WO2006030746A1 - 半導体発光素子 - Google Patents
半導体発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006030746A1 WO2006030746A1 PCT/JP2005/016774 JP2005016774W WO2006030746A1 WO 2006030746 A1 WO2006030746 A1 WO 2006030746A1 JP 2005016774 W JP2005016774 W JP 2005016774W WO 2006030746 A1 WO2006030746 A1 WO 2006030746A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
- H01S2301/16—Semiconductor lasers with special structural design to influence the modes, e.g. specific multimode
- H01S2301/166—Single transverse or lateral mode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04256—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/062—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium by varying the potential of the electrodes
- H01S5/06233—Controlling other output parameters than intensity or frequency
- H01S5/0624—Controlling other output parameters than intensity or frequency controlling the near- or far field
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18322—Position of the structure
- H01S5/18325—Between active layer and substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18338—Non-circular shape of the structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/20—Structure or shape of the semiconductor body to guide the optical wave ; Confining structures perpendicular to the optical axis, e.g. index or gain guiding, stripe geometry, broad area lasers, gain tailoring, transverse or lateral reflectors, special cladding structures, MQW barrier reflection layers
- H01S5/2054—Methods of obtaining the confinement
- H01S5/2059—Methods of obtaining the confinement by means of particular conductivity zones, e.g. obtained by particle bombardment or diffusion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/32—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures
- H01S5/3211—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures characterised by special cladding layers, e.g. details on band-discontinuities
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting device.
- FIGS. 1A to 1E are diagrams showing a cross-sectional structure of main parts of a conventional semiconductor laser.
- these lasers basically the same reference numerals are assigned to the common elements to simplify the description.
- Figure 1 (a) shows the structure of a semiconductor laser, generally called the buried stripe type, used in the 1.3 m wavelength band.
- This semiconductor laser includes a substrate crystal 1, a lower cladding layer 2, an active layer 3, and an upper cladding layer 4 as main components.
- a lower electrode 6 is attached to the lower surface of the substrate crystal 1.
- An upper electrode 7 is attached to the upper surface of the upper cladding layer 4 via a low resistance layer 5! /.
- the active layer 3 is sandwiched between the upper cladding layer 4 and the lower cladding layer 2, it is etched narrowly to a width of 1.8 m or less and about 1.6 m. Thereafter, a current blocking layer 8 is grown on the side surface to concentrate the current in this region and prevent the side surface from being exposed to air.
- the current blocking layer 8 has a high resistance, or has a pn junction inside, and is devised so that current does not flow inside it!
- the oscillation transverse mode is determined by a waveguide mechanism, and there are a refractive index waveguide and a gain waveguide.
- This buried stripe type laser is a typical type called a refractive index guided type, and the stripe width must be narrowed to about 1.6 m as described above in order to block higher-order transverse modes.
- the allowable value of the stripe width is narrow, for example, about ⁇ 0.2 m. For this reason, careful attention and management are required for etching.
- the refractive index changes discontinuously at the interface between the stripe portion and the current blocking layer, the unevenness on the etched side surface greatly affects the light scattering loss, and characteristics such as laser threshold, efficiency, and far-field image.
- the threshold of this type of semiconductor laser is a force that can be sufficiently reduced to about 2mA at room temperature.
- the operating current is usually about 15 to 25mA, and it is not possible to modulate the semiconductor laser by directly connecting the output of a general digital circuit. I can't.
- the etched crystal cannot be restored naturally, and the width cannot be adjusted after the device is manufactured. Even if this stripe region, that is, a laser waveguide is branched into a Y-shape to try to give another function, it must first be etched into a ridge before embedding. Etching grooves are difficult to enter on the inside. Even if the part should be two waveguides, a single wide waveguide continues for a while and the space between the two waveguides reaches a certain width. It is normal that etching progresses suddenly and becomes two.
- Figure 1 (b) shows the structure of a laser generally used as the SBA type used in the 0.78 m wavelength band.
- a p-GaAs layer having a carrier density of 1 to 4xl0 18 cm- 3 is grown on the substrate crystal 1 having n-GaAs force by about 1 ⁇ m.
- the p-GaAs layer is masked and etched into a groove shape having a width of about 2.5 m, whereby the current blocking layer 8 can be obtained.
- the top surface of the substrate crystal 1 is exposed at the bottom of the groove as shown in FIG.
- nA aAs layer (lower cladding layer 2) with a carrier density of 2 to 4xl0 17 cm- 3 is formed on the upper surface.
- Layer 3 upper cladding layer 4 made of p-AlGaAs, and low resistance layer 5 made of p + -GaAs are formed in this order.
- the substrate crystal 1 is polished to an appropriate thickness to form the lower electrode 6. This wafer After cleaving to form resonant end faces, appropriate dielectric films are deposited on both end faces, and then separated into individual chips and assembled on a suitable header or submount.
- This type of laser can obtain characteristics with an oscillation threshold of about 20 mA in a relatively simple process, and it seems that the threshold can be further lowered by optimizing the end face reflectivity and the resonator length.
- the electrical resistance of the lower cladding layer 2 is relatively low, the leakage current that flows through the lower cladding layer 2 cannot be ignored, the current blocking layer 8 is floating and the groove where laser oscillation occurs Since the current blocking layer 8 absorbs the oscillation light, it is considered that the electrons generated by the absorption reduce the barrier effect of the current blocking layer 8, and that there is a limit to the iso-low threshold value. There was no improvement.
- Figure 1 (c) shows the structure of a semiconductor laser generally used in the 1.3 m wavelength band, commonly called the ridge stripe type.
- the active layer 3 is sandwiched between the upper cladding layer 4 and the lower cladding layer 2, and the upper cladding layer 4 is etched to a width of 1.8 ⁇ m or less and about 1.6 m at a position immediately above the active layer 3.
- a resonator end face is formed by cleaving, and the end face is appropriate
- a dielectric protective film and a dielectric film for reflectance control are formed into a laser chip.
- the waveguide mechanism includes a refractive index waveguide and a gain waveguide, but this wedge-type laser is another example of a type called a refractive index guided type.
