WO2006082890A1 - 胚性幹細胞の肝細胞への分化誘導方法および該方法により誘導される肝細胞 - Google Patents
胚性幹細胞の肝細胞への分化誘導方法および該方法により誘導される肝細胞 Download PDFInfo
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- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/067—Hepatocytes
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
- A61L27/3834—Cells able to produce different cell types, e.g. hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, marrow stromal cells, embryonic stem cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3839—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by the site of application in the body
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3895—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells using specific culture conditions, e.g. stimulating differentiation of stem cells, pulsatile flow conditions
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- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/12—Hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
- C12N2506/02—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from embryonic cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for inducing embryonic stem cells (hereinafter also referred to as ES cells) into hepatocytes, hepatocytes induced by the method, and a bioartificial liver.
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- liver is the largest parenchymal organ in the human body, and its functions are diverse, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as pyrilvin metabolism, drug metabolism, and blood coagulation factor generation. Including liver functions in the hundreds, which plays a very important role in the body. Thus, even if it is temporary, severe liver disease is extremely dangerous for the patient's life.
- liver has a vigorous regenerative ability, and even if it suffers liver injury due to fulminant liver failure, the patient recovers if hepatic function can be replaced for about a week.
- liver transplantation is most effective for these serious liver diseases, not everyone can benefit from the serious shortage of donors.
- a combination of continuous filtration dialysis and plasma exchange is a temporary means of replacing liver function. It is necessary to establish a law, and there is a growing need for the development of artificial livers for treatment. Therefore, what is expected is a bioartificial liver filled with cells in order to utilize the metabolic ability and protein synthesis ability of living cells.
- a bioartificial liver can be said to be an artificial liver device that mimics an in vivo liver in which hepatocytes are incorporated into a carrier and fixed to form a reactor.
- the patient's blood can be introduced into the apparatus, and the metabolic capacity of hepatocytes can be used to remove toxins in the blood and to supply physiologically active substances such as coagulation factors derived from liver cells.
- healthy human hepatocytes are ideal, but the lack of donor liver is extremely difficult to obtain.
- non-transplantable liver is used for hepatocyte isolation and clinically applied to hepatocyte transplantation and bioartificial liver.
- non-transplantable livers are stipulated to be incinerated and cannot be used for bioartificial livers.
- ES cells can be divided into 1) all kinds of cells constituting the living body, 2) have the ability to proliferate semi-permanently, and can be mass-cultured at low cost. 3) Since induction methods using cell growth factors can be applied without recombination of genes, there are advantages such as closer to natural body and availability of cells compared to genetically modified cells.
- Methods for inducing differentiation of hepatocytes from stem cells include hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), dexamethasone, and oncostatin M (which belongs to the family of interleukin 6). ), N-butyric acid, etc. is not possible to induce fully functional hepatocytes (Rambhatla L et al., Cell Transplant. Vol. 12, 1-11, 2003, Schwartz RE et al. J. Clin. Invest. 109; 1291-1302, 2002 and Special Publication 2003-530879).
- HGF hepatocyte growth factor
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- dexamethasone dexamethasone
- oncostatin M which belongs to the family of interleukin 6
- N-butyric acid, etc. is not possible to induce fully functional hepatocytes (Rambhatla L et al., Cell Transplant. Vol. 12, 1-11, 2003, Schwartz RE et al. J. Clin
- An object of the present invention is to provide a hepatocyte that is sufficiently functional, can be supplied in large quantities, and is safe and its use, particularly a bioartificial liver using the hepatocyte.
- ES cells can be efficiently used by using a deletion type hepatocyte growth factor (hereinafter also referred to as dHGF), which is a natural variant of HGF.
- dHGF deletion type hepatocyte growth factor
- the present invention has been completed by finding that it can be induced into functional hepatocytes.
- the present invention uses the following method for inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes, hepatocytes obtained by the method, a bioartificial liver using the hepatocytes, and the hepatocytes.
- a method for inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes comprising culturing embryonic stem cells in the presence of a deletion-type hepatocyte growth factor.
- FIG. 1 is a phase contrast micrograph of mouse hepatocytes (Example 3) in which mouse ES cell force was also induced on a nonwoven fabric according to the method of the present invention.
- Differentiated hepatocytes 1 have multiple nuclei 2 that are characteristic of hepatocytes.
- FIG. 2 (a) is a scanning photomicrograph of embryoid body 3 immediately after seeding attached to non-woven fiber 4, (b) is a scanning microscope of differentiation-induced hepatocyte 1 attached to non-woven fiber 4. It is a photograph.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing one embodiment of the production process, taking as an example one embodiment of the bioartificial liver reactor of the present invention.
- (a) is a diagram in which hollow fiber membranes 7 are arranged on a non-woven fabric 6 provided with a backing 5.
- the non-woven fabric 6 provided with the backing 5 is provided with slits 8.
- (B) is a figure which shows the process of winding (a) in roll shape.
- (C) is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line XX of (b).
- D) is a schematic diagram showing a neuroartificial liver reactor 11 in which a roll having a hollow fiber membrane 7 and a nonwoven fabric 6 force is incorporated in a cylindrical container 10 provided with a liquid leakage preventing member 9 at both ends.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the expression of a liver-specific gene and an endogenous standard, GAPDH gene, in mouse hepatocytes induced by the method of the present invention.
