WO2005121324A1 - Es細胞の変異方法およびシステム - Google Patents
Es細胞の変異方法およびシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005121324A1 WO2005121324A1 PCT/JP2005/010436 JP2005010436W WO2005121324A1 WO 2005121324 A1 WO2005121324 A1 WO 2005121324A1 JP 2005010436 W JP2005010436 W JP 2005010436W WO 2005121324 A1 WO2005121324 A1 WO 2005121324A1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
- A01K2217/07—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination
- A01K2217/075—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination inducing loss of function, i.e. knock out
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
- A01K2267/0306—Animal model for genetic diseases
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for modifying a stem cell. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and system for freely mutagenizing stem cells (for example, embryonic stem cells, and stem cells obtained thereby).
- stem cells for example, embryonic stem cells, and stem cells obtained thereby.
- ES cells multipotent embryonic stem cells
- knock-out mice have been noted for their usefulness because they can be produced from ES cells by gene targeting.
- Non-patent literature l Kyba, M. and Daley, G. Q., Exp. Hematol. 31: 994-: 1006 (2003)
- Non-Patent Document 2 Kim, J.H., et al., Nature 418: 50 ⁇ 56 (2002)
- Non-Patent Document 3 Parisi, S. et al., J. Cell Biol. 163: 303-314 (2003)
- Non-Patent Document 4 Reubinoff, BE, Pera, MF, Fong, CY, Trouson, A. and Bongso, A., Nature Biotechnol. 18: 399 ⁇ 404 (2000)
- Non-Patent Document 5 Thomson, J.A., et al., Science 282: 1145-1147 (1998) Disclosure of the Invention
- An object of the present invention is to provide a technique for providing a stem cell having a mutation in both alleles (bialleles).
- the problem was solved by unexpectedly finding that genome-wide mutagenesis was possible in ES cells such as S cells.
- the present invention provides the following.
- the present invention provides a stem cell having mutations inserted in both chains of the allele.
- the stem cell is an embryonic stem cell.
- the stem cells have been modified such that the Bloom syndrome (Blm) gene has been lost, lost, or not functioning.
- Blm Bloom syndrome
- the Bloom syndrome gene includes the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof.
- the present invention provides a library of stem cells in which mutations have been inserted into both chains of an allele, wherein the stem cells contained in the library include the above-described stem cells throughout the genome. Provide a library into which a mutation has been introduced.
- the stem cells are embryonic stem cells.
- the stem cells are modified such that the Bloom syndrome gene has been lost, lost, or not functioning.
- the Bloom syndrome gene comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof.
- the present invention relates to a stem cell in which a mutation is introduced into both chains of an allele.
- a method for producing a cell comprising: A) providing a stem cell; B) disabling a Bloom syndrome gene in the stem cell; and C) inducing a mutation in the stem cell. Provide a way.
- the Bloom syndrome gene is treated so as not to function temporarily.
- the Bloom syndrome gene is treated so as not to function temporarily in the presence of a drug.
- the agent is selected from the group consisting of tetracycline, doxycycline, estrodidin derivatives and prodistrone derivatives.
- the mutagenesis is selected from the group consisting of exposure to a mutagen, use of a transposon gene, exposure to ultraviolet light, and exposure to radiation.
- the method further includes a step of inducing homologous recombination.
- the method further includes a step of inducing homologous recombination in the 4N phase of the cell and causing cell division after the induction.
- the stem cells are embryonic stem cells.
- the embryonic stem cells are mammalian embryonic stem cells.
- the present invention provides a stem cell prepared by the method of the present invention.
- the stem cells are embryonic stem cells.
- the present invention provides a tissue obtained from the stem cell of the present invention or the stem cell prepared by the method of the present invention.
- the present invention provides an organism obtained from the stem cell of the present invention or the stem cell prepared by the method of the present invention.
- the present invention provides use of a Bloom syndrome gene or a variant thereof for mutation of a stem cell.
- the Bloom's syndrome gene in the use of the present invention is modified so that the stem cell loses or loses its function or does not function.
- the Bloom syndrome residue used in the use of the present invention is The gene includes system 1J described in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof.
- the present invention provides use of a Bloom syndrome gene or a variant thereof for producing a composition for mutating stem cells.
- the Bloom's syndrome gene in the use of the present invention is modified so that it loses power in the stem cell or does not function.
- the Bloom syndrome gene used in the use of the present invention comprises the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof.
- Blm tet tetracycline
- ES mouse embryonic stem
- N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and transient loss of Blm expression has enabled the generation of ES cell libraries with biallelic mutations throughout the genome.
- This library is evaluated by screening for mutations in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, which contain at least 23 genes widely distributed throughout the genome. While mutants from 12 separate genes were obtained, two unknown mutants were isolated at the same time.
- GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- the present invention provides efficient phenotype-based genetic screening, and provides efficient techniques in identifying gene function in ES cells.
- the present invention also allows for phenotype-based analysis of the entire genome in ES cells.
- FIG. 1 shows conditional production of Blm allele and increase in SCE in ES cells.
- Figure la shows the targeting strategy and the resulting Blm allele.
- a tet cassette containing the neo gene or puro gene was inserted upstream of the translation initiation site of Blm to create Blm tetN or Blm tetP , respectively. After the expression of Cre, these choices are lost, resulting in Blm tet .
- B represents BamHI and S represents Sacl.
- Abbreviations for the et cassette are described in Bond, CT et al., Science 289: 1942-1946 (2000).
- Panel lb shows Southern blot analysis of targeted clones.
- Genomic DNA was digested with BamHI, fractionated by electrophoresis, and hybridized with the radiolabeled probe shown in Figure la.
- Figure lc shows a long-term Western blot analysis of Blm expression in Blm tet / tet ES cells. The expression level of ⁇ -actin (Actb) was used as a loading control.
- Figure Id shows a short-term Western blot analysis of Blm expression in Blm tet / tet ES cells. The expression level of ⁇ -actin (Actb) was used as a loading control.
- Figure l e shows the SCE Blm tet / tet ES cells (lower panel) or untreated Blm tet / tet ES cells dox treated (upper panel).
- FIG. 2 shows high frequency LOH in Blm-deficient ES cells.
- FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram of the LOH mechanism. The heterojunction is represented as A / a. If homologous recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes in the 4N phase, cells with LOH (A / A or a / a) appear after cell division.
