WO2006068294A1 - 造影剤 - Google Patents
造影剤 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006068294A1 WO2006068294A1 PCT/JP2005/024003 JP2005024003W WO2006068294A1 WO 2006068294 A1 WO2006068294 A1 WO 2006068294A1 JP 2005024003 W JP2005024003 W JP 2005024003W WO 2006068294 A1 WO2006068294 A1 WO 2006068294A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- carbon nanohorn
- contrast agent
- carbon
- oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
- A61K49/18—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, microcapsules, liposomes
- A61K49/189—Host-guest complexes, e.g. cyclodextrins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
- G01R33/281—Means for the use of in vitro contrast agents
Definitions
- the invention of this application relates to a contrast agent. More specifically, the invention of this application relates to a novel contrast agent that can be suitably used for MR I diagnosis using nanotechnology or defect diagnosis that cannot be understood from the outside of a material or structure. . Background art
- contrast agents using gadolinium have been used for MR I diagnosis, which uses Gd as an ion or ionic compound.
- Contrast agents using iron can also be used for MR I diagnosis with Fe as an ion or iron oxide.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a contrast agent containing an anion radical salt of fullerene as an active ingredient.
- Patent Document 2 a metal-encapsulated fullerene having an average particle size of 0.5 to 1 nm is used as a core, and a functional group selected from the group consisting of a sulfone group, a ketone group, an amino group, and an alkyl group is provided on the surface of the core.
- An agent coated with a polysaccharide has been proposed.
- Patent Document 3 proposes a contrast agent in which one or two Gd are contained in fullerene.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-233 0 93
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-8-143478
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-114713
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2 0203-2 0 2 1 5
- Non-Patent Document 1 Hashimoto, A .; Yorimi tsu, H .; Aj ima, K .; Suenaga,
- Gd is ion or an ionic compound (for example, DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid), EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) ⁇ DOTA (tetraazacyclo docedacane- ane, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -tet raacet ic
- DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- DOTA tetraazacyclo docedacane- ane, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -tet raacet ic
- Fe is often used as an ion, and it is difficult to prevent diffusion in a living body, which causes a problem in use.
- fullerenes have a size of about 0.5 to 1 nm, and therefore, when used as a contrast agent for MRI, a fine region can be diagnosed, but there is a problem that large molecules cannot be included. It was. Furthermore, it was a problem that synthesis was difficult.
- the invention of this application has been made in view of the circumstances as described above, and it is an object to provide a contrast agent that satisfies the demand for low toxicity, can diagnose a fine region, and is easy to synthesize. To do.
- Another object of the invention of this application is to provide a contrast agent that can be applied to fine defect diagnosis that cannot be understood from the outside of materials and structures.
- the invention of this application firstly provides a contrast agent comprising a carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the individual carbon nanohorns constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate are opened on the side wall or the tip.
- T / JP2005 / 024003 Provided is a contrast agent characterized by having a mouth.
- each carbon nanohorn constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate is made of metal M (where M is a paramagnetic metal, a ferromagnetic metal, and a superparamagnetic material).
- M is a paramagnetic metal, a ferromagnetic metal, and a superparamagnetic material.
- a contrast agent characterized in that it contains at least one kind selected from metals) or a metal M compound.
- a metal M (where M is a paramagnetic metal, a ferromagnetic metal, and a superparamagnetic metal) is formed on the surface of each carbon nanohorn constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- a contrast agent characterized in that at least one selected from magnetic metals) or a metal M compound is dispersed.
- the contrast agent according to the third or fourth invention wherein the metal M or the compound of the metal M has an average particle diameter of 0.3 to 100 nm. provide.
- the present invention provides the contrast agent according to any one of the third to fifth inventions, wherein the compound of the metal M is a metal oxide.
- any one of the third to fifth inventions there is provided a contrast agent characterized in that the metal M is Gd or Fe.