- Lanes 1 to 6 show size markers, undifferentiated ES cells, feeder cells, differentiation-induced ES cells (Example 2), differentiation-induced ES cells (Example 3) and mouse liver, respectively. Cells are shown.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the drug metabolic ability of mouse hepatocytes induced to differentiate by the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the urea-producing ability of mouse hepatocytes induced to differentiate by the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a phase contrast micrograph of human hepatocytes (Example 5) induced to differentiate from human ES cells by the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 (a) Scanning micrograph of embryoid body 23 immediately after seeding attached to non-woven fiber 4 (Example 6). (B) is a scanning photomicrograph of differentiation-induced hepatocytes 21 (Example 6) adhering to non-woven fibers 4.
- FIG. 11 is a photograph showing the expression of an albumin gene, which is a liver cell-specific gene, and a beta-actin gene, which is an endogenous control, in human hepatocytes in which human ES cell force has also been induced by the method of the present invention.
- Lanes 1 to 7 show size markers, undifferentiated human ES cells, human ES cells that have formed embryoid bodies, and human ES cells that have been induced to differentiate without the use of non-woven fabric after the formation of embryoid bodies.
- Example 5 shows human ES cells (Example 6), human hepatocytes, and size markers that were induced to differentiate on a nonwoven fabric after formation of embryoid bodies.
- FIG. 12 is a transmission electron micrograph of hepatocytes induced to differentiate from human ES cells on a nonwoven fabric by the method of the present invention (Example 6).
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the drug metabolic ability of mouse hepatocytes induced to differentiate by the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the urea production ability of human hepatocytes induced to differentiate by the method of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the albumin producing ability of human hepatocytes induced to differentiate by the method of the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a method for inducing differentiation of ES cells into hepatocytes by using dHGF, which is a natural variant of HGF that is less cytotoxic than HGF.
- the method for inducing differentiation of hepatocytes from ES cells of the present invention includes (a) a step of forming embryoid bodies of ES cells, and (b) the resulting embryoid bodies in the presence of dHGF. And a method comprising a step of culturing at a.
- mammals that are preferably derived from mammals include humans, primates such as force-cynomolgus monkeys, mice, and the like.
- dHGF is a splice variant produced by deletion of 5 amino acids by splicing of natural HGF (see FEBS Letters 434 (1998), 165-170).
- dHGF can be produced according to the description in Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-68272 and its divisional application, JP-A-7-188292. In these publications, dHGF is described as TCF-II.
- ES cells can be produced by embryonic force, which is an early stage in which a fertilized egg continues to grow.
- the fertilized egg which has become a sperm with the ovum, is divided into two, four, eight ... during the growth to the fetus, and is called a blastocyst on the 5th and 6th days It becomes a state.
- the blastocyst is composed of a blastocoelic force that holds an inner cell mass that is a spherical mass of about 0.1 mm in diameter.
- the inner cell mass eventually grows into endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm and forms all the cells of the body, and the trophectoderm forms their placenta and isolates the embryo from the outside world Form a bag.
- ES cells can be produced by removing the cells and culturing these cells in an environment that can proliferate and do not differentiate. Therefore, ES cells can also produce embryos as described above.
- Such ES cells have been used in mice in 1981 (Evans et al., 1981, Nature 292: 154- 6.) and Martin et al. (Martin GR. Et al, 1981, Proc Natl Acad Sci 78: 7634- 8.) and can be purchased from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).
- human ES cell research has been designated as a national bioresource project, and human ES cells established at the Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto University It can be obtained under certain conditions such as obtaining confirmation (approval) by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in accordance with the “Human ES Cell Distribution Regulations” (enforced on November 26, 2003).
- human ES cell lines “KhES-l” established in August 2003
- KhES-2 established in October 2003
- KhES-3 in October 2003
- the human ES cell lines KhES-1, KhES 2, and KhES 3 are surplus embryos of fertilized eggs prepared for assisted reproduction such as in vitro fertilization and microinsemination (which must be discarded without being transplanted). Fertilized egg). That is, the fertilized egg is cultured to the blastocyst stage, the inner cell mass is separated from the blastocyst, cultured on a feeder cell, and the proliferating unbroken cell is selected and repeated. It was established by enabling passage, and the establishment method itself is essentially the same as that of mice and monkeys. Unlike mouse ES cells, human ES cells form a flat, almost monolayer colony on a single feeder cell and are morphologically very similar to monkey ES cells.
- Human ES cells express markers specific to undifferentiated ES cells and maintain a normal chromosomal structure (see Hirofumi Suemori, Clinical Pathology, 52: 3 (2004), pages 255-258). . Markers specific to undifferentiated ES cells expressed by the ES cells include alkaline phosphatase (ALP), SSEA-3 and 4, TRA-1-60 and 81, and NanogOct-3 / 4. Rex-1 expression has been confirmed by RT-PCR.
- ALP alkaline phosphatase
- SSEA-3 and 4 SSEA-3 and 4
- TRA-1-60 and 81 TRA-1-60 and 81
- NanogOct-3 / 4 NanogOct-3 / 4. Rex-1 expression has been confirmed by RT-PCR.
