica gel, sealed in a rubber container with a length of 190 mm and a diameter of 19.05 mm.
  • the types and amounts of the nanoporous solid, liquid phase, and housing can vary and are presented for illustrative purposes only.
  • Fig. 4 depicts example results of shoes compared with EAMs. It can be seen that, by using only 7 g of the EAM, the energy absorption performance of the latter (measured by the area enclosed by the cycle) is better than that of the shoes. Table 3 shows that the energy absorption efficiency, which is calculated as the total absorbed energy divided by the weight of the insole is nearly 10 times higher than that of the conventional shoe insoles.
  • a cushioning medium includes a nanocomposite material, including water (liquid phase) mixed with a silane group treated nanoporous silica gel (nanoporous material), Fluka Cl 8 end-capped reversed-phase silica gel, sealed in a rubber container.
  • Figs. 5 and 6 show an example inner surface of a running shoe, demonstrating one technique of inserting the cushioning medium (for example, a cushioning layer) inside.
  • Fig. 5 depicts an example cross section of a running shoe.
  • Fig. 6 depicts an example cross section of the heel of a running shoe.
  • the cushioning layer can be incorporated into the layers 500 or 600, or can be inserted above or below these layers as desired.
  • the cushioning medium can include one or more cells and can form a cellular structure.
  • Each cell can be formed of a cell wall enclosing a nanocomposite material.
  • the cellular structure includes a honeycomb structure.
  • all cells include a nanocomposite material.
  • one or more cells are filled with air or other materials as appropriate, while other cells are filled with a nanocomposite material.
  • individual cells can differ in the amount, type, or particular formulation of nanocomposite material used to fill the cells.
  • a nanocomposite material with a greater energy absorption capacity can be used for the heel of the cushion (where the impact is greater), and a less absorbent material can be used for the forefoot portion.
  • Various nanoporous solid and liquid combinations, as well as the particular housing, can be chosen by someone of ordinary skill in the art, depending on factors including performance, environment, temperature, ergonomics, and comfort considerations.
  • the cushioning medium can be removably attached to the shoe, such as an insole which can be changed by the end user.
  • the EAM liquid shoe layer can be formed as part of the structure of the shoe itself.
  • the EAM shoe layer can form a full layer of the shoe or can form a partial layer, such as a portion covering the heel or the forefoot part of the shoe.
  • the cushioning medium can be integrated into various articles of footwear, for example, boots, slippers, flip-flops, running shoes, walking shoes, dress shoes, and the like.
  • the chemical admixture (such as salt) content can be varied such that infiltration can be activated at high or low pressures.
  • the described subject matter is applicable to other cushioning applications and its performance can be adjusted in a wide range.
  • the EAM can be incorporated into a sports helmet, elbow and knee pads, seat cushion, or any appropriate article for energy absorption purposes.
  • the pore size of the nanoporous particles used in EAMs can include any appropriate size at which outflow occurs for repeatable usage.
  • outflow can occur due to the gas present within the nanopores with an average pore size of less than about 3 nm.
  • materials with average pore sizes larger than 3 nm can be used, such as, for example, if the particular application requires the "outflow" performance to be customized.
  • Gas molecules in relatively large nanopores can be dissolved in the liquid during pressure-induced infiltration, leading to the phenomenon of "nonoutflow".
  • gas molecules can form clusters in relatively small nanopores, which triggers liquid defiltration at a reduced, defiltration pressure.
  • Outflow can also occur by adding chemical admixtures such as salt into water-silica mixtures. Increasing the salt content can change the interface energy and make outflow possible after unloading (for example for larger pores). It should be understood that appropriate materials other than salt can be used to enhance outflow.
  • the nanocomposite material initially, 0.5 g of the nanoporous silica gel is immersed in 7 g of 15 wt % aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is added to enhance the gas-induced outflow properties of the nanocomposite material.
  • the gas used is CO 2 , but it should be understood that any appropriate gas can be used. Therefore, an EAM containing the gas-enhanced
  • the housing can be made of a variety of materials, for example, metals, polymers, rubbers and the like.
  • the housings are formed of a material which is ductile and capable of withstanding the pressures for the particular application.
  • the EAM can be applied in a wide range of functions, as mentioned above.
  • EAMs have application in body armor, where shear thickening liquids have already been used. Shear thickening liquids typically work under shear forces and under high strain rates. However, the EAM functions directly under compression, which is better suited for blast/impact protection. Moreover, EAMs can function under both quasi-static loads and a wide range of strain rates. Furthermore, EAMs can be combined with shear thickening liquids to further enhance the energy absorption capability of these liquid armors.
  • the liquid phase can include, without limitation, water and water- based solutions (e.g., sodium chloride), alcohols (including methanol, ethanol, hexanols, etc.), liquid metals, polyols (glycerin, mineral oil, etc.), and their mixtures.
  • the nanoporous material can include, without limitation, silica, metal, zeolite, carbon, etc.
  • a gas phase can be used to control the nanofluidic behavior.
  • the gas includes, without limitation, air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.
  • the nanocomposites can be sealed in a housing, without limitation, including metal (steel, copper, aluminum, titanium, etc.), polymer, plastic, etc.
  • the shape of the housing includes, without limitation, one or multiple cells, and the cells can be closed or interconnected, or a mixture of both.
  • the properties of the EAM can be tuned to provide the desired energy absorption profile as needed by the particular application.
  • different liquids can be mixed together so that the surface energy, and therefore the energy absorption characteristics of the EAM varies.
  • the use of water as the liquid phase and the use of water with additives such as salt can provide absorption characteristics different from one another.
  • the addition of salt can assist in liquid defiltration, making an EAM more reusable as compared with an EAM without salt.
  • the specific type of housing can be selected to provide any additional energy absorption capacity as required.
  • the deformability characteristics of the housing can contribute to the energy absorption capacity, reusability, recovery time, etc. These parameters can be tailored depending on the specific needs of the EAM to be used.
  • the size of the housing, combination of housings, and specific arrangement of housings in the EAM can be customized.
  • a bullet proof armor can include a first layer of housed nanocomposite in which the housing has particular characteristics to absorb the energy needed for smaller loads (e.g., a blow from an assailant's fist) and another layer in which the housed nanocomposite material includes a housing suitable for larger loads (e.g., to absorb energy from a bullet).
  • the specific arrangement of housed nanocomposite can be tailored for the specific applications.
  • the forefoot portion of an energy absorbing insole of a running shoe can include a housed composite with greater absorption characteristics in portions of the insole where the foot requires additional cushioning.
  • nanoporous materials with different pore sizes and pore characteristics can be chosen, alone or in combination, to achieve the desired absorption characteristics.
  • the housing can be a single celled or multiple celled, and different cells can host different nanoporous material and liquid combinations. The tuning of the properties of each element would enable different characteristics and performances of energy absorption of the EAM, suitable for various applications.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un matériau absorbeur d'énergie (EAM) comprenant un agencement composite nanoporeux formé d'un matériau nanocomposite (par exemple une matière solide nanoporeuse) et d'un liquide, qui est étanchéifié dans un ou plusieurs boîtiers, par exemple une structure en nids d'abeilles. L'EAM est utile dans une large gamme d'applications d'absorption d'énergie, comme des blindages à l'épreuve des balles, des montures de moteur, des coussinets de patin, et analogues.
PCT/US2008/058712 2007-03-29 2008-03-28 Matériaux absorbeurs d'énergie WO2008144111A1 (fr)

