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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
  • C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C233/02—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals
  • C07C233/04—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C233/07—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D263/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D263/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D263/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
  • C07C211/43—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C211/54—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to two or three six-membered aromatic rings
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
  • C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C233/02—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals
  • C07C233/08—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a saturated carbon skeleton containing rings
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D205/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D205/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 2, e.g. beta-lactams
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D263/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
  • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
  • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
  • C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
  • C07F7/1872—Preparation; Treatments not provided for in C07F7/20
  • C07F7/1892—Preparation; Treatments not provided for in C07F7/20 by reactions not provided for in C07F7/1876 - C07F7/1888

Definitions

• the present invention relates to processes for the production of phenolic 4- biphenylylazetidinone derivatives .
• DFPA is a member of the family of azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors. 1 ,4-Diphenylazetidin-2-ones and their utility for treating disorders of lipid metabolism are described in US patent 6,498,156 and PCT application WO02/50027, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Perhaps the most well- known member of the class of l,4-diphenylazetidin-2-one hypocholesterolemics is ezetimibe, which is sold as ZETIATM . [0004] U.S. Patents Nos. 5,631,365; 6,093,812; 5,306,817 and 6,627,757, for example, disclose and claim processes for the preparation of azetidinone derivatives related to ezetimibe.
• the present invention is directed toward a process for preparation of DFPA and similar phenolic 4-(biphenylyl)azetidin-2-ones.
• the present invention relates to processes for preparing DFPA-related compounds of the formula Ia
• R 1 and R 2 are chosen from H, halogen, -OH, and methoxy;
• ProtA'-O- is a protecting group for a phenol chosen from an oxymethyl ether, a tertiary alkyl ether, a benzyl ether and a silyl ether;
• ProtB-O- is HO- or a protecting group for a benzylic alcohol chosen from an oxymethyl ether, a tetrahydropyranyl or tetrahydrofuranyl ether, methoxycyclohexyl ether, a methoxybenzyl ether, a silyl ether and an ester.
• a benzylic alcohol chosen from an oxymethyl ether, a tetrahydropyranyl or tetrahydrofuranyl ether, methoxycyclohexyl ether, a methoxybenzyl ether, a silyl ether and an ester.
• X is chosen from iodine, bromine, chlorine, toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl and trifluoromethanesulfonyl, with a compound of formula III
• R .11 are independently selected from H and (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, or R 10 and
• R .11 together form a 5-6 membered ring.
• the invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of structure II
• ProtA-O- is a protecting group for a phenol chosen from an oxymethyl ether, an allyl ether, a tertiary alkyl ether, a benzyl ether and a silyl ether.
• the process comprises cyclizing a compound of formula IVa
• the invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of structure IVa wherein R 6 is phenyl or benzyl and ProtB'-O- is a protecting group for a benzylic alcohol chosen from an oxymethyl ether, a tetrahydropyranyl or tetrahydrofuranyl ether, methoxycyclohexyl ether, a methoxybenzyl ether, a silyl ether and an ester.
• a process for preparing a compound of structure IVa is chosen from an oxymethyl ether, a tetrahydropyranyl or tetrahydrofuranyl ether, methoxycyclohexyl ether, a methoxybenzyl ether, a silyl ether and an ester.
• the process comprises reacting a compound of formula V
• the invention relates to a process for preparing an imine of formula VI
• the process comprises (1) reacting a phenol of formula ⁇ with a source of formaldehyde, followed by (2) Schiff base formation by reacting with an
• the invention relates to compounds of formula VI.
• R 1 is H
• X is Br
• ProtA is benzyl
• Alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof. When not otherwise restricted, the term refers to alkyl of 20 or fewer carbons. Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s-and t-butyl and the like. Preferred alkyl and alkylene groups are those of C 20 or below (e.g.
• Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c-butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like.
• C 1 to C 20 Hydrocarbon (e.g. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , C 20 ) includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and combinations thereof. Examples include benzyl, phenethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, camphoryl and naphthylethyl.
• phenylene refers to ortho, meta or para residues of the formulae:
• Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
• Oxaalkyl refers to alkyl residues in which one or more carbons (and their associated hydrogens) have been replaced by oxygen. Examples include methoxypropoxy, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl and the like.