- FIG. 2b shows a Luria-Delbruck variation analysis of LOH. The duplication frequency of the Fasl locus having the neo gene was examined.
- FIG. 2c shows polymorphic S SLP marker analysis of 28 dimorphic variants at the Fasl locus. Open squares and black squares indicate heterozygous and LOH, respectively.
- FIG. 3 shows the construction of a mutant ES cell library and screening of mutants lacking GPI anchor. Show leaning strategy.
- FIG. 3a is a schematic diagram of screening of a GPI anchor-deficient mutant derived from an ES library having a dimorphic mutation.
- Figure 3b is a theoretical prediction of the effectiveness of this screening strategy.
- # 1 Number of surviving cells after ENU treatment of 2 ⁇ 10 8 ES cells.
- # 2 Frequency of X-linked Hprt-negative cells, measured as a percentage of 6—TG-resistant colonies.
- # 3 Mutation ratio of L ⁇ H described in FIG. 2b.
- # 4 Number of generations (cell cycle) during dox treatment. Numbers in parentheses indicate the total number of cell divisions during dox treatment.
- # 5 "frequency” represents the frequency of clones with a two polymorphic mutation per locus (2. 3 X 1 0_ 4 X 1/2400 X 7).
- # 6 Indicates the number of independent clones having dimorphism per locus after dox treatment.
- FIG. 4 shows an analysis of a GPI anchor deficient mutant.
- Figure 4a shows the complementation analysis of GPI anchor deficient mutants. GPI-anchored GFP protein was expressed on the cell surface of PigA-deficient ES cells only when PIGA cDNA was supplied (right panel). The left panel shows wild-type ES cells transfected with GFP-GPI as a positive control.
- FIG. 4b shows the chromosomal location of 23 genes for GPI anchor biosynthesis. The red arrows indicate the 12 genes of the mutants obtained in this screening; the black arrows indicate the 11 genes of the mutants not obtained; * indicates that the cDNA was not obtained. Indicates those that have already been cloned but have not been released.
- FIG. 4a shows the complementation analysis of GPI anchor deficient mutants. GPI-anchored GFP protein was expressed on the cell surface of PigA-deficient ES cells only when PIGA cDNA was supplied (right panel). The left panel shows wild-type ES cells transfected with
- FIG. 4c shows the chromosome number of the mutant gene and the number of obtained mutants.
- the order of the mutant genes on each chromosome is from centromere to telomere. Indicates a mutant containing the same mutation; *** indicates a mutant containing another mutation.
- the numbers in parentheses indicate the number of mutants having the same mutation.
- FIG. 4d shows a sequencing analysis of the mutations in PigH. Homozygous mutations have been demonstrated.
- FIG. 4e shows a sequencing analysis of mutations in GPI8. Homozygous mutations have been demonstrated.
- FIG. 4f shows a FACS analysis of the two novel mutants.
- ES cells were stained with a biotinylated anti-HSA antibody (light, line) and anti-Thy_1 antibody (dark, line) and subsequently treated with streptavidin-PE.
- HSA and Thy-1 are GPI anchor proteins.
- the dashed line shows the outline of the control staining without the biotinylated antibody (upper panel).
- the lower panel shows the expression pattern of E-cadherin, a non-GPI anchor protein.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the nucleic acid sequence of the bloom (Blm) gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the amino acid sequence of the bloom gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the nucleic acid sequence of the tetracycline conditionally regulated B1 m allele cassette used in Example 1.
- SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the nucleic acid sequence of the mutant neo gene.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the amino acid sequence of the mutant neo gene.
- the term "cell” is defined in the same broad sense as used in the art, and is a constituent unit of a tissue of a multicellular organism, and is wrapped in a membrane structure that isolates the outside world. Rarely, it refers to an organism that has a self-renewal ability inside and has genetic information and its expression mechanism.
- the cell used in the present specification may be a naturally occurring cell or an artificially modified cell (for example, a fusion cell, a genetically modified cell).
- the source of cells can be, for example, a single cell culture, or a cell from embryos, blood, or body tissues of a normally grown transgenic animal, or cells from a normally grown cell line. Such cell mixtures include, but are not limited to.
- the "4N phase" of a cell refers to the time when the chromosome abundance of the cell is twice (2n) normal. Such periods include, but are not limited to, the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Not. Whether a cell is in the 4N phase can be determined by staining the chromosome with Propidium Iodide (PI).
- PI Propidium Iodide
- stem cell has a self-renewal ability, is multipotent (ie, pluripotent).
- a stem cell can be, but is not limited to, an embryonic stem (ES) cell or a tissue stem cell (also referred to as a tissue stem cell, a tissue-specific stem cell, or a somatic stem cell).
- ES embryonic stem
- tissue stem cell also referred to as a tissue stem cell, a tissue-specific stem cell, or a somatic stem cell.
- artificially generated cells eg, the fused cells, reprogrammed cells, etc. described herein
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from early embryos. Embryonic stem cells were first established in 1981 and have been applied to the production of knockout mice since 1989.
- Tissue stem cells unlike embryonic stem cells, are cells in which the direction of differentiation is limited, exist at specific positions in tissues, and have an undifferentiated intracellular structure. Thus, tissue stem cells have a low level of pluripotency. Tissue stem cells have poor intracellular organelles with a high nuclear / cytoplasmic ratio. Tissue stem cells are generally pluripotent and maintain their proliferative potential for more than one lifetime in individuals whose cell cycle is slow. As used herein, the stem cells may preferably be embryonic stem cells, although tissue stem cells may be used where appropriate.
- tissue stem cells When classified according to the site of origin, tissue stem cells are classified into, for example, skin system, digestive system, bone marrow system, nervous system and the like.
- Skin tissue tissue stem cells include epidermal stem cells and hair follicle stem cells.
- Gastrointestinal tissue stem cells include knee (common) stem cells and hepatic stem cells.
- myeloid tissue stem cells include hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
- Tissue stem cells of the nervous system include neural stem cells and retinal stem cells.
- “somatic cells” are cells other than germ cells such as eggs and sperm, and refer to all cells that do not directly transfer their DNA to the next generation. Somatic cells usually have limited pluripotency or disappear.
- Cells are classified according to their origin into stem cells derived from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. obtain.
- the cells derived from the ectoderm mainly exist in the brain, and include neural stem cells and the like.
- Mesodermal-derived cells mainly exist in the bone marrow, and include vascular stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and the like.
- Endoderm-derived cells are mainly present in organs and include hepatic stem cells, knee stem cells, and the like. As used herein, somatic cells can be from any germ layer.
