Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
  • A61P31/06—Antibacterial agents for tuberculosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/42—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to chemical compounds, to their production as well as to pharmaceutical compositions containing them as well as to their use in therapy, in particular of tuberculosis.
• Tuberculosis is the single largest infectious disease killer in the world that kills about 2 million people every year. Someone in the world is infected with TB every second and nearly 1% of the world population is newly infected with TB every year. Overall one third of the world's population is infected with the TB bacillus and 5 to 10% of people who are infected with TB become sick or infectious at some time during their lifetime. Drugs in use today were discovered more than 40 years ago and since then there has been no major pharmaceutical research effort to discover and develop any new therapeutic agent. There is an urgent medical need to combat this disease with drugs that will be rapidly effective against drug-resistant as well as sensitive TB.
• Combination therapy for TB includes four drugs, rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrizinamide and ethambutol, given for a minimum duration of six months.
• Use of multiple drugs helps in preventing the appearance of drug-resistant mutants and six months of treatment helps in preventing relapse.
• multiple drug therapy and the prolonged duration of therapy are major impediments to compliance.
• Control programmes aimed at implementing "compliance" through DOTS ( Directly Observed Therapy Service ) exert a huge administrative burden on any treatment..
• DOTS Directly Observed Therapy Service
• DOTS Directly Observed Therapy Service
• rifampicin plays a major role in shortening the duration of therapy to six months and the duration increases to 18 months in case of rifampicin resistant TB.
• RNA polymerase enzyme inhibition by Rifampicin is now well established. Drug resistance to Rifampicin maps almost exclusively to mutations in the rpoB gene encoding the beta subunit (Rifampicin binding site) of RNA polymerase, which shows that it acts in vivo via inhibition of RNA polymerase. Therefore RNA polymerase is a valid drug target and inhibitors of RNA polymerase may be developed as highly potent drugs for TB.
• RNA polymerase Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• ⁇ Prokaryotic core RNA polymerase
• RNA polymerase being a multisubunit enzyme gives us the opportunity to find inhibitors, which can bind at various sites apart from the active site and thereby specifically inhibit the prokaryotic enzyme.
• MCP-I Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein- 1
• R 1 is hydrogen or Ci-ioalkyl or C 5-1 O aryl or an optionally substituted C 5-1O aryl or C 5- io heteroaryl ring;
• R 2 is carboxy, cyano, -C(O) CH 2 OH, -CONHR 8 , -C(O)NHSO 2 R 9 , tetrazol-5-yl, -(CH 2 ) 1-3 - NR 18 R 19 , SO 3 H or a group of formula (VI)
• R 8 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl or optionally substituted C 5- io aryl or optionally substituted C 4-2O heterocyclyl group.
• R 8 is a group-(CHR 13 ) r -COOH where r is an integer of 1-3 and each R 13 group is independently selected from hydrogen or C 1-1 O alkyl;
• R 9 is optionally substituted C 1-1 OaIlCyI or optionally substituted C 5-1 O aryl optionally substituted C 4-20 heterocyclyl:
• R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen or C 1-10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C 5 - I0 aryl or optionally substituted C 4-20 heterocyclyl;
• R 18 and R 19 are independently Ci -3 alkyl or taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom R 18 and R 19 represent a morpholine or piperazine ring;
• R 3 is hydrogen, halogen or or optionally substituted C 1-I0 alkyl or optionally substituted C 2-1O alkenyl or optionally substituted C 2-1O alkynyl or optionally substituted C 5 .
• R 4 is a group NO 2 , NHR 14 , NHCHR 14 R 15 , NHCOR 15 , NHSO 2 R 15 ,
• NHC(X ⁇ NHR 16 , or NHCONH SO 2 R where X 1 is O or S, R 14 is hydrogen or C 1-10 alkyl or optionally substituted C 5-10 aryl or optionally substituted C 4-20 heterocyclyl; R 15 is optionally substituted C 1-1O alkyl.optionally substituted C 5-10 aryl or optionally substituted C 4-20 heterocyclyl and R 16 is hydrogen, optionally substituted C 1-10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C 4-20 heteroaryl group, R is an optionally substituted C 1-I o alkyl, or optionally substituted C 4-20 heteroaryl group ;
• R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, a functional group, an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydro lysable ester thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb).