- a contrast agent characterized in that the metal oxide is a Gd oxide or a Fe oxide.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a TEM image of a contrast agent comprising a gadolinium oxide-encapsulating carbon nanohorn aggregate prepared in Example 1, wherein (a) and (b) are HT 6 0 0-G do X 5 8 The TEM image of 0, and (c) is the TEM image of HT 7 0 0—G do X 5 80.
- FIG. 2 shows the gadolinium oxide-encapsulated carbon nano-housing produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the T 1 relaxation time and Gd concentration of an N aggregate.
- Figure 3 shows the MRI of the gadolinium oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates produced in Example 1 dissolved in agar to form a character gel and embedded in an agar gel that does not contain carbon nanohorn aggregates. It is a figure which shows the imaged photographed image.
- Fig. 4 shows the MRI (T 1 weighted) MRI (T 1 weighted), which was prepared by dissolving the iron oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates prepared in Example 2 in agar to form a character gel and embedding it in an agar gel that did not contain carbon nanohorn aggregates. It is a figure which shows the photograph image imaged by.
- FIG. 5 is the same figure as Figure 4 with T2 emphasis.
- Fig. 6 shows that the carbon nanohorn aggregate produced in Example 3 was dissolved in agar to make a tulip and cherry type “2 0 0 4” letter-shaped gel. It is a figure which shows the T2-weighted photograph image which imaged by MRI what was embedded in the agar gel which does not contain.
- the first contrast agent according to the invention of this application is characterized by comprising a carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate used for the first contrast agent can be produced, for example, by the method described in Patent Document 4 to which the inventor of this application is concerned.
- atmospheric gases such as rare gases typified by Ar (argon), He (helium), etc.
- inert gases such as N 2 (nitrogen) gas are used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- the solid carbon simple substance is evaporated and the carbon vapor is released into the atmosphere gas.
- Carbon nanohorn aggregates obtained Can do.
- a laser or an arc can be used as a means for evaporating the solid carbon simple substance.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate used for the first contrast agent is one having a diameter of about 1 to 10 nm of the individual carbon nanohorns constituting the aggregate.
- the shape can be a “dahlia” shape, a “pump” shape, or the like.
- Carbon nanohorn aggregates are relatively large in diameter compared to fullerene, have a considerably large surface area, and are less harmful to the human body than carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate can be subjected to chemical modification on the surface according to the target living body.
- the contrast agent composed of the carbon nanohorn aggregate can be applied to defect diagnosis other than MRI that cannot be recognized from the outside of the material or structure, and fine defect diagnosis can be performed.
- each carbon nanohorn constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate has an opening on the side wall or the tip. It is characterized by.
- each carbon nanohorn constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate is made of metal M (where M is at least one selected from paramagnetic metal, ferromagnetic metal and superparamagnetic metal) or metal M
- metal M is at least one selected from paramagnetic metal, ferromagnetic metal and superparamagnetic metal
- the compound encapsulated or the individual forces that make up the carbon nanohorn aggregate A metal M on the surface of a single nanohorn (where M is selected from paramagnetic metal, ferromagnetic metal and superparamagnetic metal) Or at least one metal M compound is dispersed. Note that it is not always necessary to include or disperse a metal or a metal compound in all the carbon nanohorns constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate, as long as the required contrast effect is obtained.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate used for the second contrast agent it is necessary to form an opening on the side wall or the tip of each carbon nanohorn.
- the encapsulating or dispersing is performed using the openings formed as described above.
- a method for forming such an opening and encapsulating or dispersing a metal or a metal compound for example, a method described in Non-Patent Document 1 related to the inventor of this application can be used.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that openings were formed by heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere at 420 and 580.
- the size of the opening can be controlled by adjusting the heat treatment temperature and the heating time, and can be about 0.2 to 5 nm, but is not limited thereto.
- a paramagnetic metal As the metal M to be included or dispersed in the carbon nanohorn, a paramagnetic metal, a ferromagnetic metal, and a superparamagnetic metal can be used.