• the term oxaalkyl is intended as it is understood in the art [see Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, 1196, but without the restriction of Tfl27(a)], i.e. it refers to compounds in which the oxygen is bonded via a single bond to its adjacent atoms (forming ether bonds).
• thiaalkyl and azaalkyl refer to alkyl residues in which one or more carbons have been replaced by sulfur or nitrogen, respectively. Examples include ethylaminoethyl and methylthiopropyl.
• Acyl refers to groups of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration, saturated, unsaturated and aromatic and combinations thereof, attached to the parent structure through a carbonyl functionality.
• One or more carbons in the acyl residue may be replaced by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur as long as the point of attachment to the parent remains at the carbonyl. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, t-butoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and the like.
• Lower-acyl refers to groups containing one to four carbons.
• Aryl and heteroaryl refer to aromatic or heteroaromatic rings, respectively, as substituents.
• Heteroaryl contains one, two or three heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. Both refer to monocyclic 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic rings, bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic rings and tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.
• Aromatic 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, e.g., benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene and the 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.
• Arylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl and the like.
• Substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl etc. refer to alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein up to three H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy (also referred to as alkoxycarbonyl), carboxamido (also referred to as alkylaminocarbonyl), cyano, carbonyl, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, mercapto, alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, acylamino, amidino, phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, or heteroaryloxy.
• halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• a protecting group refers to a group that is used to mask a functionality during a process step in which it would otherwise react, but in which reaction is undesirable.
• the protecting group prevents reaction at that step, but may be subsequently removed to expose the original functionality. The removal or "deprotection” occurs after the completion of the reaction or reactions in which the functionality would interfere.
• R,S and S 5 R refers to a racemic mixture of R,S and S 5 R, i.e. having a trans relative configuration on the beta lactam ring.
• enantiomeric excess is related to the older term “optical purity” in that both are measures of the same phenomenon.
• the value of ee will be a number from 0 to 100, zero being racemic and 100 being pure, single enantiomer.
• a compound which in the past might have been called 98% optically pure is now more precisely described as 96% ee; in other words, a 90% ee reflects the presence of 95% of one enantiomer and 5% of the other in the material in question.
• Ia are prepared by reacting a compound of formula Ha
• R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from H and (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, or R 10 and R 11 together form a 5-6 membered ring.
• R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from H and (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, or R 10 and R 11 together form a 5-6 membered ring.
• one may react a compound of formula lib lib with a compound of formula Ilia
• R 1 and R 2 are chosen from H, halogen, - OH, and methoxy.
• R 10 and R 11 are both H or together may form a 5-6 membered ring, for example:
• R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is fluorine and R 10 and R 11 are H.
• the process for DFPA is an example of such an embodiment.
• ProtA-O- is a protecting group for a phenol chosen from protecting groups in Greene and Wuts, Chapter 3, that do not require removal with strong acid.
• groups include oxymethyl ethers [e.g. MOM and 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM)], allyl ethers [e.g. allyl ether and 2-methylallyl ether], tertiary alkyl ethers [e.g. t-butyl ether], benzyl ethers [e.g. benzyl ether and various benzyl ether derivatives having substitution on the phenyl ring] and silyl ethers [e.g. trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilyl].
• oxymethyl ethers e.g. MOM and 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM)
• allyl ethers e.g.
• ProtB-O- is HO- or a protecting group for a benzylic alcohol. For many reactions, including some illustrated below, it is unnecessary to protect the hydroxyl and in these cases, ProtB-O- is HO-.
• a protecting group is chosen from protecting groups in Greene and Wuts, Chapter 1, pages 17-86, the removal of which does not require strong acid. Examples include an oxymethyl ether, a tetrahydropyranyl or tetrahydrofuranyl ether, methoxycyclohexyl ether, a methoxybenzyl ether, a silyl ether and an ester [e.g. acetyl or benzoyl].
• X is chosen from iodine, bromine, chlorine, toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl and trifluoromethanesulfonyl.
• ProtA-O- and ProtA'-O- are chosen from methoxymethyl ether, t-butyl ether and benzyl ether;
• ProtB-O- is chosen from HO-, t- butyldimethylsilyl ether and tetrahydropyranyl ether; and III is
• reaction is brought about in the presence of a phosphine, a palladium salt and a base, for example triphenylphosphine, PdCl 2 and an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate.
• a phosphine for example triphenylphosphine, PdCl 2 and an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate.