• Compounds of formula (I) are inhibitors of M.tb RNA polymerase. In addition, they inhibit the growth of M.tb. As a result, these compounds can be used to treat tuberculosis disease.
• alkyF when used either alone or as a suffix includes straight chained or branched structures. These groups may contain up to 10, preferably up to 6 and more preferably up to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated straight or branched structures containing for example from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Cyclic moieties such as cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and cycloalkynyl are similar in nature but have at least 3 carbon atoms, such as up to 10, up to 7, or up to 5 carbon atoms.
• alkoxy comprise alkyl groups as are understood in the art and in particular alkyl groups as defined, more particularly of up to 6 carbon atoms.
• halo includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• aryl groups include aromatic carbocylic groups such as phenyl and naphthyl.
• heterocyclyl includes aromatic or non-aromatic rings, for example containing from 4 to 20, for example of up to 16, or up to 10 ring atoms, suitably from 5 to 8 ring atoms, such as 5, 6 or 7 ring atoms, in each case at least one of which is a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen.
• Examples of such groups include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl or benzofuryl.
• 'Heteroaryl refers to those groups described above which have an aromatic character.
• aralkyl refers to aryl substituted alkyl groups of up to 20 carbon atoms, such as up to 15 or up to 10 carbon atoms, in particular phenethyl or benzyl, more particularly benzyl.
• hydrocarbyl which refers to any organic structure comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• these may be any one of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl.
• alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl.
• C 1-1 O alkyl such as C 1-6 alkyl or
• the term "functional group” refers to reactive substituents. They may comprise electron-donating or electron-withdrawing. Examples of such groups include halo, cyano, nitro, C(O) n R 18 , OR 18 , S(O) n R 18 , NR 19 R 20 , C(O)NR 19 R 20 , OC(O)NR 19 R 20 , -NR 19 C(O) n R 18 ,
• R 20 are independently selected from hydrogen or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, or R 19 and R 20 together form an optionally substituted ring of up to 10, up to 7 or up to 5 ring atoms which optionally contains 1 or 2 further heteroatoms such as S(O) 1n , oxygen and nitrogen, n is an integer of 1 or 2, m is 1 or 2.
• R 4 is a group selected from NO 2 , NHR 14 ,
• R 1 is an optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, furyl or thienyl ring, and in particular is a substituted phenyl or pyridyl or thienyl ring, such as a substituted phenyl or pyridyl ring, or a substituted phenyl ring.
• Suitable optional substitutents include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl including perhaloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl, mercapto, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, cyano, nitro, amino, mono- or di-alkyl amino, oximino, sulphonamido, carbamoyl, mono or dialkylcarbamoyl or S(0)m R 21 where m is as defined above and R 21 is hydrocarbyl.
• substituents include trifluoromethyl, halo, trifluoromethoxy, C M alkanoyl, d- 4 alkanoyloxy, nitro, carbamoyl, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-4alkylsulphonyl, sulphonamido, hydroxyCi-4alkyl or C M alkoxyCMalkyl. Additionally or alternatively, two such substituents together may form a divalent radical of the formula -0(CH 2 ) I-4 O- attached to adjacent carbon atoms on a ring.
• Preferred substitutents for the ring in R 1 are one or more non-polar substituents such as halo.
• R 1 is substituted by one or more halo groups such as two halo groups or three halo groups, particular two halo groups.
• Particular halo groups are chlorine, bromine and fluorine, such as chlorine and bromine, chlorine and fluorine, and bromine and fluorine.
• Chlorine is a particular halo group.
• R 1 group is 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-4- chlorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl or 3,5-dichlorophenyl.
• R 2 examples include carboxy, cyano, tetrazol-5-yl, C(O)NHSO 2 R 9 , CONHR 8 where R 8 is selected from alkyl, aryl, hetroaryl and hetercycyclyl, or R 8 is a group-(CHR 13 ) r -COOH where r is an integer of 1-3 and each R 13 group is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl such as C 1-4 alkyl; R 9 is optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted aryl such as optionally substituted phenyl or is optionally substituted heterocyclyl: or R 2 is a group of formula (VI)
• R 10 , R 1 'and R 12 are independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl, particularly CM alkyl or a halogen.