- KhES-1 and KhES 2 are normal diploid and female
- KhES-3 is normal diploid and male karyotype (Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto University) (See “Human ES Cell Distribution – Human ES Cell Lines KhES-1, 1-2, 1-3” on the homepage of the Center for Stem Cell Medicine).
- the ES cells are passaged, maintained, and grown under conditions that do not separate (hereinafter, this step may be referred to as a preparation step), and if necessary, Use a portion to induce differentiation into hepatocytes.
- this step may be referred to as a preparation step
- a vessel that is capable of growing ES cells and that is also coated with a feeder cell or a skier fold for its ability to grow.
- feeder cells is mouse embryonic fibroblasts that have been irradiated with gamma rays.
- skiafold examples include laminin, fibronectin, collagen (collagen IV, collagen I, etc.), enteractin, self-organizing peptide-noid mouth gel, Poly (pN-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide) ( PVLA) (polystyrene derivative with latatose in the side chain).
- Matrigel Matrigel, Laminin 56%, Collagen IV31 o / 0 , Entactin 8%, Betaton Dickinson and Campa-1
- Glow Factor Reduced Matrigel GFR MatrigeU Laminin 61%, Collagen IV30 o / 0 , Entactin 7% force, Betaton Dickinson and Campa-made, Pure Matrix (PuraMatrix, 16 amino acids (Ac- (RAD A) -CONH))
- Peptide Hyde Mouth Gel which is an oligopeptide of m, manufactured by 3D Matrix Japan Co., Ltd., Poly (p-N-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide) (PVLA) (manufactured by Ceragitus), and the like.
- VLA Poly (p-N-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide)
- mouse-derived ES cells it is preferable to use a culture vessel coated with a feeder cell.
- human-derived ES cells when used for the bioartificial liver which is an embodiment of the present invention, there is a possibility of contamination with cells derived from different organisms. It is preferable to use a culture container coated with skiafold without using a culture container coated with cells.
- the culture state of human ES cells is good, it is more preferable to use the Matrigel, Gloss Factor Reduced Matrigel, PuraMatrix, or the like.
- ES culture solution (R-ES-101, purchased from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.) : Dulbecco's Modified Eagle (DMEM) medium mixture (1: 1 volume ratio) with 15% urine fetal serum (FBS), 1% non-essential amino acid, 1% nucleoside, 110 / z M 2-mercaptoethanol ( Supplemented with Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.), supplemented with 1% penicillin and streptomycin, 1% glutamic acid, and 500UZml mouse leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (purchased from Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.), (2) Primate ES cell culture medium (Reprose Corporation) (3) Conditioned medium for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (R & D system, etc.).
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle
- FBS urine fetal serum
- FBS urine fetal serum
- non-essential amino acid 1% nucleo
- the culture temperature is preferably in the range of 36 to 37 ° C.
- the pH is preferably in the range of 7.3 to 7.4.
- leukemia inhibitory factor LIF
- LIF leukemia inhibitory factor
- a culture method using skier fold without using feeder cells a method published by Geron (Merono Park, California, USA) (Protocols for the Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem and ells in Feeder Free conditions)
- the concentration of dHGF used in the culture step for inducing differentiation of ES cells into hepatocytes is preferably higher than IngZml and lower than lOOOngZml, more preferably 10 ng / ml to 500 ngZml. LOOngZml is most preferred.
- concentration of dHGF is less than the above range, differentiation into hepatocytes tends to be not achieved, whereas when it exceeds the above range, mild cytotoxicity tends to be confirmed.
- dHGF may be directly applied to ES cells to induce differentiation, but first, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed from ES cells, and then dHGF is captured. It is preferable to induce differentiation.
- the embryoid body was formed by seeding ES cells diluted to about 100,000 Zml in culture with a drop (about 30 1 drop) inside the lid of a Petri dish, A hanging drop method in which the embryoid body is formed by culturing for about 2 days in a state where it hangs on the inside of the container and then does not fall down, and then the embryoid body is washed with a culture solution and suspended in a Petri dish to mature.
- a suspension culture method in which about 5 million ES cells are suspended in a 10 cm Petri dish in about 10 ml of culture for about 5 days to form embryoid bodies can be mentioned. From the viewpoint of simplicity, the embryoid body formation method by suspension culture is more preferable.
- the culture is carried out for about 3 to 7 days in the embryoid body formation step, and then transferred to the next separation induction step.
- the culture solution may be (1) ES differentiation induction medium (DMEM F12) [DMEM (Gibco BR L, In-vitro Gene Corporation) and nutrient mixture F—12 (ham) (Gibco BR L, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) at a volume ratio of 1: 1, 4.5 mg / ml glucose, 20% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 25 mM HEPES (Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), lOOmgZml penicillin, lOOmg / ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) with LIF not carotenable], (2) Primate ES cell culture medium (such as Librocell), (3) Mouse embryonic fibroblasts Conditioned medium (R & D system, etc.).
- the culture temperature is preferably in the range of 36 to 37 ° C.
- the pH is
- planar culture and three-dimensional culture are used as the culture process for inducing categorization!