- the ridge width In order to block the transverse mode, the ridge width must be narrowed to about 1.6 m as described above. In general, the allowable width of this ridge is also narrow, for example, about ⁇ 0.2 m. For this reason, careful attention and management are required for etching.
- the embedded stripe type described above Since the refractive index changes discontinuously at the interface between the wedge and other parts, that is, the air interface, the unevenness on the etched side surface greatly affects the light scattering loss, and the laser threshold, efficiency, far-field image, etc. Affects the characteristics of
- the injection current is diffused and dissipated in the upper cladding layer 4 and the active layer 3 while reaching the active layer 3 from the ridge portion.
- the threshold value is inferior to that of the buried stripe type, but it can still be relatively low at around 6 mA at room temperature.
- the operating current is normally about 25 to 35 mA, and the need for a separate drive circuit is basically the same as the embedded stripe type.
- the driving transistor must be able to withstand the higher driving current required! /.
- Figure 1 (d) shows the cross-sectional structure of an 850-band laser called a surface-emitting type (VCSEL).
- VCSEL surface-emitting type
- the active layer 3 and the AlAs layer 9 are sandwiched between the upper cladding layer 4 and the lower cladding layer 2, and further sandwiched between the lower DBR (distributed Bragg reflector) 10 and the upper DBR 11.
- etching is performed around the window 7a, leaving a circular mesa region having a diameter of about, and the lower electrode 6 is formed.
- the peripheral part of the AlAs layer 9 is made insulating and acts as a current restrictor, and the current path has a diameter of 5-10 / ⁇ ⁇ .
- the laser is configured by limiting the range.
- the larger the diameter of the circular mesa region the easier the force and the higher the yield.
- the diameter of the central part that is finally left is about 5 m.
- the diameter of the circular mesa region is large, the region to be oxidized becomes wide and control becomes difficult.
- the diameter of the circular mesa region is larger than 10 / zm, it is difficult to emit light uniformly in the circular part, and the light emission state becomes a crown shape with strong light emission in the peripheral part.
- the surface emitting laser (VCSEL) thus produced has an oscillation threshold of about 1.5 mA and an operating current of 5 to 10 mA.
- the oscillation transverse mode is determined by the shape and size of the light emitting portion.
- the optical fiber to be used is a multimode fiber with a large core diameter, and coupled with the small output, the transmission distance of the output light is limited to a maximum of about 500 m.
- FIG. 1 (e) shows a structure in which the current aperture of the surface emitting laser described in FIG. 1 (d) is diverted to the ridge stripe laser described in FIG. 1 (c).
- the AlAs layer 9 is disposed on the active layer 3 and the ridge formation etching described in the explanation of Fig. (C) is performed, the AlAs layer 9 is placed on the left and right sides of the ridge as described in Fig.
- the structure is narrower than the ridge width by using a strong acid to narrow the current to the region.
- the ridge width is set to, and the gap or current path of the oxide current restrictor is set to 1.5 m.
- the refractive index waveguide width determined by the ridge is 4 m, and the primary and secondary modes are allowed.
- both ends of the AlAs layer 9 are oxidized so that the effective refractive index distribution perceived by the light in the active layer 3 is slightly lower in the refractive index in the peripheral part where the diaphragm is located than in the central part. . That is, it has a function of refractive index guiding. Furthermore, since the current density at a part of the current inlet is high, the carrier density is correspondingly high, and the gain is high accordingly. In other words, it also has a function of gain guiding. Due to these effects, this type of laser can maintain the fundamental mode oscillation even at tens of mW or more.
- the crystal once etched cannot be restored naturally, and there is no room for adjusting the width after the device is manufactured. Even if this stripe region, that is, the laser waveguide is branched to give another function, processing inside the crotch of the branch portion during patterning and etching is performed as in the above-described embedded stripe type and ridge stripe type. However, it was difficult to form a branch with a small loss, which was difficult, so it was not possible to form a Y branch.
- the oscillation transverse mode is determined by the wave guide mechanism.
- the waveguide mechanism includes a refractive index waveguide and a gain waveguide. Refractive index guided type Then, when fabricating a semiconductor laser, a waveguide is fabricated by finely processing materials with different refractive indexes so as to block higher-order modes. On the other hand, gain waveguiding realizes single-mode oscillation by adding spatial shading to injected current and the loss of light.
- the width of the active region in the active layer is set to 1.8 m or less even when the oscillation wavelength is in the 1.3 ⁇ m band.
- the means for controlling the external mode of this transverse oscillation mode has heretofore been ineffective.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a semiconductor laser considering this point.
- the laser stripe structure is a buried stripe type, and the upper electrode 7 is divided into two parts, a main electrode 7b and a sub-electrode 7c, so that current can flow individually.
- a current is supplied only to the main electrode 7b to bring it into a state near the laser oscillation threshold.
- a current is passed through the sub-electrode 7c, it will oscillate and the light output will have an appropriate value. Oscillation stops when the current of sub-electrode 7c is turned off. It can be easily estimated that a very small amount of current flows through the sub-electrode 7c, and control at 1 mA or less is considered possible. This value can be driven by CMOS.
- the so-called pattern effect that the initial light intensity has an influence on the subsequent signal is extremely large.
- the optimum condition is limited to a very narrow range, so it seems that it is not practical.
- the current must be increased in order to increase the oscillation light intensity.
- the current in order to reduce the oscillation light intensity, the current must be reduced.
- modulation of the drive current was indispensable for modulation including ON / OFF of the semiconductor laser.
- a drive circuit for a semiconductor laser is formed by a circuit such as a power mirror using a bipolar transistor or a special CMOS circuit that allows current to flow. It must be configured and converted to a current change of several to several tens of mA necessary for the operation of the semiconductor laser, and the semiconductor laser must be modulated or turned on and off through this.
- the conventional semiconductor laser requires a drive circuit in addition to the signal line, and these circuits and the individually packaged semiconductor laser are connected by wiring to operate. Then, stray capacitance and stray inductance increase, and the signal waveform becomes dull and deformed, and high-speed components are cut off.
- the conventional refractive index waveguide type semiconductor laser at the time of fabrication, materials having different refractive indexes are combined so as to block higher-order modes, and further fine processing is performed.