• R 1 is hydrogen
• R 2 is fluorine
• X is bromine
• ProtA- O- is benzyl ether
• ProtB-O- is HO-.
• the protecting groups are cleaved under appropriate conditions to produce the corresponding compounds having a free phenol and/or free alcohol.
• the protecting group is, for example, benzyl
• hydrogeno lysis may be employed for deprotection
• the protecting group is, for example, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tetrabutylammonium fluoride may be employed for deprotection
• the protecting group is, for example, acetate
• hydrolysis with aqueous base may be employed for deprotection.
• the compound of structure II may be synthesized by
• Q is a chiral auxiliary.
• the chiral auxiliary is chosen from single enantiomers of triphenyl glycol and cyclic and branched nitrogen-containing moieties possessing at least one chiral center.
• the chiral auxiliary may be chosen from single enantiomers of cyclic and branched nitrogen-containing moieties attached at nitrogen. Examples of such chiral auxiliaries include triphenyl glycol:
• R 10 is phenyl, benzyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or t-butyl;
• R 11 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; or R 10 and R 11 together can form a cycle;
• R 12 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;
• R 13 is hydrogen or methyl;
• R 14 is methyl, benzyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or t-butyl;
• ProtC is methoxyoxymethyl (MOM), 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM), ally! or silyl [e.g. trimethylsilyl, t- butyldimethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl]; and the wavy line indicates the bond by which the auxiliary is attached to the carbonyl of the parent.
• the wavy line indicates the bond by which the auxiliary is attached to the carbonyl of the parent.
• the wavy line indicates the bond
• chiral auxiliary is and R 6 is phenyl or benzyl.
• ProtA-O- is methoxymethyl ether, allyl ether, t-butyl ether, silyl ether or benzyl ether
• ProtB-O- is a silyl ether or tetrahydropyranyl ether
• the cyclization is accomplished with N, O- bistrimethylsilylacetamide and a source of fluoride ion, such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
• the cyclization may also be carried out using a strong base, such as a metal hydride (e.g. sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium hydride).
• a metal hydride e.g. sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium hydride
• a reacting a compound of formula Va ⁇ a with a trialkylhalosilane in the presence of a base, such as an organic tertiary amine, followed by b. a Lewis acid, particularly a halide of a Group 3, 4, 13 or 14 metal, such as titanium tetrachloride; followed by
• step a can be omitted.
• a compound of formula is reacted with trimethylchlorosilane in the presence of a tertiary amine to provide a silyl-protected benzyl alcohol, and the silyl-protected benzyl alcohol is reacted with
• the product is isolated as a mixture in which the benzyl alcohol remains partly protected as the trimethylsilyl ether and partly deprotected to hydroxyl.
• the mixture can be converted entirely to the benzyl alcohol shown in the structure above by acid hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl group and used in the next step or alternatively the mixture can be taken forward to the cyclization because the first part of the next step involves silylating the benzyl alcohol with N,O-bistrimethylsilylamide. Acid hydrolysis is preferred when the ⁇ -aminoacyloxazolinone will be purified by chromatography.
• the compounds of formula VI may be obtained by reacting a meta- substituted phenol with a source of formaldehyde followed by Schiff base formation
• the phenol is then protected under standard conditions appropriate for the chosen ProtA.
• ProtA is benzyl
• the conditions are benzyl bromide and base.
• Sources of formaldehyde include paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde, trioxane and the like, all well known in the art.
• the phenol reacts with formaldehyde in the presence of a magnesium salt, such as magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide or magnesium iodide, and a base.
• a magnesium salt such as magnesium chloride, magnesium bromide or magnesium iodide
• the formylated phenol reacts with the aniline to provide the Schiff base VI.
• HMTA hexamethylenetetramine
• Reimer-Tiemann reaction in which an appropriately substituted phenol will react under basic conditions with chloroform to yield a substituted salicylaldehyde.
• Step 1 Preparation of (4S)-4-benzyl-3-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxopentanoyl]- l,3-oxazolidin-2-one (Al)
• the pale olive colored solution was poured into water (4300 mL) while stirring vigorously (an exotherm was detected to 39 °C), transferred with water (1000 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h to afford a pale orange-brown solution with an off-white precipitate.
• the compound was filtered, transferred with water (2 x 300 mL), washed with water (400 mL) and air dried for 1.5 h to afford an off-white moist clumpy powder.