- conditions closer to the in vivo environment can be created by three-dimensional culture of cells on a skifold (scaffold), and cell functions can be improved.
- three-dimensional culture is preferable.
- the skiafold used for 3D culture includes collagen such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, collagen I, enteractin, peptide-hide mouth gel, Poly (p-N-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide) (PVLA ) And the like.
- collagen such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, collagen I, enteractin, peptide-hide mouth gel, Poly (p-N-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide) (PVLA ) And the like.
- Examples of commercially available products include the above-mentioned Matrigel, Gloss Factor Reduced Matrigel, and PuraMatrix. Furthermore, the nonwoven fabric etc. which are mentioned later can be used.
- the culture medium includes (1) ES differentiation induction medium (DMEM F12) [DMEM (Gibco BRL Corporation) and nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) (Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) are mixed at a ratio of 1: 1 volume ratio, 4.5 mg / ml glucose, 20% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 25 mM HEPES (Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), lOOmg / ml penicillin, lOOmgZml streptomycin (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) and LIF cannot be obtained.
- DMEM F12 DMEM (Gibco BRL Corporation)
- nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation
- the culture temperature is preferably in the range of 36 to 37 ° C.
- the pH is preferably in the range of 7.3 to 7.4.
- the culture period is about 14-21 days.
- one or more of various organic solvents, cyto force-in, hormones and the like can be used in combination with dHGF. Any organic solvents, cytosines, hormones, etc. can be used as long as they do not adversely affect the cells. preferable.
- organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMA), hexamethylene bisacetamide and other polyethylene bisacetamide, activin A, bFGF, darcocorticoid, epidermal growth factor (EGF) ), Insulin, TGF-a, TGF- ⁇ , FGF, heparin, dexamethasone, and HGF, IL-1, IL-6, IGF-I, IGF-II, and HBGF-l.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- DMA dimethylacetamide
- hexamethylene bisacetamide and other polyethylene bisacetamide activin A
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- Insulin TGF-a
- TGF- ⁇ TGF- ⁇
- FGF heparin
- dexamethasone heparin
- HGF IL-1, IL-6, IGF-I, IGF-II, and HBGF-l.
- Hepatocytes differentiated from ES cells by the method of the present invention can be confirmed by observation of morphological characteristics and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
- a morphological confirmation method there are cells having a plurality of nuclei observed with a phase-contrast microscope and presence of abundant granules in the cytoplasm observed with an electron microscope, especially glycogen granules! /, In addition, confirmation of morphological characteristics specific to hepatocytes can be mentioned.
- the expression of the induced hepatocyte expression can be evaluated from the expression of the gene by RT-PCR. If the albumin gene is expressed and the undifferentiated gene afetoprotein is expressed and confirmed by RT-PCR, it can be said that differentiation has been induced.
- epidermal cell markers CK18 cytokeratin 18
- G6P glycose 6 phosphorylation enzyme
- TAT tyrosine amino acid transferase
- HNF3b hepatocyte nuclear factor 3
- beta beta gene expression is observed.
- another embodiment of the present invention is a neuroartificial liver containing hepatocytes induced to differentiate from ES cells and a method for producing the same.
- the degree of cell differentiation when filling the reactor is important.
- ES cells form embryoid bodies, their adhesion to skifolds such as nonwoven fabrics is enhanced.
- cells attached to a scaffold such as a non-woven fabric exhibit three-dimensional spheroid formation.
- three-dimensional culture of cells on a skiffold can create conditions closer to the in vivo environment and improve cell function. Culturing is effective for improving the function. Therefore, after embryoid body formation, ES cells are filled into the reactor, and three-dimensional differentiation induction is performed with dHGF. Will be greatly enhanced.
- the ES cell mosquito also promotes the formation of embryoid bodies, is filled with cells in the reactor, and is separated into hepatocytes by the induction method of the present invention.
- Examples of the artificial liver include a hybrid type artificial liver combining a hollow fiber type reactor (device) and a separated 'cultured cell.
- neoartificial livers There are three types of neoartificial livers: those that are attached outside the body and connected to blood vessels, those that are placed in the body and connected to blood vessels, and those that are placed in the abdominal cavity without being connected to blood vessels.
- the hepatocytes of the present invention can be used in any form of neuroartificial liver, but ES cells lose their ability to grow when induced to differentiate, but ES cells that have been poorly differentiated remain. In this case, since the cells may be transplanted in vivo, the deformed species may develop, and it is preferable that the point of avoiding the risk associated with cell transfer is also an extracorporeal type.
- the bioreactor is Dimethrieux from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, California, USA) with the support of Circe Biomedical Inc. (Lexington, Massachusetts, USA). Hepatosis for bioartificial liver treatment using porcine hepatocytes centered on (Demetriou) et al. (HepatAssist) (Hui T, Rozga J, Demetriou AA. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 20 01; 8: 1-15.) And German Gerlach et al.'S MELS (Modular Extracorporeal Various types are known, such as Liver System)).
- reactors do not have a scaffold for the attachment of the force liver cells that can be used in the present invention, so the cells are simply suspended in the space inside the hollow fiber or the space outside the hollow fiber. There is a tendency to become a state. In the floating state, hepatocytes tend not to fully develop the differentiation function, and further collide with surrounding cells and are susceptible to stress stimulation.