- gain waveguiding realizes single-mode oscillation by adding spatial shading to the loss experienced by injected current and light! If the fundamental transverse mode oscillation is obtained by completely blocking the higher-order transverse mode using only the refractive index waveguide, the width of the active region must be 1.8 m or less even when the oscillation wavelength is 1.3 m. Therefore, processing becomes difficult. Also, since there was no means to dynamically control the transverse oscillation mode, the laser function was limited. Furthermore, when branching or merging a waveguide including an active region, in general, a resist pattern is formed and the semiconductor is etched, so a fine resist pattern is formed and etched. To do is an extremely difficult caro work.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor light emitting device capable of solving the above-described problems in principle.
- the semiconductor light emitting element of item 1 includes a substrate crystal, an active layer, and a junction.
- the joint portion is disposed in the vicinity of the active layer. Further, the joint portion includes the active layer. In this configuration, a depletion region that restricts the flow of carriers to the substrate is generated.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 2 is the same as that of item 1, further comprising an upper cladding layer, a lower cladding layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode.
- the upper cladding layer is disposed adjacent to the upper part of the active layer.
- the lower cladding layer is disposed adjacent to the lower part of the active layer.
- the first electrode is electrically connected to the upper cladding layer.
- the second electrode is electrically connected to the lower cladding layer.
- This semiconductor light emitting device is configured to send carriers into the active layer by passing a current between the first electrode and the second electrode.
- Item 3 is a semiconductor light-emitting device according to item 1 or 2, wherein the junction is constituted by a pn junction.
- Item 4 is a semiconductor light-emitting device according to item 1 or 2, wherein the junction is formed by a metal-semiconductor junction.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 5 is the semiconductor light-emitting device according to item 1 or 2, wherein the junction is configured by a metal-insulator-semiconductor junction.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 6 is the semiconductor light-emitting device according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the junction is disposed at a distance within 3 ⁇ m from the active region in the active layer. It has become.
- the semiconductor light emitting device of item 7 is the device of item 1, further comprising a control region made of a first conductivity type semiconductor and a gate region made of a second conductivity type semiconductor. Yes.
- the junction is formed by joining the control region and the gate region.
- the control region is disposed on a flow path of a current flowing into the active layer.
- the semiconductor light-emitting device of item 8 is the semiconductor light-emitting device of item 7, wherein the control region is a part of the substrate crystal.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 9 is the same as that of item 7, further comprising a lower cladding layer.
- the lower cladding layer is disposed between the substrate crystal and the active layer.
- the control region is formed between the lower cladding layer and the substrate crystal.
- the semiconductor light emitting element of item 10 is the same as that of item 7, further comprising a lower cladding layer.
- the lower cladding layer is disposed between the substrate crystal and the active layer.
- the The control region is formed inside the lower cladding layer.
- the semiconductor light emitting device of item 11 is the same as that of item 7, further comprising an upper cladding layer.
- the upper cladding layer is disposed above the active layer.
- the control region is disposed above the upper cladding layer.
- the semiconductor light emitting device of item 12 is the device of item 7, further comprising an upper cladding layer.
- the control region is formed inside the upper cladding layer.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 13 is the device according to any one of items 7 to: L1, wherein a third electrode for applying a voltage to the gate region is electrically connected to the gate region. Is connected to.
- Item 14 is a semiconductor light emitting device according to any one of Items 7 to 13, wherein a depletion layer limiting region is disposed between the control region and the gate region and the active layer. Is.
- the semiconductor light emitting device of item 15 is the semiconductor light emitting device of item 14, wherein the carrier concentration in the depletion layer limiting region is higher than that in the control region.
- the semiconductor light emitting element of item 16 is the one described in any one of the forces 1 to 15 of item 7, wherein the control region and the gate region are different in material or composition.
- Item 17 is the semiconductor light-emitting device according to any one of items 7 to 16, wherein the gate region is formed with a slit extending substantially along one direction. A part or all of the control area is disposed inside the slit.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 18 is the semiconductor light-emitting device of item 17, in which irregularities are formed on the side surface of the gate region facing the slit.
- Item 19 is a semiconductor light-emitting device according to any one of items 7 to 16, wherein the gate region is formed with a hole continuously arranged substantially along one direction, and the hole A part or all of the control area is arranged inside the.
- the semiconductor light emitting element of item 20 is the one described in items 7 to 19, wherein the refractive index of the gate region is lower than the refractive index of the control region.
- Item 21 is a semiconductor light-emitting device according to item 7 to 20, wherein the gate region Is made to be absorptive with respect to the wavelength of the generated light.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 22 is the device according to item 21, wherein the absorptive gate region is formed by adding iron or chromium as an impurity to the semiconductor. It becomes.
- Item 23 is a semiconductor light emitting device according to any one of items 17 to 19
- the extension direction of the slit or the hole is branched into two or more.
- the semiconductor light-emitting element of item 24 is for controlling the phase of light traveling along the slit in the gate region along the deviation of the branched slit in the semiconductor light-emitting device of item 23.
- the fourth electrode is electrically connected.
- the flow path of the drive current can be regulated by the depletion region generated by the junction.
- the width of the waveguide as the gain waveguide can be narrowed.
- the width of the waveguide can be dynamically controlled by applying a voltage to the gate region constituting the junction. In other words, laser oscillation can be controlled by voltage.
- the amount of light emission can be controlled by directly connecting the semiconductor light emitting device according to the present invention to a standard interface whose output is defined by voltage.
- the configuration of the laser driving device can be simplified.
- FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view taken along a plane that includes an oscillation region and that is perpendicular to the traveling direction of light that is guided therethrough.
- members having the same functions as those of the conventional semiconductor laser already described are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is simplified.
- the semiconductor light emitting device of this embodiment includes a substrate crystal 1, a lower cladding layer 2, an active layer 3, an upper cladding layer 4, a low resistance layer 5, a lower electrode (first electrode) 6 And the upper electrode (second electrode) 7.
- a control region 14 and a gate region 16 are provided.
- both the substrate crystal 1 and the lower cladding layer 2 are made of a first conductivity type (n-type or P-type) semiconductor.
- the upper clad layer 24 is made of a second conductivity type (p-type or n-type) semiconductor and has a length of one.