• R 2 is carboxy or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof; or -C(O)NHSO 2 R 9 , or tetrazol-5-yl.
• R 2 is carboxy or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester, or a group of formula (VI) above.
• Suitable groups R 3 include hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, benzyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, alkoxyalkyl such as C 1-4 alkoxymethyl, methoxy, benzyloxy, carboxyalkoxy such as carboxymethoxy, methylsulphanyl, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl or carboxyC 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, -(CHR 2 VNR 23 R 24 (where r is 0-2, each R 22 is independently hydrogen or alkyl, in particular C 1-4 alkyl, R 23 and R 24 are independently selected from H and C 1-4 alkyl or R 23 and R 24 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5 or 6 membered ring optionally containing one further heteroatom selected from O, N, S, S(O) or SO 2 .
• R 23 and R 24 together form a heterocylic ring such as morpholino or
• R 3 include optionally substituted aryl groups, such as optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl group.
• Suitable substituents for phenyl groups R 3 include one or more groups selected from chlorine, fluorine, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, formyl, phenyl, methoxy, phenoxy or phenyl.
• R 3 may comprise a range of substituents as listed above, in particular, hydrogen or a small substituent group such as C 1-4 alkyl in particular methyl, or benzyl or trifluoromethyl, and is preferably hydrogen.
• R 4 may conveniently comprise a group NO 2 , NH 2 , NHSO 2 R 15 , NHC(X ⁇ NHR 16 , or NHCH R 14 R 15 wherein R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and X 1 are as previously defined. More conveniently R 14 is hydrogen. More conveniently R 15 , R 16 and R 17 are independently optionally substituted aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, such as phenyl or pyridyl, especially phenyl, optionally substituted by one or more of halogen, CF 3 , OCF 3 , NO 2 , NH 2 , and Ci -6 alkyl.
• R 4 is a group NHCHR 14 R 15
• R 14 is hydrogen or alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring such as an optionally substituted 5 or 6 member heteroaryl groups
• R 15 is hydrogen or alkyl or aryl or an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring such as an optionally substituted 5 or 6 member heteroaryl groups.
• Suitable optional substituents for hydrocarbyl groups R 18 , R 19 and R 20 include halo, perhaloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl, mercapto, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aryloxy (where the aryl group may be substituted by halo, nitro, or hydroxy), cyano, nitro, amino, mono- or di-alkyl amino, oximino or S(O) n R * where n is as defined above and R x is alkyl such as Ci -4 alkyl.
• Suitable substituents for these hydrocarbyl or heterocylic groups include those listed above for R 18 , R 19 and R 20 Suitable optional substitutents for the group R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 as they appear in the definition of R 4 , include functional groups as hereinbefore defined, as well as aryl or heterocyclyl groups, either of which may themselves be substituted by one or more functional groups or further aryl or heterocyclyl groups.
• substituents for groups R 15 , R 16 and R 17 include one or more groups selected from halo such as chloro; hydroxy; cyano; amino; mono- or di-alkylamino; C M alkoxy; carboxy; sulphonamido; CONH 2 ; alkylamido where the alkyl moiety is optionally substituted for example with a functional groups such as carboxy; morpholino; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; phenyl optionally substituted by halo such as chloro, hydroxy, alkoxy such as methoxy, carbamoyl, acyl such as acetyl, or hydroxyalkyl where the alkyl group suitably includes at least two carbon atoms, such as hydroxyethyl.
• halo such as chloro; hydroxy; cyano; amino; mono- or di-alkylamino; C M alkoxy; carboxy; sulphonamido; CONH 2 ; alkylamido
• R 15 , R 16 and/or R 17 is a heterocyclyl group, or where R 16 and R 17 together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring, these may be substituted by functional groups such as halo or hydroxy, or by alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl, or alkenyl or alkynyl groups any of which may be subsituted, for example with hydroxy, as well as with further heteroaryl groups such as pyridyl.