- a reactor composed of a hollow fiber and a skier fold such as a nonwoven fabric is preferable so that a scaffold can be provided for hepatocytes.
- any membrane can be used as long as cells do not adhere to the membrane surface and hinder the substance exchange. Specifically, it is conventionally used for medical purposes.
- Commercially available products such as polysulfone membranes and ethylene vinyl acetate random copolymer saponified membranes (for example, trade names: EVAL, manufactured by Kuraray Medical Co., Ltd.) are preferred.
- the pore sizes of commercially available hollow fiber membranes include dialysis membranes ( ⁇ 5 nm), plasma component separation membranes (20-30 nm), plasma separation membranes (30-200 nm), etc. From the viewpoint of the permeability of the substance, a plasma separation membrane (30 to 200 nm) is preferable.
- the immunocompetent cells in the blood flowing through the hollow fiber and the immunoglobulin do not come into direct contact with the cells filled on the skifold such as the non-woven fabric outside the hollow fiber.
- ⁇ LOOnm is most preferred.
- non-woven fabric those that have been modified to allow cells to adhere are preferable.
- non-woven fiber examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PAU polyamino acid urethane
- FIG. 3 The process up to the housing is shown in Fig. 3 by taking as an example one embodiment of the bioartificial liver reactor of the present invention.
- the hollow fiber membrane 7 is placed on the non-woven fabric 6 provided with the backing 5 (FIG. 3 (a)).
- the non-woven fabric 6 provided with the backing 5 is provided with slits 8. This is rolled up (Fig. 3 (b)).
- Its X-X cross section is shown in Fig. 3 (c).
- the reactor 11 is provided with a cell inlet 12 and an outlet 13 through which a cell sample can be collected, and the slit 8 is disposed so as to communicate with the cell inlet 12.
- bioartificial liver treatment is performed safely and scientifically: 1) Real-time monitoring of inflow and outflow pressures of artificial liver reactors, 2) Alarm activation when bubbles are generated 3) It is preferable to implement the system with an integrated function that can warm the reactor (37 degrees).
- hepatocytes particularly human hepatocytes, induced to differentiate from ES cells by the method of the present invention are useful as cells for drug metabolism tests.
- it is useful as a test cell in new drug development, safety testing, and toxicity testing.
- Hepatocytes are the center of various drug metabolisms, and in order to test the toxicity and safety of drugs, it is necessary to administer drugs to hepatocytes and investigate how they are metabolized. . And since there is a big difference between humans and laboratory animals in terms of substance metabolism, the final test using human hepatocytes is indispensable. In this respect, the present invention that can provide a large amount of human liver cells of uniform quality is useful. As a device used for such a metabolic test, a device having the same structure as the bioartificial liver can be used.
- hepatocytes particularly human hepatocytes, induced to differentiate from ES cells by the method of the present invention can be used for the production of physiologically active substances.
- physiologically active substances include albumin and various blood coagulation factors.
- a device for producing such a physiologically active substance a device having the same structure as the bioartificial liver can be used.
- mice-derived ES cells purchased from Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.
- feeder cells that have been introduced with a neomycin resistance gene
- mouse-derived embryonic fibroblasts purchased from Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.
- Incubation flask T-75 (Falcon, Betaton Decktonson and Campa) coated with 0.1% gelatin water (catalog number: R-ES-006B, purchased from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.) -Cultured using one (Becton, Dickins on and Company).
- ES culture solution (R—ES—10 1: purchased from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.): Dulbecco's Modified Eagle (DMEM) culture solution mixture (1: 1 volume ratio) 15% Serum (FBS), 1% non-essential amino acid, 1% nucleoside, 110 M 2-mercaptoethanol (purchased from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.), 1% penicillin and streptomycin, 1% gnoretamic acid, and from 500 U / ml mouse A supplement of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (purchased from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.) was used.
- LIF leukemia inhibitory factor
- the culture medium was changed every day, and ES cells were passaged every 3 days.
- a two-step treatment was performed, ie, a 0.25% concentration of trypsin-EDTA (Gibco BRL, Invitrogen). Attach Polesion (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), and after 45 seconds, remove trypsin-ED TA solution to remove feeder cells together (ES cells still remain on the culture plate at this stage) Then, after 2 minutes, the ES culture solution was peeled off to recover the ES cells remaining on the culture plate.
- DMEM F12 10 ml ES differentiation induction medium
- 10-7 molar concentration dexamethasone manufactured by s
- DMEM F12 The composition of DMEM F12 is as follows: DMEM (Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) and nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) (Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) at a ratio of 4.5 mgZml Glucose, 20% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 25 mM HEPES (Gibco BRL, manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation), 100 mgZml penicillin, LIG is not added to the product (manufactured by Sigma Leo Red Co., Ltd.).
- the culture medium was changed every 3 days. After 14 days from the start of culture, we investigated the effect of inducing hepatic cell division. As a result, we have so-called hepatocyte morphological features such as nuclei with several nucleoli, and the expression of albumin. The differentiation into hepatocytes was confirmed.
- mouse hepatocytes were induced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the embryoid bodies obtained instead of ES cells were used.