- the gate region 16 is formed on the upper surface of the substrate crystal 1 (the formation method will be described later).
- the gate region 16 is of the second conductivity type.
- the control region 14 is constituted by a part of the substrate crystal 1 in this embodiment. In other words, in this embodiment, a region of the substrate crystal 1 adjacent to the gate region 16 and sandwiched between the left and right gate regions 16 is the control region 14. Like the substrate crystal 1, the control region 14 is of the first conductivity type.
- the control region 14 is arranged on the movement path of carriers that flow into the active layer 3.
- a depletion region is generated near the interface, and this region is referred to as a junction region.
- a depletion region is generated across both regions.
- a region in the vicinity of the junction interface between the control region 14 and the gate region 16 including both the depletion regions is referred to as a junction A.
- a depletion region included in the control region 14 is referred to as a depletion region B.
- the depletion region B has a function of restricting the flow of carriers to the active layer 4 and is arranged in the vicinity of the active layer 3 (specifically, for example, within 3 m from the active layer 3).
- the width of the depletion region depends on the carrier density of each region.
- the junction A in the present embodiment is configured by a pn junction, and the depletion region B is generated based on the pn junction.
- the upper electrode (first electrode) 7 is electrically connected to the upper cladding layer 4 through the low resistance layer 5.
- the lower electrode (second electrode) 6 is electrically connected to the lower cladding layer 2 via the substrate crystal 1 and the control region 14.
- carriers are injected into the active layer 3 by passing a current between the upper electrode 7 and the lower electrode 6.
- the active layer 3 a region where carriers actually generate injected light is referred to as an active region.
- a gate region 16 of a high concentration second conductivity type is selectively formed by a diffusion method or an ion implantation method.
- the substrate crystal 1 an n-type GaAs substrate having a carrier density of lxl0 16 cm- 3 is used.
- the substrate crystal 1 is masked with a width of 2.0 m, and Be is ion-implanted to form a p region (this region becomes the gate region 16).
- the carrier density of the p-type gate region 16 is, for example, 2xl0 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- an n-AlGaAs layer with a carrier density of 5xl0 16 cm- 3 is grown as a lower cladding layer 1 m by MOCVD using S as an impurity.
- a GaAs layer not doped with impurities is grown as an active layer 3 to a thickness of 0.05 m.
- a p-Al Ga As layer with Zn as an impurity and a carrier density of 2xl0 17 cm- 3 was formed on the upper cladding layer.
- a p-GaAs layer with Zn as an impurity and a carrier density of lxl0 19 cm- 3 is grown as a low resistance layer 5 by 0.5 m. After that, vacuum deposition is performed in the order of Ti, Pt, and Au, and the upper electrode 7 is applied.
- a striped mask having a width of 10 ⁇ m was applied, and the upper electrode 7 to the lower cladding layer 2 were selectively removed using a selective etching solution. As a result of this etching, the width of the ridge was reduced to approximately.
- the substrate crystal 1 is polished and thinned to 100 / zm, and then the lower electrode 6 is formed by vacuum deposition in the order of Au—Ge, Ni, and Au.
- the entire wafer thus obtained is annealed at about 400 ° C., then cleaved, coated with an end face, and separated into individual chips for assembly as a semiconductor laser.
- the semiconductor laser fabricated in this way has a threshold value of approximately 10 mA, and even if the current is increased to 40 mA or more, it is considered that the optical output vs. current characteristic continues to be a simple increase curve without so-called “kinks”.
- the control region 14 is depleted as a barrier against the flow of carriers (currents) inside the substrate crystal 1 and the lower cladding layer 2. Region B is formed. As a result, the current flow path becomes narrow accordingly. Then, the gain concentrates at the center of the ridge width. Then, among the fundamental mode and the primary mode allowed as refractive index guiding, the fundamental mode can obtain a large amount of gain, and oscillation in the fundamental mode is performed. If the width of the control region 14 is 2.0 ⁇ m and the width of the depletion region B is about 0.25 ⁇ m, the current is 1.5 ⁇ m. You will be focused on m. In FIG.
- the second conductivity type gate region 16 is left on the upper surface of the substrate crystal 1, but this is not essential, and when performing a ridge etching using a mask, The gate region 16 together with the lower cladding layer 2 may be etched to reduce the width.
- the current flow path can be regulated by the depletion region B, so that the process of observing the laser becomes easy. Is
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the basic concept of the operation of the present embodiment in more detail.
- the direction of current in Fig. 4 (a) is opposite to that in Fig. 3.
- the control region 14 of the second conductivity type In the vicinity of the active layer 3 region, there is a control region 14 of the second conductivity type, and adjacent to it is a gate region 16 of the first conductivity type. If the carrier density of the first conductivity type gate region 16 is sufficiently larger than the carrier density of the second conductivity type control region 14, the first conductivity type gate region 16 is added to the second conductivity type control region 14.
- a much larger depletion region B is formed. However, such carrier density is not essential.
- the thickness of the depletion region B is approximately proportional to the reciprocal of the square root of the carrier density (that is, impurity concentration or space charge density). Depletion region B limits the width of the current path (see Fig. 4 (b) and (c)). Therefore, it is possible to regulate the light emission amount and the transverse mode of the laser by
- FIG. 5 shows a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a sectional view of the element.
- the substrate crystal 1 of a first conductivity type composition: n-GaAs, carrier density: 5xl0 17 cm- 3
- MOCVD carrier density: 5xl0 15 cm- 3
- a first conductivity type layer thickness of 0.2 ⁇ m is formed, a mask with a width of 2 ⁇ m is applied, and Be is implanted by ion implantation to selectively form a ⁇ region.
- the region that has been ion-implanted and becomes p-type becomes the second conductivity type gate region 16, and the region that remains protected by the mask and remains n-type (first conductivity type) becomes the control region 14. Since the structure and the manufacturing procedure other than those described above in the present embodiment are the same as those in the first embodiment, description thereof will be omitted.
- the carrier density of the substrate crystal 1 is more general than that of the first embodiment, it is easy to obtain and the carrier density of the control region 14 is electrically Resistance There is an advantage that it can be formed low without worrying about resistance. If the carrier density in the control region 14 is low, the depletion region B will inevitably increase.