- isolated refers to a substance that naturally accompanies at least a reduced amount in a normal environment, and preferably is substantially free of the substance.
- an isolated cell refers to a cell that is substantially free from other attendant materials (eg, other cells, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.) in the natural environment.
- isolated refers to, for example, when substantially free of cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA technology, and when chemically synthesized.
- the isolated nucleic acid is preferably a sequence that naturally flanks the nucleic acid in the organism from which it is derived (ie, the sequence IJ located at the 5 'and 3' ends of the nucleic acid). Not included.
- an "established” or “established” cell refers to a cell that maintains a specific property (eg, pluripotency) and that is cultured under culture conditions. A state in which stable growth is maintained. Therefore, the established stem cells maintain pluripotency. In the present invention, it is preferable to use the established stem cells, since the step of newly collecting stem cells from the host can be avoided.
- a specific property eg, pluripotency
- non-embryonic refers to not being directly derived from an early embryo. Therefore, cells derived from parts of the body other than the early embryo fall under this category, but cells obtained by modifying embryonic stem cells (eg, genetic modification, fusion, etc.) are also within the range of non-embryonic cells. It is in.
- the term "differentiated (differentiated) cell” refers to a cell having a specialized function and morphology (eg, a muscle cell, a nerve cell, etc.). No or almost no gender.
- the differentiated cells include, for example, epidermal cells, parenchymal cells, duct cells, hepatocytes, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, osteoblasts, skeletal myoblasts, nerve cells, vascular endothelial cells, and pigments Cells, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, bone cells, chondrocytes, etc.
- differentiation refers to a morphologically and / or functionally qualitative difference among daughter cell populations resulting from the division of one cell.
- a phenomenon in which two or more types of cells occur. Therefore, differentiation also includes the process by which a cell population (cell lineage) derived from a cell for which a specific characteristic cannot be detected originally exhibits distinct characteristics such as production of a specific protein.
- cell differentiation is generally considered to be a state in which a specific gene group in the genome is expressed. By searching for factors or conditions inside or outside the cell that cause such a gene expression state, cell differentiation is performed. Can be identified.
- the consequences of cell differentiation are in principle stable, especially in animal cells, where differentiation to another type of cell occurs only exceptionally.
- pluripotency or “pluripotency” is used interchangeably and refers to a property of a cell, which can differentiate into one or more, preferably two or more various tissues or organs. Ability. Therefore, “pluripotency” and “pluripotency” are used interchangeably with “undifferentiated” in this specification unless otherwise specified. Normally, cell pluripotency is limited as development progresses, and in adults, the constituent cells of one tissue or organ rarely change into cells of another. Thus pluripotency is usually lost. In particular, epithelial cells are unlikely to change into other epithelial cells. When this happens, it is usually a pathological condition and is called metaplasia.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
- Tissue stem cells are pluripotent.
- the pluripotency the ability to differentiate into all kinds of cells constituting a living body such as a fertilized egg is called totipotency, and the pluripotency can include the concept of totipotency. Whether a certain cell has pluripotency includes, but is not limited to, formation of an embryoid body (Embryoid Body) in an in vitro culture system, culture under conditions for inducing differentiation, and the like.
- Assay methods for determining the presence of pluripotency using living organisms include the formation of teratomas (teratomas) by transplantation into immunodeficient mice, the formation of chimeric embryos by injection into blastocysts, and the Examples include, but are not limited to, transplantation and proliferation by infusion into ascites.
- organ or “organ” is used interchangeably and refers to the meaning of an individual organism.
- an organ is composed of several tissues having a specific spatial arrangement, and a tissue is composed of many cells.
- Such organs or organs include those associated with the vasculature.
- the organs targeted by the present invention include skin, blood vessels, cornea, kidney, heart, liver, umbilical cord, intestine, nerve, lung, placenta, knee, brain, peripheral extremities, retina and the like. But not limited to them.
- cells differentiated from the pluripotent cells of the present invention include epidermal cells, ⁇ parenchymal cells, ⁇ duct cells, hepatocytes, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, osteoblasts, and skeletal myoblasts.
- Examples include, but are not limited to, cells, nerve cells, vascular endothelial cells, pigment cells, smooth muscle cells, fat cells, bone cells, chondrocytes and the like.
- tissue refers to a cell population having substantially the same function and / or morphology in a multicellular organism.
- a “tissue” can be referred to as a tissue, even if it is a population of cells of the same origin but of different origins, if they have the same function and / or morphology. Therefore, when regenerating a tissue using the stem cell of the present invention, a cell population having two or more different origins can constitute one tissue.
- tissue forms part of an organ. Animal tissues are classified into epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, nervous tissues, etc. based on morphological, functional or developmental grounds. Plants are roughly classified into meristems and permanent tissues according to the stage of development of the constituent cells, and are classified into single tissues and complex tissues according to the type of the constituent cells.
- protein As used herein, the terms "protein,”"polypeptide,””oligopeptide,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer of amino acids of any length. .
- This polymer may be linear or branched or cyclic.
- the amino acid may be a natural or non-natural amino acid or a modified amino acid.
- the term may also include those assembled into a complex of multiple polypeptide chains.
- the term also includes natural or artificially modified amino acid polymers. Such modifications include, for example, disulfide bond formation, dalycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation or any other manipulation or modification (eg, conjugation with a labeling component).
- poly encompasses polypeptides (eg, including unnatural amino acids and the like), peptidomimetic compounds (eg, peptoids), and other modifications known in the art.
- Nucleotide “oligonucleotide” and “nucleic acid” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer of nucleotides of any length.
- the term also includes “derivative oligonucleotides” or “derivative polynucleotides.”
- the term “derivative oligonucleotide” or “derivative polynucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide containing a derivative of a nucleotide or having an unusual linkage between nucleotides, and is used interchangeably.
- oligonucleotide examples include, for example, 2′_ ⁇ _methyl monoribonucleotide, a derivative oligonucleotide in which a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide is converted to a phosphorothioate bond, and a derivative in an oligonucleotide.