- Example 2 An embryoid body formed in the same manner as in Example 2 was spread with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTA) -treated PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) nonwoven fabric (manufactured by Kuraray Medical Co., Ltd.) having a cell adhesion of 1 cm ⁇ 1 cm. Seed in a 12-well culture plate (official name: Multiwell 12—well Falc on, manufactured by Falcon, Betaton Decktonson and Camper) for 3 X 10 6 cells Zcm 2 , same as Example 1.
- PTA polytetrafluoroethylene
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- ES min-induction medium DMEM F12, lOOngZml concentration mouse-derived dHGF (provided by Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo), 1 OOngZml concentration bFGF, 1% concentration DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) ), 10- 7 molar concentration of dexamethasone (sigma - added Aldrich Corporation) and cultured for 14 days, to induce murine hepatocytes. The culture medium was changed every 3 days.
- Bioartificial liver (BAL) of whole blood reflux system consisting of hollow fiber and non-woven fabric (see Fig. 3)
- 550 pieces of 10cm hollow fiber membranes were placed regularly on a non-woven fabric (10 X 10cm) lined with rayon (see Fig. 3 (a)), and rolled up into a roll (see Fig. 3 (b)) ).
- a schematic diagram of the cross section is shown in Fig. 3 (c).
- the roll made of the nonwoven fabric and the hollow fiber membrane was incorporated into a cylindrical container provided with a liquid leakage preventing member at both ends (see FIG. 3 (d)).
- PTFE non-woven fabric manufactured by Kuraray Medical Co., Ltd.
- PAU polyamino acid urethane
- each reactor was operated by attaching it between the cervical arteriovenous veins of healthy pigs. I was able to. In addition, there was no decrease in blood cell components such as red blood cells and platelets.
- the artificial liver reactor BAL-2 obtained in Production Example 2 was filled with the embryoid body obtained in Example 2 in the space outside the hollow fiber, and lOmlES cell differentiation-inducing medium: lOOngZml concentration in DMEM F12. and derived dHGF (Daiichi (from Tokyo)), the lOOngZml concentration, DMSO from mice bFGF, 1% concentration (sigma - Aldrich Corporation), 10-7 molar concentration of dexamethasone (sigma-Aldrich Corporation Reshiyon made ) was added to the cells to induce hematopoietic culture.
- the culture medium was changed every 3 days, and the differentiation-inducing effect was examined after 14 days of culture.
- RT In the hepatocytes induced by PCR (Examples 2 and 3), important genes involved in liver metabolism, ie, CK18 (cytokeratin 18), G6P (glucose 6 kinase), TAT (tyrosine amino acid) The expression of transferase, albumin, AFP (alphafetoprotein) and HNF3b (hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 beta) genes were examined. GAPDH gene expression was also examined as an intrinsic factor control.
- RNA Trizol manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation
- 5 'primer 5' —CGATACAAGGCACAGATGGA (SEQ ID NO: 1)
- 5 'Primer 5' —ACCTTCAATCCCATCCGA (SEQ ID NO: 5)
- 5 'primer 5' — GCTAGGCACACAGTGCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 7)
- 5 'primer 5' — CAGCCGAGCCACATC (SEQ ID NO: 13)
- Lanes 1 to 6 show size markers, undifferentiated ES cells, feeder cells, ES cells induced to differentiate (Example 2), ES cells induced to differentiate on the nonwoven fabric (Example 3), and mouse hepatocytes, respectively. Indicates.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 2 to 4 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction.
- the culture solution was loaded with 1.4 mmol of tetrasalt ammonium, and after 4 hours, 101 1 of the culture solution was collected and the ammonia concentration was measured.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 2 to 4 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction. Jazebam was loaded into the culture solution to a final concentration of 1 ⁇ gZml, and after 4 hours, 1000 1 of the medium was collected and the diazebam concentration was measured.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 2 to 4 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction.
- Lidocaine was loaded into the culture solution to a final concentration of 1 mgZml, and after 4 hours, 1000 1 medium was collected and the lidocaine concentration was measured.
- Fig. 5 shows the respective metabolic rates of (A) to (C).
- the metabolic rate is expressed as a value obtained by subtracting each drug concentration after 4 hours from the concentration of the drug at the time of drug loading and dividing by the concentration of the drug at the time of drug loading.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 2 to 4 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction. Then, after 24 hours of culture, the culture solution was collected and mouse albumin ELIS
- the amount of albumin produced was measured using an A kit (product code: E90-134, Funakoshi Co., Ltd.).
- the production amounts of albumin are 500 ng and 8 ml per ml in Examples 2 to 4, respectively. 50 ng and 920 ng ( Figure 7). It can be seen that the ability to produce albumin is enhanced by culturing on a non-woven fabric and further by three-dimensional culturing in a reactor.
- the bioartificial liver reactor BAL-1 produced in Production Example 1 was filled with about 1 billion pig liver cells (survival rate> 90%).
- Freshly isolated porcine hepatocytes were isolated from the surgically excised outer liver by a four-step reflux method using dispase and collagenase (Masayama Maruyama, Naoya Kobayashi, Toshinori Tsutsukawa, Organ Biology, Vol. 9). , No.3. 295-301, 2002) 0
- KhES 1 distributed from the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto University in accordance with the “Regenerative Medicine Research Institute Human ES Cell Distribution Regulations” was used.