• Particular examples of heterocyclic groups R 1 , R 16 and/or R 17 are optionally substituted thiophenyl, optionally substituted imidazolyl, optionally subtituted pyridyl.
• thiophenyl groups R 15 , R 16 and/or R 17 may comprise pyridyl-thiophenyl, whilst an example of a substituted imidazolyl group for R 15 , R 16 and/or R 17 is methylimidazolyl and halopyridyl in particular chloropyridyl is an example of a substituted pyridyl moiety for these groups.
• R 15 include alkyl in particular methyl optionally substituted by a functional groups or, in particular, a heterocyclyl group where the heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted by a functional group such as halo or hydroxy or by an alkyl group such as methyl.
• R 15 is a substituted alkyl group.
• the substitutent is a functional group, it is preferably a group of formula NR 19 R 20 where R 19 and R 20 are as defined above.
• substituted alkyl groups R 15 include morpholinomethyl or alkyl such as methyl substituted with a substituted alkyl amino group wherein the substituents include carboxy, alkanoyl, phenyl or alkyl sulphonyl.
• R 15 are heterocyclyl groups which are optionally subsitituted for example by alkyl such as methyl, functional groups such as chloro or heterocycyl groups such as pyridyl.
• R 16 and R 17 are alkyl such as methyl.
• substituents R 5 , R 6 and R 7 , and where appropriate also R 4 include hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, optionally substituted alkyl such as aralkyl, carboxyalkyl or the amide derivative thereof; alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; or an amino group which is optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl.
• R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy, such as hydrogen.
• R 6 and R 7 are hydrogen.
• R 5 may be hydrogen but in addition is suitably a small subsitutent such as hydroxy, halo or methoxy.
• R 7 may be halogen such as chlorine or bromine, alkyl such as ethyl or methyl, alkoxy such as ethoxy or methoxy.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula (I) include acid addition salts such as methanesulfonate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, citrate, maleate and salts formed with phosphoric and sulphuric acid.
• suitable salts are base salts such as an alkali metal salt for example sodium, an alkaline earth metal salt for example calcium or magnesium, an organic amine salt for example triethylamine, morphonne, iV-methylpiperidine, ⁇ f-ethylpiperidine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylethylamine or amino acids for example lysine.
• a preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt.
• An in vivo hydro lysable ester of a compound of the formula (I) containing carboxy or hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester which is hydro lysed in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid or alcohol.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable esters for carboxy include alkyl esters, such as Cue alkyl esters for example, ethyl esters, Q- ⁇ alkoxymethyl esters for example methoxymethyl, Ci- 6 alkanoyloxymethyl esters for example pivaloyloxymethyl, phthalidyl esters, Cs-scycloalkoxy-carbonyloxyCi-ealkyl esters for example 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl esters for example 5-methyl-l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters for example 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl and may be formed at any carboxy group in the compounds of this invention.
• alkyl esters such as Cue alkyl esters for example, ethyl esters, Q- ⁇ alkoxymethyl esters for
• inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group.
• ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers include acetoxymethoxy and 2,2-dimethylpropionyloxymethoxy.
• a selection of in vivo hydroly sable ester forming groups for hydroxy include alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl, alkoxycarbonyl (to give alkyl carbonate esters), dialkylcarbamoyl and N-(dialkylaminoethyl)-N-alkylcarbamoyl (to give carbamates), dialkylamino acetyl and carboxyacetyl.
• Esters which are not in vivo hydrolysable are useful as intermediates in the production of the compounds of formula (I) and therefore these form a further aspect of the invention.
• Z-R 22 (VIiD where Z is a leaving group and R 22 is a group COR 15 or SO 2 R 15 where R 15 is group R 15 as defined in relation to formula (I) or a precursor thereof; and thereafter if desired or necessary: (i) converting a precursor group R 15 to a group R 15 and/or converting a group R 15 to a different such group; (ii) deprotecting a group R 2 to a group R 2 .
• Suitable leaving groups Z include halo such as chloro.
• the reaction is suitably effected in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or pyridine.