• the material was crystallized from isopropanol (2600 mL, 4.0 mL/g theoretical yield) by heating to near reflux to afford a dark golden yellow colored solution.
• the mixture was cooled slowly from 81 °C to 74 °C in 20 min, a seed crystal was added and crystals began to precipitate.
• the mixture was cooled slowly to room temperature over H h, cooled to 2 °C in an ice/water bath and stirred for 3 h.
• borane-methyl sulfide complex (132 mL, 1.39 mol) was added drop-wise via addition funnel over 25 min (an exotherm was detected to -2.7 0 C). The reaction was maintained between 0 and -6 0 C with stirring for 3.0 h. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of methanol (275 mL, 6.79 mol) over 15 min (an exotherm was detected to 10 °C), 6% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1150 mL, 2.02 mol) over 5 min and 1.0 M aqueous sulfuric acid (810 mL, 0.81 mol) over 15 min (an exotherm was detected to 17 °C) respectively via addition funnel.
• the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 60 min, poured into a separatory funnel, the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2000 mL). The first organic layer was washed with water (1500 mL) and brine (1500 mL). These aqueous layers were backed extracted with the second organic layer. The combined organic layers were partially concentrated, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered through Celite ® , concentrated and crystallized from isopropanol-heptane (2000 mL, 1:1 isopropanol-heptane; 4.0 mL/g theoretical yield).
• the clear viscous residue was warmed to 42 0 C (to make a homogeneous solution), cooled slowly to 35 0 C, held at this temperature for 12 h, cooled slowly to room temperature over 3 h, cooled to 0 to -5 0 C (ice/brine bath) and stirred for 2 h.
• 3-Bromophenol (498.5 g, 2.88 mol) was dissolved in a mixture of 2:1 toluene- acetonitrile (3000 mL, 0.96 M). To this solution was added triethylamine (1200 mL, 8.61 mol) via funnel. Magnesium chloride (412.7 g, 4.33 mol) was added in one portion as a solid (an exotherm was detected to 55 0 C) to afford a bright yellow solution with copious white precipitate.
• Paraformaldehyde (345 g, 11.5 mol) was added as a suspension in acetonitrile (300 mL) while the temperature of the solution was 45 0 C (an exotherm was detected to 78.6 °C).
• the temperature of the yellow- orange slurry was maintained at 80 + 3 °C for 1.5 h while the by-product (methanol) was distilled off (white precipitate was observed depositing in the distillation apparatus and reflux condensers).
• a second portion of paraformaldehyde (100 g, 3.33 mol) was added as a suspension in acetonitrile (200 mL).
• the mixture was heated for 2 h and another portion of paraformaldehyde (107 g, 3.56 mol) was added as a suspension in acetonitrile (200 mL).
• the mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at 80 + 4 0 C.
• Step 4 Preparation of N- ⁇ (lE)-[2-(benzyloxy)-4-bromophenyl]methylene ⁇ - N-phenylamine (B3)
• Step 5 Preparation of (4S)-3-[(2R,5S)-2- ⁇ (S)-anilino[2-(benzyloxy)-4- bromophenyl]methyl ⁇ -5-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxypentanoyl]-4-benzyl-l,3- oxazolidin-2-one (Dl).
• aqueous layers were re-extracted sequentially with 1 : 1 ethyl acetate-heptane (2 x 1500 mL) and the combined organic layers were concentrated to afford a viscous reddish residue and copious yellow precipitate.
• the mixture was diluted with 1 :4 dichloromethane-heptane (1000 mL), filtered and the solid was washed with 1:4 dichloromethane-heptane (3 x 500 mL).
• the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was diluted with dichloromethane (600 mL) and loaded onto silica gel (700 mL).
• Step 6 Preparation of (3i?,4 J y)-4-[2-(benzyloxy)-4-bromo ⁇ henyl]-3-[(3 1 S)-3- (4-fluorophenyl)-3 -hydroxypropyl] - 1 -phenylazetidin-2-one (D2) .
• the organic layer can alternatively be washed with 5- 25% sodium bisulfite, water (500 mL) and brine (500 mL).
• the aqueous layers were back-extracted sequentially with one portion of 1 : 1 ethyl acetate-heptane (1000 mL) and the combined organic layers were concentrated.