- the cell culture is published on the Neron website (Protocols for the Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cell in Feeder Free Conditions) (http://www.geron.com). It was done according to). Specifically, it was cultured as follows.
- the culture plate used was a 6-well plate (Falcon, sold by Betatone Dickinson and Campa) that was coated with Matrigel (Betaton Dickinson and Campa-1).
- a conditioned medium for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (force tag number: AR005, manufactured by R & D Systems) was used.
- the culture solution was changed every day, and at the time of replacement, mouse basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was added to the culture solution so as to be lOOngZml.
- ES cells were passaged every 7 days. Specifically, when the proportion of ES cells in the culture plate reached 80 to 90%, collagenase IV solution (200 UZml) (Gibco RBLZ Invitrogen) was used in a two-step treatment.
- the 5 ⁇ 10 6 KhES 1 cells obtained in Production Example 3 were diluted with 2 ml of ES medium (same as that used in Production Example 3), and previously diluted with ES medium (used in Production Example 3). The same as the above) The seeds were seeded in the center of a culture dish for embryoid body formation (COSTAR, manufactured by Corning Incorporated) holding lml.
- COSTAR embryoid body formation
- lOOngZml human-derived dHGF (provided by Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), lOOng Cultured in human bFGF of ZML, 1% of DMSO and 10-7 molar concentrations of dexamethasone ES medium containing (Sigma Aldrich Corporation) (same as used in Production Example 3)
- the differentiation into hepatocytes Induction was carried out for 14 days.
- the culture medium was changed every 2 days.
- Fig. 8 shows a phase contrast micrograph of human ES cells that formed embryoid bodies
- Fig. 9 shows a phase contrast micrograph of hepatocytes induced to differentiate from human ES cells.
- Differentiated hepatocytes 21 have multiple nuclei 22 that are characteristic of hepatocytes.
- the KhES-1 cells obtained in Production Example 3 are covered with a polyamino acid urethane (PAU) -processed PTFE nonwoven fabric (manufactured by Kuraray Medical Co., Ltd.) with a cell adhesion of 1 cm x 1 cm, and an ES culture solution (manufactured)
- PAU polyamino acid urethane
- ES culture solution manufactured by Kuraray Medical Co., Ltd.
- a 12-well culture plate multiwell 12 well falcon, manufactured by Falcon
- the ES cells were seeded on a culture plate and then cultured for 5 days to form embryoid bodies.
- a scanning electron micrograph of the embryoid body formed on the nonwoven fabric is shown in Fig. 10 (a).
- FIG. 10 (a) an embryoid body 23 attached to the non-woven fiber 4 is shown.
- the RT-PCR method was used to examine the expression of the albumin gene, which is involved in liver metabolism and is a hepatocyte-specific gene.
- the beta-actin gene expression was also examined as an endogenous control.
- the RT-PCR method was performed in the same manner as in Test Example 1 for mice. That is, the cells were collected after treatment with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA, and RNA was extracted with RNA Trizol according to the instruction manual of the product. 1 ⁇ g of total RNA at 22 ° C for 10 minutes, then at 42 ° C for 20 minutes, reverse RNA A reverse transcription reaction was performed using a transcriptase.
- AmpliTag Gold Kid manufactured by Perkin 'Elmaichi Z-Citas was used for the protocol. Therefore, it was used for PCR amplification.
- the primers and PCR conditions for each gene are described below.
- 5 'Primer 5Z — TGACGGGGTCACCCACACTGTGCCCATCTA (SEQ ID NO: 17)
- Lanes 1 to 7 show size markers, undifferentiated human ES cells, human ES cells that have formed embryoid bodies, and human ES cells that have been induced to differentiate without using a non-woven fabric after the formation of embryoid bodies
- Example 5 shows human ES cells (Example 6), human hepatocytes, and size markers induced to differentiate on a non-woven fabric after formation of embryoid bodies.
- the expression of albumin, a hepatocyte-specific marker gene was confirmed, but hepatocytes specifically induced by three-dimensional culture using a nonwoven fabric.
- Example 6 it can be confirmed that the expression is enhanced. This result strongly supports that differentiation induction of hepatocytes can be induced more efficiently by using a nonwoven fabric.
- glycogen granules characteristic of mature hepatocytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the cells of human ES cells induced using non-woven fabric.
- symbols 24, 25 and 26 indicate the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and glycogen granules, respectively.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 5 to 6 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction.
- the culture solution was loaded with 1.4 mmol of tetrasalt ammonium, and after 4 hours, 101 1 of the culture solution was collected and the ammonia concentration was measured.
- the metabolic rates of ammonia in Examples 5 to 6 were 7.1% and 7.8%, respectively.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 5 to 6 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction.
- Lidocaine was loaded into the culture solution to a final concentration of 1 mgZml, and after 4 hours, 1000 1 medium was collected and the lidocaine concentration was measured.
- the metabolic rate of lidoin was 13.4% and 23.2%, respectively.
- Fig. 13 shows the respective metabolic rates of (A) and (B).