- Paramagnetic metals include Gd, Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Er, Ho, Tm, and Yb, rare earth metals, Mn, Ni, Co, Ru, Rh, and A single metal or an alloy selected from P d can be used, and G d is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of the contrast effect.
- ferromagnetic metal a simple substance or an alloy of Fe, Ni, and Co can be used, and Fe is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of the contrast effect.
- the superparamagnetic metal it is possible to use a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic fine particles made of a simple substance or an alloy compound of Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, and Ru. In view of the above, ferrimagnetic fine particles of Fe oxide are preferable.
- oxides As the metal M compound, oxides, carbides, chlorides, and the like can be used. Among these, oxides are preferable from the viewpoint of stability. In particular, when dispersing metal M compounds, water resistance, acid resistance and low toxicity are required. Therefore, an oxide is preferable.
- Gd oxides such as G d 2 0 3
- G d O x gadolinium oxide
- the metal oxide of the ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic, F e oxides such as F e 3 0 4 (hereinafter, also referred to as iron oxide) (F e O x) are preferable.
- the size of the metal M or the compound of metal M in the carbon nanohorn is preferably a fine particle having a size of about 0.3 to 20 nm in order to sufficiently exhibit the contrast effect.
- a superparamagnetic material its characteristics can be exhibited when it is finely divided to the nanometer order.
- Non-Patent Document 1 As a method for encapsulating the metal M or the metal M compound in the carbon nanohorn or dispersing it on the surface thereof, for example, a method as shown in Non-Patent Document 1 can be used.
- this method for example, when gadolinium oxide is encapsulated, the carbon nanohorn aggregate in which the opening is formed and gadolinium acetate tetrahydrate are mixed in ethanol, stirred, filtered, further dispersed in ethanol, ultrasonic
- the target product is obtained by performing treatment, filtration, drying, and heat treatment in argon gas.
- iron oxide is encapsulated or dispersed, iron acetate may be used instead of gadolinium acetate tetrahydrate.
- the inclusion and dispersion of the metal M or the metal M compound can be selected by controlling the size of the opening. Further, the size of the metal M or the metal M compound to be encapsulated or dispersed can be controlled by the heat treatment temperature and heating time in an inert gas such as Ar and He.
- an inert gas such as Ar and He.
- the graphite raw material was irradiated with a co 2 laser in a chamber of argon gas atmosphere and pressure of 101 kPa at room temperature to evaporate the graphite raw material to produce a dahlia-like carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- Each carbon nanohorn was a single layer.
- oxygen was supplied at a flow rate of 200 cm 3 _ in order to form an opening in the side wall of each carbon nanohorn, and the pressure was set to 10 1 kPa, and 580 Then, heat treatment was performed for 10 minutes to perform partial oxidation.
- oxidized bonbon nanohorn aggregate (NHo X) and gadolinium acetate tetrahydrate (Gd (OAc) 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 0 (Sigma Aldrich, purity 99.9) 50%
- 20 cm 3 of ethanol in a triangular flask
- the powder obtained by filtration is again dispersed in ethanol (20 cm 3 ), subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 20 seconds, filtered again, and then dried in vacuum (1 kPa) for 12 hours, and then acetic acid.
- a carbon nanohorn aggregate (referred to as GdO Ac @ NH) containing gadolinium was obtained.
- gadolinium oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates (represented as ⁇ 600-Gd ox 580 and H t 700 -Gd ox 580, respectively) were obtained.
- the average particle size of the former gadolinium acetate was about 5 nm, and the average particle size of the latter gadolinium acetate was about 10 nm.
- TEM images of HT600-Gdox580 are shown in Fig. 1 (a) and (b), and TEM images of HT700-Gdox 580 are shown in Fig. 1 (c).
- Particles of gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 ⁇ 3) is visible Te summer and black spot. It can be seen that gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 0 3 ) is included in the carbon nanohorn sheath. It can also be seen that the opening is formed on the side.