- oligonucleotides in which the phosphodiester bond has been converted to N3'-P5 'phosphoramidate bonds, derivative oligonucleotides in which ribose and phosphodiester bonds have been converted to peptide nucleic acid bonds, and peracil in the oligonucleotide
- Derivative oligonucleotide substituted with C5 propynylperacyl derivative oligonucleotide in which peracyl in oligonucleotide is substituted with C5 thiazole peracyl, induction in which cytosine in oligonucleotide is substituted with C5 propiercytosine Conductive oligonucleotides, derivatives in which cytosine in oligonucleotides is replaced with phenoxazine-modified cytosine Oligonucleotides, derivative oligonucleotides in which ribose in DNA is replaced with 2'-di
- nucleic acid sequence may also include conservatively modified variants (eg, degenerate codon substitutions) and complements thereof, as well as explicitly stated sequences. It is contemplated to include the sequence. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions create a sequence in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons has been replaced with a mixed base and / or deoxyinosine residue. (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991); Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 26 05-2608 (1985); Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994).
- degenerate codon substitutions create a sequence in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons has been replaced with a mixed base and / or deoxyinosine residue.
- nucleic acid molecule is also used interchangeably herein with nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, and polynucleotides, and includes cDNA, mRNA, genomic DNA, and the like. As used herein, nucleic acids and nucleic acid molecules may be included in the concept of the term “gene”.
- gene refers to a factor that defines a genetic trait. Usually they are arranged in a certain order on the chromosome. Those that define the primary structure of a protein are called structural genes, and those that control its expression are called regulatory genes (eg, promoters). As used herein, a gene includes a structural gene and a regulatory gene unless otherwise specified. Therefore, the Bloom syndrome (Blm) gene usually includes both the structural gene of the Bloom syndrome group (Blm) gene and the promoter of the Bloom syndrome (Blm) gene.
- gene may refer to “polynucleotide”, “oligonucleotide” and “nucleic acid” and / or “protein”, “polypeptide”, “oligopeptide” and “peptide”.
- gene product also refers to “polynucleotide”, “oligonucleotide” and “nucleic acid” and / or “protein”, “polypeptide”, “oligopeptide” and “polynucleotide” expressed by a gene. Includes “peptide”. Those skilled in the art can understand what a gene product is, depending on the situation.
- homology of a gene (eg, nucleic acid sequence, amino acid sequence, etc.)
- the degree of identity between two or more gene sequences refers to the degree of identity between two or more gene sequences.
- the higher the homology between two genes the higher the identity or similarity between their sequences.
- Whether the two genes have homology can be determined by direct sequence comparison or, in the case of nucleic acids, the hybridization method under stringent conditions.
- the DNA sequences between the gene sequences are typically at least 50% identical, preferably at least 70% identical, more preferably at least 80%, 90% , 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical, the genes are homologous.
- the term “similarity” of a gene eg, a nucleic acid sequence, an amino acid sequence, etc.
- amino acid may be natural or non-natural as long as the object of the present invention is satisfied.
- “Derivative amino acids” or “amino acid analogs” are those that differ from naturally occurring amino acids but have the same function as the original amino acid. Such derived amino acids and amino acid analogs are well-known in the art.
- Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC- IUB Biochemica 1 Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides may also be referred to by the generally recognized one-letter code.
- the term "corresponding" amino acid or nucleic acid refers to a given polypeptide molecule or polynucleotide molecule, and is the same as a predetermined amino acid in a polypeptide or polynucleotide to be compared with.
- the ability to exert an action or the ability to have an action S The amino acids or nucleic acids that are predicted are identified. Say. For example, it may be a similar part in a given ortholog.
- the amino acid responsible for the function of the Bloom's syndrome gene is the mouse Bloom's syndrome gene, and the corresponding amino acid in other animals also functions.
- the term "corresponding" gene refers to a gene having an effect similar to that of a predetermined gene in a species serving as a reference for comparison, or a gene predicted to have the same. When there are a plurality of genes having such an action, those having the same evolutionary origin are referred to. Thus, the corresponding gene for a gene may be an ortholog or species homolog of that gene. Therefore, the mouse Bloom syndrome gene Corresponding genes can also be found in other animals. Such corresponding genes can be identified using techniques well known in the art.
- the corresponding gene in an animal can be obtained by using the sequence of the gene (eg, mouse Bloom syndrome gene) that is the reference of the corresponding gene as a query sequence, and using the sequence database of the animal (eg, human or rat) as a query sequence. Can be found by searching for the sequence of the gene (eg, mouse Bloom syndrome gene) that is the reference of the corresponding gene as a query sequence, and using the sequence database of the animal (eg, human or rat) as a query sequence. Can be found by searching for
- nucleotide may be natural or non-natural.
- “Derivative nucleotides” or “nucleotide analogs” are those that are different from naturally occurring nucleotides, but that have the same function as the original nucleotides. Such derivative nucleotides and nucleotide analogs are well known in the art. Examples of such derivative nucleotides and nucleotide analogs include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioates, phosphonoreamidates, methylphosphonates, chiral methylphosphonates, 2-dimethyl ribonucleotides, peptide-nucleic acids (PNA). Not done.
- fragment refers to a polypeptide or polynucleotide having a sequence length of l to n-1 relative to a full-length polypeptide or polynucleotide (length is n). Polynucleotide.
- the length of the fragment can be appropriately changed depending on the purpose.For example, the lower limit of the length is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 for a polypeptide. , 15,20,25,30,40,50 and more amino acids, and specifically listed herein, the length represented by an integer (eg, 11 etc.) is also a lower limit. As appropriate.
- a length represented by a non-integer integer (eg, 11, etc.) may also be appropriate as a lower limit.
- the lengths of the polypeptide and the polynucleotide can be represented by the number of amino acids or nucleic acids, respectively, as described above. However, the above-mentioned numbers are not absolute, as long as they have the same function. The above number as an upper limit or adjustment is intended to include a few above and below (or, for example, 10% above and below). In order to express such an intention, in this specification, "about” may be used before a number. It should be understood, however, that the presence or absence of "about” does not affect the interpretation of that number.
- Bloom syndrome gene As used herein, the terms “Bloom syndrome gene”, “Bloom” gene, and “Bloom” gene
- the gene and the "Blm” gene are used interchangeably and are a group of diseases caused by a genetic abnormality related to DNA repair, and refer to genes causing a recessive genetic disease accompanied by microcephaly and dwarfism.