- the threshold value of the semiconductor laser according to the second embodiment is approximately 9 mA, and even if the current is increased to 40 mA or more, the optical output vs. current characteristic continues to be a simple increase curve without a so-called “kink”. it is conceivable that. If such a reduction in threshold value can be achieved, compared to the first embodiment, the carrier density of the substrate crystal 1 can be increased, and the effective current path width becomes narrower by reducing the carrier density of the control region 14. (For example, 1 ⁇ m or less).
- FIG. 5 (b) is a schematic diagram showing the operation of the second embodiment described above, and the operating principle is basically the same as that of the first embodiment.
- the thickness of the depletion region B is increased by the lower carrier density of the control region 14 of the first conductivity type. For this reason, it becomes possible to narrow the effective current flow path width.
- the carrier density of the substrate crystal 1 can be increased, there is an advantage in that the electrical resistance is reduced as well as the degree of freedom of selection of the substrate crystal is expanded.
- FIG. 6 shows a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the main part of the third embodiment.
- a substrate crystal 1 of the first conductivity type composition: n-GaAs, carrier density: 5xl0 17 cm- 3
- a high concentration (2xl0 17 ) is formed thereon by MOCVD.
- a second conductivity type (p-type) P-GaAs layer (thickness 0.2 m) of 18 cm-3) is formed. This region of the p-GaAs layer becomes the gate region 16.
- Mg which is difficult to diffuse, was used as the p-type impurity.
- the p-GaAs layer was formed while supplying CP2Mg (bis-cyclopentadienyl Mg).
- CP2Mg bis-cyclopentadienyl Mg
- the lower cladding layer 2 of the first conductivity type 2 and above is again formed thereon by MOCVD.
- Each layer is formed.
- the carrier density of the lower cladding layer 2 was lowered to about lxl0 16 cnf 3 .
- the subsequent layer manufacturing method is the same as in the first embodiment. As shown in Figure (a), the cross-sectional structure of the resulting crystal layer has a slight step reflecting the approximately 0.2 ⁇ m deep groove formed by the above etching.
- a portion of the lower cladding layer 2 adjacent to the gate region 16 is a control region 14.
- the threshold of the semiconductor laser fabricated in this way is approximately 8.5 mA, and the current is increased to 40 mA or more. However, it is considered that there is no “kink” in the optical output vs. current characteristics. Furthermore, the half-value width of the far-field image is considered to be constant without current dependency.
- FIG. 6 (b) is a schematic diagram showing the operation of the third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- the operating principle of this embodiment is basically the same as the previous example.
- this step substantially gives the waveguide width in the refractive index waveguide. Since this waveguide width is a width in which higher-order modes are prohibited, the semiconductor laser of this embodiment is considered to greatly improve the far-field image that is affected by the optical-current characteristics and to improve the threshold value. It is done.
- the thickness of the depletion region B is increased by the lower carrier density of the control region 14 of the first conductivity type, and the effective current path width is reduced (for example, 1 ⁇ m or less). Then, even if the width of the control region 14 is widened, the current flow path can be narrowed, so that oscillation other than in the basic mode can be prevented, and the device can be easily processed. Furthermore, since the carrier density of the substrate crystal 1 can be increased, not only is the degree of freedom of selection of the substrate crystal 1 widened, but there is also an advantage in that the electrical resistance is reduced.
- FIG. 7 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the main part of the fourth embodiment.
- n-GaAs having a carrier density of 3xl0 18 cm _ 3 is used as the substrate crystal 1 of the first conductivity type, and a carrier density of 2xl0 17 cm is formed on the first conductivity type (n-type) by MOCVD.
- the lower cladding layer 2 is formed together with the AlGaAs layer of the first conductivity type formed earlier. Subsequent manufacturing method
- the second conductivity type layer formed inside the lower cladding layer 2 corresponds to the gate region 16, and the region adjacent to the gate region 16 corresponds to the control region 14.
- the threshold of the semiconductor laser fabricated in this way is approximately 8.0 mA, and it is considered that there is no “kink” in the optical output versus current characteristics even when the current is increased to 40 mA or more. Furthermore, the half-value width of the far-field image is considered to be constant with no current dependency.
- FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram showing the operation of the fourth embodiment.
- the operation principle of this embodiment is basically the same as the previous embodiments.
- carriers can be injected intensively into a narrow region of the active layer 3 where the current spread to the active layer 3 is small, so that the threshold value is further increased. Lower.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the main part of the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- n-GaAs having a carrier density of 3xl0 18 cm— 3 is used as the substrate crystal 1 of the first conductivity type, and a carrier density of 2xl0 17 cm—of the first conductivity type (n-type) is formed thereon by MOCVD.
- 3 Al Ga As layer is formed to a thickness of 1.0 m.
- the lower cladding layer 2 is formed, and then the active layer 3 is formed, and an AlGaAs layer having a second conductivity type (p-type) and a carrier density of 2xl0 16 cm- 3 is formed to a thickness of 0.5 m.
- p-type impurities p-type impurities
- n-GaAs layer (thickness: 0.1 m) having a carrier density force of 3 ⁇ 4 X 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 is formed in the first conductivity type (n-type).
- Common S is used as an additive impurity.
- the current flow path was formed! /,
- the first conductivity type layer having a width of 2 ⁇ m was removed by etching, and then the second conductivity type was again formed thereon by MOCVD.
- an Al Ga As layer with a carrier density of 2xl0 16 cm- 3 was formed to a thickness of 0.5 / zm, and this was combined with the AlGa As layer of the second conductivity type formed earlier.
- the n-GaAs layer (thickness 0.1 ⁇ m) with the first conductivity type (n-type) and carrier density 2xl0 18 cm- 3 becomes the gate region 16, and the carrier density 2xl0 17 cm- 3 with the second conductivity type.
- a portion of the Al Ga As layer adjacent to the gate region 16 becomes the control region 14.
- a low resistance layer 5 of GaAs Subsequent electrode formation, cleavage, assembly, and other manufacturing methods are the same as in the previous embodiments. It should be noted that when MOCVD growth is performed again, light etching is performed by flowing a gas mainly composed of HC 1 in the growth apparatus, similar to the above-described fourth embodiment.