- the metabolic rate is expressed as a value obtained by subtracting each drug concentration after 4 hours from the concentration of the drug at the time of drug loading and dividing by the concentration of the drug at the time of drug loading.
- drug metabolizing ability is observed, but it is obvious that drug metabolizing ability is enhanced by three-dimensional culture on a nonwoven fabric.
- the culture medium of hepatocytes obtained in Examples 5 to 6 was replaced with a new one 14 days after the initiation of differentiation induction. Thereafter, the culture solution after 24 hours of culture was collected, and albumin production was measured using albumin ELISA kit ALB UWELL II (Exocell Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA). The production amounts of albumin were 289 ng and 349 ng per ml in Examples 5 to 6 (FIG. 15). It can be seen that hepatocytes induced by three-dimensional culture using a non-woven fabric have enhanced albumin producing ability.
- hepatocytes that are functional enough to replace healthy human liver cells, can be supplied in large quantities, and can be induced safely.
- the bioman of the present invention When the engineered liver is an extracorporeal type, it can avoid the dangers associated with cell transfer and achieve safer treatment.
- the present invention provides a method for testing a drug and a method for producing a physiologically active substance using human hepatocytes that can be supplied in large quantities. Sequence listing free text
- SEQ ID NO: 1 Primer for polymerase chain reaction to detect mouse CK18 gene
- SEQ ID NO: 2 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse CK18 gene
- SEQ ID NO: 3 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse G6P gene
- SEQ ID NO: 4 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse G6P gene
- SEQ ID NO: 5 5 'primer for polymerase chain reaction to detect mouse TAT gene
- SEQ ID NO: 6 3 ′ primer for polymerase chain reaction to detect mouse TAT gene
- SEQ ID NO: 7 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse albumin gene
- SEQ ID NO: 8 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse albumin gene
- SEQ ID NO: 9 5 'primer for polymerase chain reaction to detect mouse AFP gene
- SEQ ID NO: 10 3 ′ primer for polymerase chain reaction for detecting mouse AFP gene
- SEQ ID NO: 11 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse HNF3b gene
- SEQ ID NO: 12 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting mouse HNF3b gene
- SEQ ID NO: 13 Primer for polymerase chain reaction to detect mouse GAPDH gene
- SEQ ID NO: 14 Primer for polymerase chain reaction to detect mouse GAPDH gene
- SEQ ID NO: 15 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting human albumin gene
- SEQ ID NO: 16 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting human albumin gene
- SEQ ID NO: 17 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting human beta-actin
- SEQ ID NO: 18 Polymerase chain reaction primer for detecting human beta-actin
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WO2007037407A1 (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-05 | 3-D Matrix Japan, Ltd. | 細胞の培養方法および細胞培養物 |
WO2008153180A1 (ja) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-12-18 | Akifumi Matsuyama | 脂肪組織由来細胞から肝小葉様細胞塊を得る方法 |
WO2012060109A1 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2012-05-10 | Kyoto University | Method of examining polycystic kidney disease and method of screening for therapeutic agent of the disease |
JPWO2011118211A1 (ja) * | 2010-03-23 | 2013-07-04 | 株式会社クラレ | 多能性哺乳細胞を分化させる培養方法 |
JP2015186471A (ja) * | 2014-03-26 | 2015-10-29 | ジーイー・ヘルスケア・ユーケイ・リミテッド | 細胞分化方法 |
WO2017150363A1 (ja) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-09-08 | 米満 吉和 | 高機能肝細胞及びその利用 |
JP7425100B2 (ja) | 2013-06-24 | 2024-01-30 | ウィルソン ウォルフ マニュファクチャリング コーポレイション | 気体透過性細胞培養作業のための閉鎖系装置および方法 |
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2007037407A1 (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-05 | 3-D Matrix Japan, Ltd. | 細胞の培養方法および細胞培養物 |
US8647867B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2014-02-11 | National University Corportion Okayama University | Cell cultivation method and cell culture |
US8697438B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2014-04-15 | National University Corporation Okayama University | Cell cultivation method and cell culture |
WO2008153180A1 (ja) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-12-18 | Akifumi Matsuyama | 脂肪組織由来細胞から肝小葉様細胞塊を得る方法 |
JPWO2011118211A1 (ja) * | 2010-03-23 | 2013-07-04 | 株式会社クラレ | 多能性哺乳細胞を分化させる培養方法 |
US10513685B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 | 2019-12-24 | Corning Incorporated | Method for differentiating pluripotent mammalian stem cells into a population of hepatic cells in a microchamber |
WO2012060109A1 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2012-05-10 | Kyoto University | Method of examining polycystic kidney disease and method of screening for therapeutic agent of the disease |
JP7425100B2 (ja) | 2013-06-24 | 2024-01-30 | ウィルソン ウォルフ マニュファクチャリング コーポレイション | 気体透過性細胞培養作業のための閉鎖系装置および方法 |
JP2015186471A (ja) * | 2014-03-26 | 2015-10-29 | ジーイー・ヘルスケア・ユーケイ・リミテッド | 細胞分化方法 |
WO2017150363A1 (ja) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-09-08 | 米満 吉和 | 高機能肝細胞及びその利用 |
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