- the Bloom syndrome gene for example,
- (A) (a) a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof;
- variant polypeptide having at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, A polynucleotide encoding an active variant polypeptide; a polynucleotide;
- a nucleic acid molecule A nucleic acid molecule
- one or more amino acids have at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion, and have a biological activity;
- polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) and having biological activity;
- the Bloom syndrome (Blm) gene is preferably
- (A) (a) a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof;
- variant polypeptide having at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, A polynucleotide encoding an active variant polypeptide; a polynucleotide;
- a nucleic acid molecule A nucleic acid molecule
- (B) (a) a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment thereof; (b) in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, one or more amino acids have at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion, and have a biological activity; A polypeptide;
- polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to four polypeptides and having biological activity
- Examples include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide.
- the term "foreign gene” refers to a gene that does not naturally exist in an organism.
- a foreign gene may be a modified version of a gene naturally present in the organism or an artificial gene such as a gene naturally present in another organism (eg, a bloom gene). It may be a gene that has been chemically synthesized or a complex thereof (for example, a fusion). An organism containing such a foreign gene can express a gene product that is not naturally expressed.
- expression of a gene product such as a gene, a polynucleotide, or a polypeptide means that the gene or the like undergoes a certain action in vivo to take on another form.
- it means that the gene, polynucleotide, etc., is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide, but transcription and production of mRNA may also be a form of expression. More preferably, such forms of the polypeptide may have undergone post-translational processing.
- “decrease” in "expression” of a gene, polynucleotide, polypeptide, or the like means that when the factor of the present invention is acted on, the expression is lower than when it is not acted on. Means a significant decrease in the amount of Preferably, the decrease in expression includes a decrease in the expression level of the polypeptide.
- the term “increase” in "expression” of a gene, polynucleotide, polypeptide, or the like means that the amount of expression is significantly increased when the factor of the present invention is acted on as compared to when it is not acted on. Say.
- the increase in expression increases the expression level of the polypeptide. including.
- induction of “expression” of a gene refers to causing a certain cell to act on a certain factor to increase the expression level of that gene. Therefore, the induction of expression should be such that the gene is expressed when the expression of the gene is not observed at all, and the expression of the gene when the expression of the gene is already observed. Increasing is included.
- the term "drug” means that a specific cell survives (or survives more strongly) in the presence thereof, but a weak cell survives without surviving another specific cell. It refers to a compound having such properties and can select cells depending on the existence or non-existence or strength of the cells.
- agents include, but are not limited to, for example, tetracycline, doxycycline, estrodidin derivatives and prodistrone derivatives.
- a gene whose expression is induced or stopped by the presence of an external factor eg, an antibiotic
- biological activity refers to an activity that a certain factor (for example, a polypeptide or protein) may have in a living body, and has various functions (for example, promotion of transcription).
- a factor for example, a polypeptide or protein
- its biological activity includes binding to a target nucleic acid molecule, thereby suppressing expression.
- a factor is an enzyme
- its biological activity includes the enzymatic activity.
- an agent is a ligand
- the ligand involves binding to the corresponding receptor.
- Such a biological activity can be measured by techniques well known in the art.
- antisense refers to an activity capable of specifically suppressing or reducing the expression of a target gene. Antisense activity is usually achieved by a nucleic acid sequence of at least 8 contiguous nucleotides that is complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the gene of interest (eg, Blm). A molecule having such antisense activity is called an antisense molecule.
- nucleic acid sequences are preferably at least 9 contiguous nucleotides in length, more preferably 10 contiguous nucleotides in length, even more preferably 11 contiguous nucleotides in length, 12 contiguous nucleotides in length, 20 contiguous nucleotides, 14 contiguous nucleotides, 15 contiguous nucleotides, 20 contiguous nucleotides It can be a nucleic acid sequence of leotide length, 25 contiguous nucleotides in length, 30 contiguous nucleotides in length, 40 contiguous nucleotides in length, 50 contiguous nucleotides in length.
- nucleic acid sequences include nucleic acid sequences that are at least 70% homologous, more preferably at least 80% homologous, even more preferably 90% homologous, and most preferably 95% homologous to the above sequences. included.
- antisense activity is preferably complementary to the sequence at the 5 'end of the nucleic acid sequence of the gene of interest.
- antisense nucleic acid sequences also include those having one or more or one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions and Zs or deletions with respect to the above-described sequences.
- RNAi is an abbreviation for RNA interference.
- Homologous mRNA is specifically expressed by introducing a factor that causes RNAi such as double-stranded RNA (also referred to as dsRNA) into cells.
- dsRNA double-stranded RNA
- RNAi may also be used synonymously with factors that cause RNAi in some cases.
- factor causing RNAi refers to any factor capable of causing RNAi.
- a factor that causes RNAi to bow with respect to a “gene” refers to a factor that induces RNAi related to the gene and achieves the effect of RNAi (for example, suppression of expression of the gene).
- Means Factors that cause such RNAi include, for example, at least a sequence that has at least about 70% homology to a portion of the nucleic acid sequence of the target gene or a sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions. RNA including a double-stranded portion having a length of 10 nucleotides or a variant thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- the factor preferably includes a 3′-protruding end, and more preferably, the 3′-protruding end may be DNA having a length of 2 nucleotides or more (eg, DNA having a length of 2 to 4 nucleotides).
- RNAi when a molecule that causes RNAi, such as dsRNA, is introduced into cells, it is relatively long (eg, 40 base pairs or more).
- dsRNA an R Naselll-like nuclease called Dicer with a helicase domain cuts out the molecule in the presence of ATP at a 3'-end force of about 20 base pairs each to generate short dsRNA (also called siRNA). .
- siRN ⁇ A '' is an abbreviation for short interfering RNA, which is artificially synthesized or biochemically synthesized, or synthesized in a living organism, or has a length of about 40 bases or more.
- a specific protein binds to this siRNA to form a RISC (RNA_induced_silencing-complex).
- This complex recognizes and binds mRNA having the same sequence as the siRNA, and cleaves the mRNA at the center of the siRNA by an RNaselll-like enzyme activity.
- 100% is preferable. Mutation of the base at the position deviating from the central force or the deviated position of the siRNA leaves partial activity that does not completely eliminate the cleavage activity by RNAi. On the other hand, the mutation of the base in the center of the siRNA has a great effect, and the mRNA cleavage activity by RNAi is extremely reduced.
- siRNA itself can be used as a factor that causes RNAi, and a factor that generates siRNA (for example, dsRNA typically having about 40 bases or more) can be used as such a factor. Can be.
- siRNA acts as a primer for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) by binding the antisense strand of siRNA to mRNA. It is also contemplated that dsRNA is synthesized, and this dsRNA again becomes a substrate for Dicer, generating new siRNA and amplifying the action.