- the threshold of the semiconductor laser fabricated in this way is approximately 8.0 mA, and it is considered that there is no “kink” in the optical output versus current characteristics even when the current is increased to 40 mA or more. Furthermore, the half-value width of the far-field image is considered to be constant with no current dependency.
- the operation principle of the fifth embodiment is basically the same as that of the fourth embodiment except that the control region 14 for constricting the current path is on the active layer 3.
- the current path is narrowed at a position close to the active layer 3, so that the current spreading to the active layer 3 is less and the active layer 3 is narrow and concentrated in the region. Since the carrier can be injected, the threshold value is lowered.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- a third electrode 18 for applying a voltage to the gate region 16 is attached to the gate region 16.
- a mode in which the third electrode 18 is attached will be described for each specific example.
- the third electrode 18 is formed in the second conductivity type gate region 16 shown in the first embodiment.
- Ti, Pt, and Au are sequentially deposited, and the force Au-Zn can easily obtain an ohmic electrode, so either of them can be used. If the third electrode 18 is biased more negatively than the lower electrode 6, the oscillation threshold can be slightly lowered. On the contrary, if the voltage between the lower electrode 6 and the upper electrode 7 is kept constant, the light output can be controlled within a certain range by the voltage stored in the third electrode 18.
- FIG. 9B shows a configuration in which a third electrode 18 is provided in the gate region 16 in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- a threshold value or less for example, ⁇ 2.8 V
- the current between the lower electrode 6 and the upper electrode 7 can be cut off, and the light It is thought that the output can be made zero.
- the bias voltage applied to the third electrode 18 is gradually increased, the threshold is exceeded at -2.7V, and the light output increases rapidly.
- This increase in light output is also affected by the voltage applied to the lower electrode 6 and the upper electrode 7. For example, if a voltage of 2.5 V is applied between the lower electrode 6 and the upper electrode 7, the light output becomes about 10 mW when the applied voltage to the third electrode 18 is 2.0 V.
- the applied voltage is -1.0V
- the current flows about 3mA
- the oscillation threshold is reached when the applied voltage is -0.91V
- the optical output is about 5mW when the applied voltage is -0.5V.
- the optical output can be modulated at high speed with a voltage change of about 400 mV. Since the voltage applied to the third electrode 18 is in the reverse bias direction in the pn junction that forms the junction, almost no current flows, and the capacitance in the depletion region of this pn junction is charged or discharged. Only a small current flows. This capacitance is about p F and does not hinder the operation. Of course, if the extra depletion region is reduced, it will be possible to cope with digital signals in units of Gbps as well as it is difficult to reduce this capacitance below lpF.
- Example 2 the force that can provide the third electrode 18 in the gate region of the laser structure shown in the above-described third embodiment is almost the same as in Example 2, so here Avoid details.
- FIG. 9 (c) shows the fourth embodiment
- FIG. 9 (d) shows the third electrode 18 provided in the gate region 16 of the fifth embodiment.
- the advantages are the same as described above.
- Figure 10 shows a specific modulation characteristic example of Example 4 shown in Fig. 9 (d).
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 10 indicates the potential of the third electrode 18 with respect to the upper electrode 7 in V units, and the vertical axis indicates the optical output P in mW units.
- V is -1.3V
- a voltage signal is applied to the third electrode 18 such that the voltage in the “0” state is ⁇ 1.3V and the “1” state force) .8V as shown in FIG.
- the corresponding light output can be obtained. Since the optical output of ordinary information equipment is almost this large, the required optical output can be obtained by connecting this semiconductor laser directly to these signal terminals.
- both electrodes only serve to supply power, and the force is expected to be a "constant voltage source”. Therefore, the voltage between the upper and lower electrodes is For example, the lower the power supply impedance, the better the decoupling by the capacitor placed closer, so that crosstalk can be avoided.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an element according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
- a third layer 20 having a higher carrier density than the control region 14 in the lower cladding layer 2 is added between the lower cladding layer 2 and the active layer 3 in the fourth embodiment described above.
- the depletion region B becomes too thick to reach the active layer 3 and an electric field may be applied to the active layer 3. In this case, electrons and holes in the active layer are separated by this electric field, which causes a problem that the light generation efficiency decreases.
- the addition of the third layer 20 can limit the expansion of the depletion region B in the third layer 20, thereby reducing the possibility that the depletion region B reaches the active layer 3. I'll do it.
- the carrier density in the third layer 20 does not need to be as strictly controlled as the carrier density in the control region 14, and may be, for example, lxl0 17 cm ⁇ 3 to lxl0 18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the reverse bias voltage to the third electrode 18 can be increased (for example, 5 V or more).
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an element according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- a third layer 20 having a carrier density higher than that of the control region 14 of the upper cladding layer 4 is added between the upper cladding layer 4 and the active layer 3 in the fifth embodiment.
- the third electrode 18 can be deeply reverse-noised as in the seventh embodiment.
- both the gate region 16 and the control region 14 have the same composition of GaAs.
- the gate region 16 is GaAs
- the control region 14 is Al Ga As
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a ninth embodiment of the present invention.
- the gate region 16 and the control region 14 are formed in the upper cladding layer 4 in the same manner as the fourth embodiment (FIG. 9 (d)) of the fifth embodiment and the sixth embodiment described above. Is provided.
- the gate region 16 is divided into two parts having a width of 1.5 ⁇ m or 2.0 ⁇ m, and a slit 22 (see FIG. 13A) is formed between them.
- FIG. 13A is a plan view showing the shape of the gate region 16. That is, in the present embodiment, the gate region 16 is composed of the two gate regions 16a and 16b sandwiching the slit 22. As shown in FIG. 12 (a), the two gate regions 16a and 16b are connected by a left and right connection portion 16c provided at an appropriate location.
- the third electrode 18 is connected to one of the two gate regions 16a and 16b, and the same voltage can be applied to these gate regions.
- a control region 14 is disposed between the slit 22, that is, between the two gate regions 16 a and 16 b.
- FIG. 14 shows a tenth embodiment of the present invention.