- T 1 relaxation time was measured by NMR for each of the gadolinium oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates prepared above dispersed in an agar gel.
- the vertical axis is the degree of T 1 relaxation (the reciprocal of T 1). The higher this number, the more proton relaxation is promoted.
- Gd 2 0 3 is shown as a broken line for commercially available gadolinium oxide (average particle diameter of about 100 nm), and for agar gel only.
- gadolinium oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates prepared above were dissolved in agar to form a letter-shaped gel called “J ST 2004”, which was then embedded in an agar gel that did not contain carbon nanohorn aggregates. Images were taken with MR I. Figure 3 shows the photographic image.
- a Daria-like carbon nanohorn aggregate was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- oxygen was supplied at a flow rate of 200 cm 3 / min to form an opening on the side wall of each carbon nanohorn, and the pressure was set to 10 1 kPa, Heat treatment at 580 for 10 minutes 4003 was processed and partial oxidation was performed.
- oxidized carbon nanohorn aggregate referred to as NHo X
- iron acetate manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Inc .; purity 99. 995% or more
- the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, and then filtered through a membrane filter having a pore size of 0.2 rn.
- the powder obtained by filtration was dispersed in re-ethanol (20 cm 3 ), sonicated for 20 seconds, filtered again, and then in vacuum
- Heat treatment was performed at 400 for 60 minutes to obtain iron oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the T 1 relaxation time was measured by NMR in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the measured T 1 relationship between relaxation time and F e concentration (amount of F e 3 in ⁇ 4 without F e) were shown the same tendency as in example 1.
- the iron oxide-encapsulated carbon nanohorn aggregates prepared above were dissolved in agar to make a letter-shaped gel of “2004”, which was then embedded in an agar gel that did not contain carbon nanohorn aggregates. I took an image. Of these photographic images, the T 1 -MR I is shown in Fig. 4, and the T2-MR I is shown in Fig. 5, respectively. T / JP2005 / 024003 From the above, it was confirmed that the aggregate of carbon nanohorns containing iron oxide showed a contrast enhancement effect.
- Example 1 The carbon nanohorn aggregate obtained in Example 1 was dissolved in agar to form a lip and cherry mold and a “2 0 0 4” letter-shaped gel, which was embedded in an agar gel that did not contain the carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- Figure 6 shows the T2-weighted photographic image.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate having an opening at the side wall or the tip of each carbon nanohorn constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate is obtained by dispersing a metal or a metal compound on the side wall, Since it can be encapsulated by taking a metal or metal compound into the inside from the opening, in addition to the above effects, it can be expected to be developed into a contrast medium that further enhances the contrast effect.
- contrast agent of the invention of this application can also be applied to fine defect diagnosis that cannot be understood from the outside of materials and structures.
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
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- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/793,655 US20080152593A1 (en) | 2004-12-24 | 2005-12-21 | Contrast Agent |
| US13/295,621 US20120058053A1 (en) | 2004-12-24 | 2011-11-14 | Carbon nanohorn mri contrast agents |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004374878A JP4822702B2 (ja) | 2004-12-24 | 2004-12-24 | 造影剤 |
| JP2004-374878 | 2004-12-24 |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/793,655 A-371-Of-International US20080152593A1 (en) | 2004-12-24 | 2005-12-21 | Contrast Agent |