- RdRP RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- the siRNA itself and the factor by which the siRNA occurs are also useful. In fact, in insects and the like, for example, 35 dsRNA molecules almost completely degrade mRNA in a cell having more than 1,000 copies, so it is reasonable to think that siRNA itself and factors that generate siRNA are useful. It is cornered.
- siRNA double-stranded RNA having a length of about 20 bases (for example, typically about 21 to 23 bases in length) or less, which is called siRNA, can be used.
- siRNA suppresses gene expression when expressed in cells, and becomes a target of the siRNA. Since it suppresses the expression of pathogenic genes, it can be used for treatment, prevention, prognosis, etc. of diseases.
- siRNA used in the present invention may take any form as long as it can induce RNAi.
- the factor that causes RNAi of the present invention may be a short hairpin structure (shRNA; short hairpin RNA) having an overhang at the 3 'end.
- shRNA refers to a single-stranded RNA containing a partially palindromic base sequence, thereby taking on a double-stranded structure in the molecule to form a hairpin-like structure. For molecules with more than base pairs.
- shRNAs are artificially chemically synthesized. According to one study, such shRNAs are capable of producing hairpin-structured DNA in which sense and antisense strand DNA sequences are ligated in reverse by synthesizing RNA in vitro with T7 RNA polymerase. .
- shRNAs can be introduced into cells and then transfected into cells with about 20 bases (typically, for example, 21 bases, 22 bases, 23 bases). It is to be understood that they are degraded to length and cause RNAi like siRNA, and have the therapeutic effect of the present invention. It is to be understood that such effects are exerted on a wide variety of organisms, such as insects, plants, animals (including mammals). As described above, shRNA causes RNAi similarly to siRNA, and thus can be used as an active ingredient of the present invention. The shRNA may also preferably have a 3 'overhang.
- the length of the double-stranded portion is not particularly limited, but may be preferably about 10 nucleotides or more, more preferably about 20 nucleotides or more.
- the 3 'protruding end may be preferably DNA, more preferably DNA having at least 2 nucleotides or more, and further preferably DNA having 2 to 4 nucleotides in length.
- RNAi-causing factors used in the present invention may be artificially synthesized (for example, chemically or biochemically) or naturally occurring factors. There is no essential difference in the effect of. For those chemically synthesized, it is preferable to purify them by liquid chromatography or the like.
- RNAi used in the present invention can also be synthesized in vitro.
- T7 RNA polymerase and T7 promoter Synthesize antisense and sense RNA from type I DNA.
- RNAi is induced through the above-described mechanism, and the effects of the present invention are achieved.
- such RNA can be introduced into cells by the calcium phosphate method.
- RNAi of the present invention also include factors such as single strands that can hybridize with mRNA, or all similar nucleic acid analogs thereof. Such factors are also useful in the treatment methods and compositions of the present invention.
- polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions refers to well-known conditions commonly used in the art. Using a polynucleotide selected from the polynucleotides of the present invention as a probe, a colony'no, hybridization method, a plaque'hybridization method, a Southern blot hybridization method, or the like is used. Thus, such a polynucleotide can be obtained. Specifically, using a filter on which DNA derived from colonies or plaques has been immobilized, 0.7 to: 1. After performing hybridization at 65 ° C. in the presence of 1.0 M NaCl, the mixture was subjected to hybridization.
- SSC saliva e-sodium citrate
- the composition of the 1-fold concentration SSC solution is 150 mM sodium chloride and 15 mM sodium citrate).
- Filter at 65 ° C. Means a polynucleotide that can be identified by washing.
- Hybridization was performed using experiments such as Molecular Cloning 2 ⁇ ed., Current Protocols m Molecular Biology, Supplement 1-38, DNA Cloning 1: Core Techniques, A Practical Approch, Second Edition, Oxford University Press (1995), etc. It can be carried out according to the method described in the book.
- sequences containing only the A sequence or only the T sequence are preferably excluded from the sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions.
- polynucleotide that can be hybridized refers to a polynucleotide that can hybridize to another polynucleotide under the above hybridization conditions.
- the hybridizable polynucleotide is a polynucleotide having at least 60% or more homology with the nucleotide sequence of the DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence specifically shown in the present invention, preferably 80% Polynucleotides having the above homology, more preferably polynucleotides having a homology of 95% or more can be mentioned.
- probe refers to a substance to be searched for, which is used in biological experiments such as screening in vitro and / or in vivo. , but not limited thereto, nucleic acid molecules comprising a base sequence of, or peptides comprising a particular amino acid sequence.
- nucleic acid molecule usually used as a probe examples include a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence of at least 8 contiguous nucleotides, which is homologous or complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the gene of interest.
- nucleic acid sequence is preferably at least 9 contiguous nucleotides in length, more preferably 10 contiguous nucleotides in length, even more preferably 11 contiguous nucleotides in length, 12 contiguous nucleotides in length, 13 contiguous nucleotides, 14 contiguous nucleotides, 15 contiguous nucleotides, 20 contiguous nucleotides, 25 contiguous nucleotides, 30 contiguous nucleotides, 4
- the nucleic acid sequence can be 0 contiguous nucleotides in length, 50 contiguous nucleotides in length.
- Nucleic acid sequences used as probes include nucleic acid sequences that are at least 70% homologous, more preferably at least 80% homologous, even more preferably 90% homologous, and 95% homologous to the above sequences. included.
- search refers to another nucleus having a specific function and / or property utilizing a certain nucleobase sequence electronically or biologically or by another method. This refers to finding an acid base sequence.
- Electronic searches include BLAST (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990)) and FASTA (Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 85: 2444). — 2448 (1988)), Smith and Waterman method (Smith and Waterman, J. Mol. Biol. 147: 195—197 (1981)), and Needleman and Wunsch method (Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol.
- Bio searches include stringent hybridization, macroarrays in which genomic DNA is occupied by a nylon membrane or shellfish, microarrays attached to glass plates (microarray assays), PCR and in situ Examples include, but are not limited to, hybridization.
- the term "primer” is synthesized in a polymer synthase reaction. Refers to a substance necessary for initiating the reaction of a polymer compound.
- a nucleic acid molecule eg, DNA or RNA
- a nucleic acid molecule complementary to a partial sequence of the polymer compound to be synthesized can be used.
- nucleic acid molecule usually used as a primer examples include a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence having a length of at least 8 continuous nucleotides, which is complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the gene of interest.