- irregularities having a height of about 0.2 m are formed on the opposing portions of the two gate regions 16a and 16b in the ninth embodiment.
- the current path linearly becomes a pinch-oil state with the extension of the depletion region B only by slightly lowering the bias voltage applied to the third electrode 18.
- FIG. 15 (a) shows an eleventh embodiment of the present invention.
- the height (depth) of the unevenness in the tenth embodiment described above is enlarged to have a substantially comb-like shape in plan view.
- the “gain waveguide” mechanism may be too strong, resulting in a characteristic that the wavefront is divided into left and right.
- the peripheral portion although the current distribution in the central portion of the slit 22 is large, the peripheral portion also has a gain and does not rapidly become zero. For this reason, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the characteristic that the wavefront is divided into left and right.
- the uneven shape may be as shown in FIG. 15 (b).
- FIG. 16 shows a twelfth embodiment of the present invention.
- a plurality of holes 24 are formed at a predetermined pitch along one direction of the gate region 16 where the slits 22 are not formed as in the ninth and tenth embodiments.
- Examples of the shape of the hole include a circle, an oval, a rectangle, and a polygon, but are not particularly limited.
- an oval (oval) window (hole) having a major axis of 3.5 ⁇ m and a minor axis of 1.5 ⁇ m is provided at the center in the width direction.
- 24 is formed with a 2.5 ⁇ m pitch. In this embodiment, current will pass through the hole 24.
- FIG. 17 shows a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 17B and 17C show an outline of the refractive index distribution.
- the refractive index distribution of the aa 'part in (a) is shown, and the refractive index distribution of the bb' part is shown on the right side.
- the effective refractive index (equivalent refractive index) felt by the fundamental mode propagating through the active layer 3 is Na and Nb, respectively.
- Na in the gate region 16 is smaller than Nb in the upper cladding layer 4 (and the control region 14). For this reason, when the effective refractive index distribution in the transverse direction is drawn across the slit 22 formed in the center of the gate region 16, it is represented as a graph in FIG.
- a rigid refractive index guiding mechanism is formed in the lateral direction.
- oscillation in the basic mode is maintained even if the drive current is increased in this waveguide mechanism.
- the real part of the refractive index distribution is such that the refractive index of GaAs is larger than the refractive index of AlGa As. It can be seen whether there is a relationship.
- the oscillation wavelength is 0.81 nm, and this light is strongly absorbed by GaAs. Therefore, even if the first-order transverse mode occurs, the first-order mode that has an intensity peak in the left and right spread areas is strongly absorbed in the gate region 16 and cannot continue to oscillate. Considering another interpretation, light of this wavelength is generally strongly absorbed by the gate region 16, that is, the imaginary part of the complex refractive index is large.
- the gate region 16 absorbs light and generates an electron'hole pair. . Since junction A is a pn junction, the hole force in the p region increases in the n region. If the gate region 16 is left unconnected anywhere, these carriers accumulate and become forward biased. That is, absorption is reduced and the above effect is reduced. In order to avoid such instability, the potential must be 0 (ground) or an appropriate reverse bias potential via the third electrode 18. On the other hand, if impurities such as Fe, Ni, Cr, etc.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a fourteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- the slit 22 is bifurcated.
- the control region 14 is disposed inside the slit 22.
- the propagation constant changes abruptly at the branching portion, so that it is difficult to obtain the expected result of strong reflection.
- the depletion region is formed on the side surface of the waveguide as in this embodiment, the current that is not expected is spread in the lateral direction. Even if the convexity is about the wavelength of the light, it will be leveled out, causing little reflection or scattering.
- the wave front is divided into left and right with respect to the gain peak.
- the present embodiment in which the gain waveguide mechanism is the main waveguide mechanism is excellent as a laser with branching. If the potential of the gate region 16 in the vicinity of the branch portion can be controlled separately from the other, it is more preferable because a gain waveguide structure suitable for branching can be obtained.
- FIG. 19 shows the fifteenth embodiment.
- a fourth electrode 26, which is a control electrode different from the third electrode, is added to one branch in addition to the configuration of the fourteenth embodiment.
- the amplitude and phase of light can be adjusted, so that the oscillation wavelength can be finely adjusted.
- light of the same wavelength is output from the two left and right output ends and interferes with each other. Become. In this case, if there is no phase difference in the light at both end faces, the far-field image where the light intensity is maximized in the direction perpendicular to the end face is obtained, but if there is a phase difference, this is reflected from the perpendicular direction.
- the light intensity peak shifts to the left or right.
- the potential of the fourth electrode 26 the peak of the light intensity can be shifted left and right, and a beam scanner can be obtained.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a sixteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is an external view of the element. This type of laser is generally called a surface emitting laser (VCSEL).
- VCSEL surface emitting laser
- B is a plan view
- c is a conceptual drawing of a cross-sectional view.
- the configuration of this embodiment is basically the same as that of the sixth embodiment shown in Fig. 9 (d). However, in the sixteenth embodiment, since it is a surface emitting type, it is necessary to provide optical resonators at the top and bottom, and therefore, the lower DBR 10 and the upper DBR 11 are formed (FIG. 20 (c )reference). In addition, a circular window 7a is formed in the upper electrode 7 in order to extract light perpendicular to the wafer surface.
- a gate region 16 is formed inside the upper cladding layer 4, and a window 16d is formed in the gate region 16 at a position corresponding to the window 7a.
- a third electrode 18 is electrically connected to the gate region 16.
- the current restricting region is AlAs, and after the wafer process is completed, it is treated in high-temperature steam to oxidize A1 from the outer periphery. It is going to be an insulator and the current is concentrated in the center. In this case, since oxidation proceeds from the outer peripheral portion, the shape and diameter of the ridge must be accurately formed in processing the outer peripheral portion. Moreover, unless the acid temperature and time are accurately and strictly controlled, the window diameter cannot be controlled with good yield. To control the transverse oscillation mode to the basic mode, the window must have a diameter of about 5 m! /, But it is easy to start oxidation from 30 ⁇ m and proceed to 5 ⁇ m. is not. Therefore, the transverse mode is usually multimode, with many windows having a diameter of about 10 m.