| US13/295,621 Division US20120058053A1 (en) | 2004-12-24 | 2011-11-14 | Carbon nanohorn mri contrast agents |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2006068294A1 true WO2006068294A1 (ja) | 2006-06-29 |
Family
ID=36601879
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2005/024003 Ceased WO2006068294A1 (ja) | 2004-12-24 | 2005-12-21 | 造影剤 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20080152593A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP4822702B2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2006068294A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5200474B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-25 | 2013-06-05 | 日本電気株式会社 | 薬物内包カーボンナノホーン集合体とその製造方法 |
| JPWO2009041130A1 (ja) | 2007-09-25 | 2011-01-20 | 日本電気株式会社 | 物質内包カーボンナノホーン集合体、およびその製造方法 |
| JP7100856B2 (ja) * | 2017-11-17 | 2022-07-14 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 生体イメージング用半導体swcnt分散液及びその製造方法 |
| JP7100857B2 (ja) * | 2017-11-17 | 2022-07-14 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 生体イメージング用半導体swcnt分散液及びその検査方法 |
| JP7690803B2 (ja) * | 2021-07-27 | 2025-06-11 | 日本電気株式会社 | 親水性カーボンナノホーン集合体およびその製造方法 |
| WO2024199059A1 (zh) * | 2023-03-31 | 2024-10-03 | 四川瀛瑞医药科技有限公司 | 一种纳米炭铁混悬注射液的用途 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07505127A (ja) * | 1991-11-12 | 1995-06-08 | ロング,デイビッド エム.,ジュニア | 粒状の治療薬および診断薬の血管内滞留時間を延長する方法 |
| JPH08508721A (ja) * | 1993-03-17 | 1996-09-17 | シリカゲル ゲス.エム.ビー.エイチ | 超常磁性粒子、その製法及びその用途 |
| JP2002512208A (ja) * | 1998-04-22 | 2002-04-23 | ニイコムド・イメージング・エーエス | 造影剤における改良または造影剤に関する改良 |
| JP2005281275A (ja) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-13 | Terumo Corp | 磁気共鳴用造影剤およびそれを含む高分子組成物 |
| WO2006017333A2 (en) * | 2004-07-13 | 2006-02-16 | William Marsh Rice University | Shortened carbon nanotubes |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9203037D0 (en) * | 1992-02-11 | 1992-03-25 | Salutar Inc | Contrast agents |
-
2004
- 2004-12-24 JP JP2004374878A patent/JP4822702B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-12-21 WO PCT/JP2005/024003 patent/WO2006068294A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2005-12-21 US US11/793,655 patent/US20080152593A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2011
- 2011-11-14 US US13/295,621 patent/US20120058053A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07505127A (ja) * | 1991-11-12 | 1995-06-08 | ロング,デイビッド エム.,ジュニア | 粒状の治療薬および診断薬の血管内滞留時間を延長する方法 |
| JPH08508721A (ja) * | 1993-03-17 | 1996-09-17 | シリカゲル ゲス.エム.ビー.エイチ | 超常磁性粒子、その製法及びその用途 |
| JP2002512208A (ja) * | 1998-04-22 | 2002-04-23 | ニイコムド・イメージング・エーエス | 造影剤における改良または造影剤に関する改良 |
| JP2005281275A (ja) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-13 | Terumo Corp | 磁気共鳴用造影剤およびそれを含む高分子組成物 |
| WO2006017333A2 (en) * | 2004-07-13 | 2006-02-16 | William Marsh Rice University | Shortened carbon nanotubes |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| BANDOW S. ET AL.: "Electron Spin Resonance of K-Doped Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns and Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes", MOL.CRYST. AND LIQ.CRYST., vol. 340, 2000, pages 749 - 756, XP003007789 * |
| HASHIMOTO A. ET AL.: "Selective deposition of a gadolinium(III) cluster in a hole opening of single-wall carbon nanohorn", PROC.NATL.ACAD.SCI., vol. 101, no. 23, 2004, USA, pages 8527 - 8530, XP003007788 * |
| MIYAWAKI J. ET AL: "Synthesis of Ultrafine Gd2O3 Nanoparticles Inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns", J.PHYS.CHEM.B., 2006, XP003007791, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcbfk/abs/jp060762.html> * |
| YOSHIKAWA H. ET AL.: "Tissue-specific MR Contrast Agents: Fundamental Knowledge", NICHIJI ISHI, vol. 22, no. 4, 2002, pages 204 - 212, XP003007790 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20080152593A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
| JP2006182657A (ja) | 2006-07-13 |
| JP4822702B2 (ja) | 2011-11-24 |
| US20120058053A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
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