• organic solvent such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran
• a base such as triethylamine or pyridine.
• Moderate temperatures for example from 0° to 5O 0 C and conveniently ambient temperature, are employed in the reaction.
• the reaction is suitably effected in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane or chloroform in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or pyridine.
• a base such as triethylamine or pyridine.
• Moderate temperatures for example from 0° to 50°C and conveniently ambient temperature, are employed in the reaction.
• reaction is suitably effected in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane or chloroform in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or pyridine.
• a base such as triethylamine or pyridine.
• Moderate temperatures for example from 0° to 5O 0 C and conveniently ambient temperature, are employed in the reaction.
• Compounds of formula (I) where R 2 is a group CONHSO 2 R 9 may be prepared by a broadly similar method by the reaction of a compound of formula (VII C) and a compound of the formula (VII D)
• reaction is suitably effected in an organic solvent such as dimethylformamide in the presence of a base such as DMAP and a coupling reagent like EDCI.
• a base such as DMAP
• a coupling reagent like EDCI EDCI.
• Moderate temperatures for example from 0° to 5O 0 C and conveniently ambient temperature, are employed in the reaction.
• Compounds of formula (I) where R 4 is a group NHCHR 14 R 15 may be prepared by a broadly similar reductive amination method of a compound of formula (VII) and a carbonyl compound of the formula (VIII)
• R 14 and R 15 are as defined above.
• This reductive amination reaction is suitably effected in an organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of acetic acid and a reducing agent such as NaCNBH 3 .
• a reducing agent such as NaCNBH 3 .
• Moderate temperatures for example from 0° to 5O 0 C and conveniently ambient temperature, are employed in the reaction.
• Compounds of formula (VII) are suitably prepared from compound IX by the conversion of nitro group to amino group.
• (XII) can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XIII) with trimethylsilylazide or sodiumazide in presence of dibutyltin oxide.
• R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 9 are as defined above.
• the reaction is suitably effected in an organic solvent such as toluene.
• organic solvent such as toluene.
• High temperatures for example from 50° to 120°C and conveniently refluxing conditions, are employed in the reaction.
• Compounds of formula (XIII) can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (XIV) with phosphorous oxychloride.
• the compounds of the formula (XIV) can be prepared from the corresponding acids by conventional methods.
• Compounds of formula (X) are either known compounds or they may be prepared from known compounds by conventional literature methods.
• the compounds are used in methods of treatment of Tb.
• a treatment method for M. Tb by inhibiting RNA polymerase which comprises administering to said human or animal an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
• compositions of the invention may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels, or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository for rectal dosing).
• oral use for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixir
• compositions of the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art.
• compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include, for example, inert diluents such as lactose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or algenic acid; binding agents such as starch; lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc; preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl rj-hydroxybenzoate, and anti-oxidants, such as ascorbic acid.
• Tablet formulations may be uncoated or coated either to modify their disintegration and the subsequent absorption of the active ingredient within the gastrointestinal track, or to improve their stability and/or appearance, in either case, using conventional coating agents and procedures well known in the art.
• Compositions for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydro xypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids (for example polyoxyethylene stearate), or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbito
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives (such as ethyl or propyl rj-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid), colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharine or aspartame).
• preservatives such as ethyl or propyl rj-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid), colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharine or aspartame).
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin).
• the oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set out above, and flavouring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water generally contain the active ingredient together with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients such as sweetening, flavouring and colouring agents, may also be present.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally-occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, an esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavouring and preservative agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.
• sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.
• compositions may also be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension, which may be formulated according to known procedures using one or more of the appropriate dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above.
• a sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally- acceptable diluent or solvent, for example a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• Suppository formulations may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• Topical formulations such as creams, ointments, gels and aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions, may generally be obtained by formulating an active ingredient with a conventional, topically acceptable, vehicle or diluent using conventional procedure well known in the art.
• compositions for administration by insufflation may be in the form of a finely divided powder containing particles of average diameter of, for example, 30 ⁇ or much less, the powder itself comprising either active ingredient alone or diluted with one or more physiologically acceptable carriers such as lactose.