- Such a nucleic acid sequence preferably has at least 9 contiguous nucleotides in length, more preferably 10 contiguous nucleotides in length, even more preferably 11 contiguous nucleotides in length, 12 contiguous nucleotides in length, 13 consecutive nucleotides in length, 14 consecutive nucleotides in length, 15 consecutive nucleotides in length, 16 consecutive nucleotides in length, 17 consecutive nucleotides in length, 18 consecutive nucleotides in length, 19 A contiguous nucleotide length, 20 contiguous nucleotides of length, 25 contiguous nucleotides of length, 30 contiguous nucleotides of length, 40 contiguous nucleotides of length, 50 contiguous nucleotides of length, a nucleic acid sequence.
- Nucleic acid sequences used as probes include nucleic acid sequences that are at least 70% homologous to the above sequences, more preferably at least 80% homologous, even more preferably 90% homologous, and 95% homologous. It is.
- a suitable sequence as a primer can vary depending on the nature of the sequence to be synthesized (amplified), but those skilled in the art can appropriately design a primer according to the intended sequence. The design of such primers is well known in the art, and may be performed manually or using a computer program (eg, LASERGENE, PrimerSelect, DNAStar).
- the term "factor that specifically binds to a nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide” refers to the binding level of the factor to the nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.
- a factor that is at or above the level of binding of that factor to the peptide include, for example, when the target is a nucleic acid molecule, a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide that binds to the target nucleic acid sequence (for example, a transcription factor
- examples include, but are not limited to, antibodies, single-chain antibodies, receptor-one ligand pairs, and enzyme-substrates. Not.
- the hydropathic index of amino acids can be considered.
- the importance of the hydrophobic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological functions on proteins is generally recognized in the art (Kyte. J and Doolittle, RFJ Mol. Biol. 157 (1): 105-132, 1982).
- Hydrophobic amino acids of amino acids f, tanno II produced. Contributes to the secondary structure of proteins, and then defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules (eg, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, etc.).
- Each amino acid is assigned a hydrophobicity index based on its hydrophobicity and charge properties.
- One amino acid is replaced by another amino acid having a similar hydrophobicity index, and a protein still having a similar biological function (eg, a protein equivalent to an enzyme activity) is obtained. It is well known in the art that it can occur.
- the hydrophobicity index is preferably within ⁇ 2, more preferably within ⁇ 1, and even more preferably within ⁇ 0.5. It is understood in the art that such substitution of amino acids based on hydrophobicity is efficient.
- the hydrophilicity index can also be considered in designing a polypeptide. As described in US Pat. No. 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicity indices have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartic acid Glutamic acid (+ 3.0 ⁇ 1); Serine (+0.3); Asparagine (+0.2); Glutamine (+0.2); Glycine (0); Threonine (+ 3.0 ⁇ 1); 0.4); proline (0.5 ⁇ 1); alanine (0.5); histidine (0.5); cysteine (1.1.0); methionine (1.1.3); valine ( I-1.5); Leucine (1-1.8); Isoloisin (1-1.8); Tyrosine (1-2.3); Phenylalanine (1-2.5); and Tryptophan ( 3.4).
- an amino acid can be substituted for another that has a similar hydrophilicity index and still provide a bioisostere.
- the hydrophilicity index is preferably within ⁇ 2, more preferably within ⁇ 1, and even more preferably within ⁇ 0.5.
- the term "conservative substitution” refers to a substitution in which the hydrophilicity index and / or the hydrophobicity index of the amino acid to be replaced with the original amino acid are similar to those described above.
- conservative substitution include, for example, those having a hydrophilicity index or a hydrophobicity index of two or less within soil 2, preferably within ⁇ 1 and more preferably within ⁇ 0.5. But not limited to them.
- conservative substitutions are well known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, substitutions within each of the following groups: arginine and lysine; daltamic and aspartic acid; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; Leucine, isoleucine, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
- the "variant" refers to a substance in which a substance such as an original polypeptide or polynucleotide is partially changed. Such variants include substitutional variants, addition variants, deletion variants, truncated variants, allelic variants, and the like. Alleles refer to genetic variants that belong to the same locus and are distinct from each other. Therefore, “allelic variant” refers to a variant that has an allelic relationship to a certain gene. Such allelic variants usually have the same or a very similar distribution of their corresponding alleles, and usually have nearly the same biological activity, but rarely have different biological activities. It may have active activity.
- “Species homolog or homolog” refers to homology (preferably 60% or more homology, more preferably, homology at the amino acid level or nucleotide level) of a certain gene within a certain species. 80./o above, 85./ 0 or more, 90% or more, instances that have a homology) of 95% or more. Methods for obtaining such species homologs will be apparent from the description herein.
- the term "ortholog” refers to a gene derived from speciation from a common ancestor with two genes, both orthologous genes.
- the hemoglobin gene family with a multigene structure for example, human and mouse spider hemoglobin
- the bin gene is an ortholog of force S
- the human spleen hemoglobin gene and ⁇ -hemoglobin gene are paralogs (genes generated by gene duplication).
- Onoresologs are useful for estimating molecular phylogenetic trees.
- Orthologs of the present invention may also be useful in the present invention, since orthologs can usually perform the same function in another species as the original species.
- disabling the Blm gene means modifying the Blm gene so as to destroy (or reduce) its normal function or manipulating the cell such that the Blm gene is deleted. Or by using a technique such as antisense or RNAi to treat the Blm gene with a force that renders it inoperable or with a drug or the like so that it does not function temporarily.
- mutagenesis refers to causing a mutation in a certain gene.
- a mutagenesis factor include mutagens (for example, N-ethyl-N _ Nitrosoureas (ENU), nitrosamine derivatives, etc.), use of transposon genes, exposure to ultraviolet light and radiation, but are not limited thereto. It is understood that mutagenesis using a transposon can be performed by those skilled in the art in consideration of the technique of the present inventors (International Publication WO02 / 13602).
- a conservatively modified variant is essentially a nucleic acid that encodes the same or essentially the same amino acid sequence, and if the nucleic acid does not encode an amino acid sequence, To the same sequence. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, many functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given protein. For example, the codons GCA, GCC, GCG, and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine.
- nucleic acid variation is a "silent modification (mutation)," which is one type of conservatively modified mutation.
- Every nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes a polypeptide also describes every possible silent variation of the nucleic acid.