- controllability is excellent like etching using a mask. It is possible to pay by using the proposed method. Furthermore, in the completed device, the transverse mode can be controlled by an external voltage. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the lateral mode control and the oscillation opening / closing can be performed with the external force voltage.
- the semiconductor laser has been described as an example.
- the semiconductor light emitting element may be a light emitting diode (LED) or a super luminescent diode (SLD or SLED). Even in this case, light emission can be controlled by the depletion region generated by the junction A. Furthermore, the depletion region can be controlled by voltage. Therefore, the semiconductor light emitting element to which the present invention is applied can be used not only in communication but also in the interface of digital information equipment of various electronic equipment.
- semiconductor light emitting device of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- the junction A is configured by a pn junction.
- an MS junction metal-semiconductor junction
- MIS junction metal insulating material semiconductor junction
- the joint A may be configured.
- the gate region 16 may be made of metal.
- the junction A may be a junction that generates a depletion region that is not simply a resistive connection, and a material having a carrier concentration and work function necessary for the junction can be selected.
- FIG. 1 (a) to (e) are cross-sectional views for explaining a conventional semiconductor laser.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for explaining an example of a laser that can be driven by CMOS.
- FIG. 3 (a) is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor laser according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. (B) is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of this laser.
- FIG. (A) is an explanatory diagram for explaining the control operation of the current path by the depletion region
- FIG. (B) is a graph showing the relationship between the position in the horizontal direction of the waveguide and the current density.
- FIG. 5C is a graph showing the relationship between the position in the horizontal direction of the waveguide and the gain.
- FIG. 5 (a) is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor laser according to a second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 (b) is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of this laser
- FIG. 6 (a) is a sectional view of a semiconductor laser according to a third embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. (B) is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of this laser.
- FIG. 7 (a) is a sectional view of a semiconductor laser according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9A to FIG. 9D are cross-sectional views for explaining semiconductor lasers in Examples 1 to 4 in the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 11 A sectional view of a semiconductor laser according to a seventh embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 13 (a) is a plan view of a gate region portion of a semiconductor laser according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 13 (b) is a sectional view of this laser.
- FIG. 14 A plan view of a gate region portion of a semiconductor laser according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 (a) is an explanatory view showing an example of a planar shape of a gate region used in the eleventh embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 15 (b) is an explanatory view showing another example.
- FIG. 16 (a) is a plan view of a gate region portion of a semiconductor laser according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 16 (b) is a sectional view of this laser.
- FIG. 17 (a) is a sectional view of a semiconductor laser according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing the refractive index distribution in the a-section of this laser.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing a refractive index distribution in a b-! / Cross section of this laser
- FIG. (D) is an explanatory diagram showing an effective refractive index distribution in a transverse cross section of the waveguide.
- FIG. 18 is a plan view of a gate region portion of a semiconductor laser according to a fourteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a plan view of a gate region portion of a semiconductor laser according to a fifteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 (a) is a perspective view of a semiconductor laser according to a sixteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- (b) is a plan view of the laser, and
- FIG. (C) is a sectional view of the laser.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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| JP2004-265235 | 2004-09-13 | ||
| JP2004265235A JP2006080427A (ja) | 2004-09-13 | 2004-09-13 | 半導体発光素子 |
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| DE102009049793B3 (de) | 2009-10-16 | 2011-04-07 | Silicon Sensor International Ag | Halbleiter-Photodetektor und Strahlungsdetektorsystem |
| WO2020026573A1 (ja) * | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-06 | ソニー株式会社 | 面発光半導体レーザ |
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-
2005
- 2005-09-12 WO PCT/JP2005/016774 patent/WO2006030746A1/ja not_active Ceased
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56152289A (en) * | 1980-04-25 | 1981-11-25 | Univ Osaka | Stripe type semiconductor laser with gate electrode |
| JPS5723291A (en) * | 1980-07-16 | 1982-02-06 | Sony Corp | Semiconductor laser device |
| JPS5736882A (ja) * | 1980-08-15 | 1982-02-27 | Nec Corp | Sutoraipugatadaburuheterosetsugoreezasoshi |
| JPS5737892A (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1982-03-02 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Injection type laser |
| JPS57128989A (en) * | 1981-02-02 | 1982-08-10 | Nec Corp | Manufacture of semiconductor light emitting element |
| JPS57162483A (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1982-10-06 | Fujitsu Ltd | Semiconductor luminous device |
| JPS5833887A (ja) * | 1981-08-25 | 1983-02-28 | Semiconductor Res Found | 半導体レ−ザ |
| JPS58114479A (ja) * | 1981-12-26 | 1983-07-07 | Fujitsu Ltd | 半導体発光装置 |
| JPS60234391A (ja) * | 1984-05-07 | 1985-11-21 | Fujitsu Ltd | 半導体発光装置 |
| JPS61272990A (ja) * | 1985-05-28 | 1986-12-03 | Fujitsu Ltd | 半導体レ−ザ |
| JPS62179191A (ja) * | 1986-01-31 | 1987-08-06 | Nec Corp | 半導体レ−ザ |
| JPS6344789A (ja) * | 1986-08-12 | 1988-02-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 半導体レ−ザ装置 |
| JPS63111688A (ja) * | 1986-10-29 | 1988-05-16 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 多点発光型レ−ザ・ダイオ−ド・アレイ |
| JPH01209780A (ja) * | 1988-02-18 | 1989-08-23 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 半導体レーザ |
| JPH01246887A (ja) * | 1988-03-29 | 1989-10-02 | Canon Inc | 半導体レーザ装置 |
| JPH0281494A (ja) * | 1988-08-05 | 1990-03-22 | Eastman Kodak Co | ターンオンおよびターンオフを含めて放出光線強度を電気的に変調し、かつ放出レーザー光線スポットの位置を電気的に制御するための改良された手段を備えたダイオードレーザー |
| JPH047887A (ja) * | 1990-04-25 | 1992-01-13 | Nec Corp | 半導体レーザ装置 |
| JP2002280664A (ja) * | 2001-02-16 | 2002-09-27 | Samsung Electro Mech Co Ltd | 半導体レーザダイオード |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2006080427A (ja) | 2006-03-23 |
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