• the powder for insufflation is then conveniently retained in a capsule containing, for example, 1 to 50mg of active ingredient for use with a turbo-inhaler device, such as is used for insufflation of the known agent sodium cromoglycate.
• Compositions for administration by inhalation may be in the form of a conventional pressurised aerosol arranged to dispense the active ingredient either as an aerosol containing finely divided solid or liquid droplets.
• Conventional aerosol propellants such as volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons may be used and the aerosol device is conveniently arranged to dispense a metered quantity of active ingredient.
• the reader is referred to Chapter 25.2 in
• the amount of active ingredient that is combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the host treated and the particular route of administration.
• a formulation intended for oral administration to humans will generally contain, for example, from 0.5 mg to 2 g of active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of excipients that may vary from about 5 to about 98 percent by weight of the total composition.
• Dosage unit forms will generally contain about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.
• the size of the dose for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes of a compound of the Formula I will naturally vary according to the nature and severity of the conditions, the age and sex of the animal or patient and the route of administration, according to well known principles of medicine. As mentioned above, compounds of the Formula I are useful in treating diseases or medical conditions which are due alone or in part to the effects of farnesylation of rats.
• a daily dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 75 mg per kg body weight is received, given if required in divided doses, hi general lower doses will be administered when a parenteral route is employed.
• a dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 30 mg per kg body weight will generally be used.
• a dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 25 mg per kg body weight will be used.
• Oral administration is however preferred.
• M.tuberculosis and M.bovis BCG share >99% amino acid sequence identity for all the four submits of RNA polymerase. Purification methods were standardized to get the purified enzyme in its core form (without sigma subunit). The housekeeping sigma factor, ⁇ A of M.tuberculosis, was cloned, expressed and purified from E.coli BL21DE3.
• Native core RNA polymerase was purified as follows: Frozen cell pellet (40 g wet wweight) was resuspended in 120 ml of TGED (25 mM Tris.Cl pH 8.0, 5 % w/v glycerol, 0.1 mM EDTA.Na2, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF and 1 mM NaN3) buffer and passed through the French pressure cell (AMINCO Co.) for cell lysis using a single pass at 16,000 psi. After lysis, 120 ml of TGED was added and the viscosity of the lysate was reduced using a Branson sonifier.
• TGED 25 mM Tris.Cl pH 8.0, 5 % w/v glycerol, 0.1 mM EDTA.Na2, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF and 1 mM NaN3 buffer and passed through the French pressure cell (AMINCO Co.) for cell
• Sonication was performed using a macroprobe, at the output of 5 and 50% duty cycle, in 3 cycles of 5 min each.
• Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 10,000 X g for 15 min.
• 10% w/v polyethyleneimine (PEI) was added slowly while mixing to make the final concentration to 0.8% and mixed at 4 0 C for 5 min.
• Nucleic acid precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 6000 X g for 10 min., washed with 200 ml of TGED buffer containing 0.5 M NaCl and the bound RNA polymerase was eluted in 200 ml of TGED buffer containing 1.0 M NaCl.
• Precipitate was removed by centrifugation as above and the supernatant was used for ammonium sulfate precipitation. Proteins in the supernatant were precipitated using 60% saturated ammonium sulfate solution and the precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 12,500 X g for 45 minutes. Ammonium sulfate pellet was resuspended gradually in buffer A (I) (TGED buffer at pH 7.6) and dialyzed overnight against the same buffer. Dialysate was clarified by centrifugation at 12,500 X g for 45 minutes and loaded onto 60 ml anion exchange chromatography column (DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow) equilibrated with buffer A (I). Flow rate used was 2.5 ml/min.
• OD was monitored at 260 and 280 nm.
• Column was washed with 120 ml of buffer A(I) and bound proteins were eluted with a five column volume gradient of 0 - 100 % B (TGED buffer, pH 7.6 plus 0.6 M NaCl).
• Fractions (10 ml each) were collected and checked for the enzyme activity. Desired fractions were pooled and loaded on 15 ml ds-DNA cellulose column after adjusting the conductivity to that of buffer A(D) (TGED buffer, pH 8.0 plus 150 mM NaCl). Flow rate used was 0.5 ml/min. OD was monitored at 260 and 280 nm.