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US60/908,783 2007-03-29

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014200596A2 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2014-12-18 Moor Innovative Techonlogies, Llc Gilet pare-balles
US10442384B2 (en) 2017-04-12 2019-10-15 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Energy-absorbing knee bolster
FR3109927A1 (fr) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-12 TechnoCarbon Technologies France bouclier pour paroi externe de vaisseau ou récipient étanche avec protection active contre les microperforations
CN113881398A (zh) * 2021-09-29 2022-01-04 陕西煤业化工技术研究院有限责任公司 一种纳米流体吸能材料、制备方法及其应用

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US5692321A (en) * 1995-12-12 1997-12-02 Holstine; Michael P. Athletic boot
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US5692321A (en) * 1995-12-12 1997-12-02 Holstine; Michael P. Athletic boot
US20020160131A1 (en) * 1996-05-10 2002-10-31 Yasuyuki Ohira Energy conversion composition
WO2007044030A2 (fr) * 2004-12-06 2007-04-19 The University Of Akron Utilisation d’adjuvants chimiques en tant que promoteurs, agents de récupération et régulateurs de viscosité dans des systèmes d’absorption d’énergie nanoporeux

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014200596A2 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2014-12-18 Moor Innovative Techonlogies, Llc Gilet pare-balles
WO2014200596A3 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2015-02-05 Moor Innovative Techonlogies, Llc Gilet pare-balles
US10442384B2 (en) 2017-04-12 2019-10-15 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Energy-absorbing knee bolster
FR3109927A1 (fr) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-12 TechnoCarbon Technologies France bouclier pour paroi externe de vaisseau ou récipient étanche avec protection active contre les microperforations
CN113881398A (zh) * 2021-09-29 2022-01-04 陕西煤业化工技术研究院有限责任公司 一种纳米流体吸能材料、制备方法及其应用
CN113881398B (zh) * 2021-09-29 2024-01-26 陕西煤业化工技术研究院有限责任公司 一种纳米流体吸能材料、制备方法及其应用

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