• the pale olive colored suspension was poured into water (400 mL) while stirring vigorously and cooling the mixture in an ice-brine bath, transferred with water (150 mL) and stirred with ice-cooling for 1.5 h to afford a solution with an off-white precipitate.
• the compound was filtered, transferred with water (2 x 25 mL), washed with water (50 mL) and air dried for 15 min to afford an off-white moist clumpy powder.
• the material was crystallized from isopropanol (58.0 mL; 1.6 mL/g theoretical yield) by heating to near reflux to afford a golden yellow colored solution. The solution was cooled slowly to room temperature over 12 h, a seed crystal was added and crystals began to precipitate.
• the reaction was quenched by slow addition of methanol (16.3 mL, 402.4 mmol), 6% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (68.2 mL, 120.0 mmol) and 1.0 M aqueous sulfuric acid (48.0 mL, 48 mmol) respectively, with ice-bath cooling. The cooling bath was then removed and the reaction was stirred at room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 45 min, the mixture was poured into a separatory funnel, the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (200 mL). The first organic layer was washed with water (125 mL) and brine (125 mL). The aqueous layers were backed extracted with the second organic layer.
• Step 5A Preparation of 3-[2-[(2-Benzyloxy-4-bromo-phenyl)-phenylamino- methyl]-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-hydroxy-pentanoyl]-4-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one
• Titanium tetrachloride (6.90 mL, 11.9 g, 62.9 mmol) was added drop-wise over 20 min to afford a deep reddish purple solution. The temperature was kept between -30 and -35 0 C and stirring was continued for 45 min. The mixture was then cooled to -45 0 C and a solution of iV- ⁇ (l.E)-[2-(benzyloxy)-4- bromophenyl]methylene ⁇ -N-phenylamine (B3) (37.3 g, 101.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 rnL, 1.0 M) was added drop-wise over 30 min. The reaction temperature was maintained between -40 0 C and -45 °C during addition.
• the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h between -40°C and -45 0 C. An aliquot was removed for analysis by TLC and HPLC. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of glacial acetic acid (13.7 mL, 14.4 g, 240.0 mmol) over 10 min, followed by addition of cold (10 °C) 15% aqueous ⁇ /-tartaric acid solution (240.0 mL, 36.0 g, 240.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to -5 °C and was further allowed to warm up to room temperature after tartaric acid addition was completed. The mixture was stirred at room temperature over the next 1.5 h, diluted with dichloromethane (200 mL), poured into a separatory funnel and the layers were separated.
• dichloromethane 200 mL
• the organic layer was washed with dilute brine solution (9:1 water/brine, 250 mL), then brine (100 mL).
• the aqueous layer was re-extracted sequentially with 1 : 1 ethyl acetate-hexane (200 mL, 150 mL).
• the combined organic layers were dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to afford 59.4 g of an orange-red viscous oil.
• the crude product was dissolved in methanol (250 mL) and stored at -15 °C for 12 h.
• the bright yellow biphasic mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, poured into a separatory funnel, diluted with 1:1 ethyl acetate-hexane (50 mL) and water (50 mL), agitated, the layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The two aqueous layers were back-extracted sequentially with two portions of 1:1 ethyl acetate-hexane (2 x 30 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to afford 1.60 g yellow oil.
• This material was heated to 73 0 C in isopropyl alcohol (228 mL) and a mixture of isopropyl alcohol/water (27:73, 104 mL) was added over 45 min. The solution was cooled to 65°C, seed crystals of diastereomerically pure D2 were added and the solution was allowed to cool slowly to room temperature.
• Step 7 (3i-,4,S)-4-[3-(benzyloxy)-3 l -hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl]-3-[(35)-3-(4- fluorophenyl)-3 -hydroxypropyl] - 1 -phenylazetidin-2-one (Fl )
• the oil was dissolved in dichloromethane (65 mL), charged with silica gel (25 g) and transferred to a pad of silica gel (125 g) packed with dichloromethane.
• the pad was first eluted with dichloromethane (200 mL), 20% ethyl acetate-hexane (1000 mL) to remove impurities and 40% ethyl acetate-hexane (1500 mL) to elute the desired material.
• Step 8 Preparation of (3i?,4,S)-4-(3,3 I -dihydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-[(35)-3-(4- fluorophenyl)-3 -hydroxypropyl] - 1 -phenylazetidin-2-one (DFPA)

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