• Recombinant M.tuberculosis ⁇ A containing plasmid, pARC 8171 was transformed into BL-21 (DE3) cells and grown in Terrific Broth with 50 ⁇ g/ml of Kanamycin at 37 0 C on a shaker in baffled flasks and induced at an ODeoo of 0.6 with lOO ⁇ M IPTG for 2 hours. Cells were pelleted and stored at -70 0 C until processed further. For the purification of ⁇ A, frozen cell pellet was resuspended in IX PBS and the cells were lysed using a French Pressure Cell at 16000 psi. Cell lysate was centrifuged at 17,500Xg for 30 min at 4 0 C.
• SigmaA was present mostly in the form of inclusion bodies.
• This inclusion body pellet was resuspended in IX PBS and purified using a discontinuous sucrose gradient (67%(3ml): 53%(3mi): 40%(4ml)). Two ml of the resuspended pellet overlayered on this gradient and centrifuged at 100,000Xg for 2 hrs. Inclusion bodies at the interface of 67% and 53 % sucrose were removed using a syringe and washed twice with 0.5 % Triton-X-100 in IX PBS.
• Washed inclusion bodies were denatured with the denaturation buffer (5OmM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 6M Guanidine HCl, 10% Glycerol, 1OmM Magnesium Chloride, 1OmM Zinc Chloride, ImM EDTA, and 1OmM DTT) and the insoluble part was removed by centrifugation at 100,000 X g.
• the denaturation buffer 5OmM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 6M Guanidine HCl, 10% Glycerol, 1OmM Magnesium Chloride, 1OmM Zinc Chloride, ImM EDTA, and 1OmM DTT
• Denatured Protein was refolded by dialysis against the renaturation buffer (5OmM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 20OmM KCl, 20% Glycerol, 1OmM Magnesium Chloride, 1OmM Zinc Chloride, ImM EDTA, and ImM DTT) until the concentration of Guanidine HCl reached 25mM or less.
• the insoluble protein was removed by centrifugation at 100,000Xg and the supernatant containing the refolded ⁇ A was dialysed against the storage buffer.
• Enzyme Assay In vitro transcription assay used for the screening of inhibitors was performed in 96 well Corning costar plates. Genomic DNA of the phage T4 was used as template.
• the assay buffer was composed of 50 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM DTT, 12.5 mM MgC12, 0.05 mM EDTA and 2% (v/v) glycerol.
• the assay mixture contained 2.5 ug/ml of core RNA polymerase, 5 ug/ml of recombinant ⁇ A, 20 ug/ml of T4 phage DNA, 500 uM (each) of ATP, GTP, UTP and 20 uM of [ 3 H-CTP] in assay buffer.
• Holoenzyme was reconstituted by incubating core RNA polymerase with ⁇ A on ice for 10 minutes, before adding to the assay mixture. Additions to the 96 well plate were made in the following order- DNA followed by compound in 5%DMSO followed by the reconstituted holoenzyme and nucleotides in assay buffer.
• the assay plate was sealed with the plate sealer and incubated at 37°C for 30 min tolhr. Reaction was stopped by the addition of lOul of stop mix containing 140 mM EDTA and 1500 ug/mlof t-RNA.
• 215 ul of 12% TCA was added to each well and the plate was kept at 4°C for lhr.
• RNA precipitate was filtered onto GF-B membranes in 96 well MultiScreen plates. Unincorporated label was removed by three washes with 5% TCA and two washes with 95% ethanol. Plates were dried overnight at room temperature. Next day, 50 ul of the scintillation fluid (Optiphase) was added to each well and the plate was counted using Trilux. When tested in the above enzyme assay all the exemplified compounds have an IC 50 of less than 50 ⁇ M.
• Example 8 l-(3-chlorobenzyl)-4-[(4-isopropylbenzyl) amino]-lH-indole-2-carboxylic acid
• Example 30 was prepared as per Example 30 protocol but starting from 4-amino-l-(3-chlorobenzyl)- lH-indole-2-carbonitrile.

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