- each codon in the nucleic acid (AUG, which is usually the only codon for methionine, and It is understood that (except for TGG, which is the only codon for Tofan), can be modified to produce functionally identical molecules.
- each silent variation of a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide is implicit in each described sequence.
- modifications may be made to avoid substitution of the amino acid cysteine, which greatly affects the conformation of the polypeptide.
- base sequence modification methods include cleavage with a restriction enzyme or the like, ligation treatment with a DNA polymerase, Klenow fragment, DNA ligase, or the like, site-specific base substitution using a synthetic oligonucleotide, or the like. (Site-directed mutagenesis; Mark Zoller and Michael Smith, Methods in Enzymology, 100, 468-500 (1983)) Force S, power S, and other methods commonly used in the field of molecular biology Can also be modified.
- amino acid addition, deletion, or modification can also be performed to produce a functionally equivalent polypeptide.
- Amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of the original peptide with one or more, for example:! -10, preferably 1-5, and more preferably 1-3 amino acids.
- the addition of amino acids refers to the addition of one or more amino acids to the original peptide chain, for example, 1 to 10, preferably:! To 5, and more preferably 1 to 3 amino acids.
- Amino acid deletion refers to the deletion of one or more, for example:! -10, preferably 1-5, more preferably 1-3 amino acids from the original peptide.
- Amino acid modifications include, but are not limited to, forces S including amidation, carboxylation, sulfation, halogenation, alkylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, acylation (eg, acetylation), etc. .
- the amino acid to be substituted or added may be a natural amino acid or an unnatural amino acid or an amino acid analog. Natural amino acids are preferred.
- peptide analog or "peptide derivative” is a compound that is different from a peptide, but is equivalent to the peptide in at least one chemical or biological function.
- peptide analogs include those in which one or more amino acid analogs or amino acid derivatives have been added or replaced with the original peptide.
- Peptide analogs function similarly to those of the original peptide (e.g., have similar pKa values, similar functional groups, and similar binding modes to other molecules). , The water solubility is similar, etc.) As described above, such addition or substitution is performed.
- Such peptide analogs can be made using techniques well known in the field.
- a peptide analog can be a polymer comprising an amino acid analog.
- polynucleotide analogs and “nucleic acid analogs” are compounds that are different from polynucleotides or nucleic acids.
- a polynucleotide or nucleic acid is equivalent to at least one chemical or biological function. A thing.
- polynucleotide or nucleic acid analogs include those in which one or more nucleotide analogs or nucleotide derivatives have been added or substituted with respect to the original peptide.
- the nucleic acid molecule used in the present specification has a part of the nucleic acid sequence deleted as long as the expressed polypeptide has substantially the same activity as the naturally-occurring polypeptide. Alternatively, it may be replaced by another base or another nucleic acid sequence may be partially inserted. Alternatively, another nucleic acid may be bound to the 5 ′ end and the Z or 3 ′ end. Further, a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes a gene encoding a polypeptide under stringent conditions and encodes a polypeptide having substantially the same function as the polypeptide may be used. Such genes are known in the art and can be used in the present invention.
- Such a nucleic acid can be obtained by a well-known PCR method, and can also be chemically synthesized. These methods may be combined with, for example, a site-specific displacement induction method, a hybridization method, or the like.
- substitution, addition or deletion of a polypeptide or polynucleotide means an amino acid or its substitute for the original polypeptide or polynucleotide, respectively. Or the substitution of nucleotides or their substitutes, additions or removals. Techniques for such substitution, addition or deletion are well known in the art, and examples of such techniques include site-directed mutagenesis techniques.
- the number of substitutions, additions or deletions may be any number as long as the number is one or more. As long as the information transfer function is maintained. For example, such a number may be one or several, and preferably is less than 20 of the total length. % Or less, 10% or less, or 100 or less, 50 or less, 25 or less.
- the term "specifically expresses" a gene means that the gene is at a different (preferably higher) level at a particular site or stage in a plant than at other sites or stages. It is expressed. To be specifically expressed may be expressed only at a certain site (specific site) or may be expressed at other sites. Preferably, specific expression means expression at a certain site only.
- homologous recombination refers to an exchange phenomenon of a corresponding DNA portion between chromosomes, and can be achieved, for example, by exposing to a condition of deletion of Blm gene and Cre / loxP system.
- homologous recombination when it is desired to induce homologous recombination in the 4N phase of the cell, it can be achieved by exposing the Blm gene to deficiency and Cre / loxP system.
- vector refers to a vector capable of transferring a target polynucleotide sequence into a target cell.
- vectors are capable of autonomous replication in host cells such as prokaryotic cells, yeast, animal cells, plant cells, insect cells, animal individuals and plant individuals, or capable of integration into chromosomes, Those containing a promoter at a position suitable for nucleotide transcription are exemplified. Of the vectors, those suitable for clawing are called “cloning vectors”. Such cloning vectors usually contain a multiple cloning site which contains multiple restriction enzyme sites.
- expression vector refers to an expression vector in which, in addition to a structural gene and a promoter that regulates its expression, various regulatory elements are operably linked in a host cell. Nucleic acid sequence.
- the regulatory elements may preferably include a terminator, a selectable marker such as a drug resistance gene, and a heterogeneous gene. It is well known to those skilled in the art that the type of expression vector of an organism (eg, an animal) and the type of regulatory element used can vary depending on the host cell.
- a lambda FIX vector (phage vector) is used for genomic library screening, and a lambda ZAP vector (phage vector) is used for cDNA screening. be able to.
- pBluescript II SK +/-, pGEM, pCR2.1 vector (plasmid vector) can be mainly used.
- a pSV2neo vector (plasmid vector) can be used as an expression vector.
- Such a vector can be appropriately implemented by referring to Molecular Cloning A3.2 described above.
- terminal 1 is located downstream of a gene coding region of a gene, and is involved in the termination of transcription when DNA is transcribed into mRNA and the force of the poly A sequence. Array. It is known that the terminator is involved in mRNA stability and affects the expression level of a gene.
- promoter refers to a region on DNA that determines the start site of transcription of a gene, and that directly regulates the frequency of transcription, and that transcription is usually performed by binding of RNA polymerase. The starting base sequence. Therefore, in the present specification, a portion of a gene having a promoter function is referred to as a “promoter portion”. Since the promoter region is usually a region within about 2 kbp upstream of the first exon of the putative protein coding region, if the protein coding region in the genomic nucleotide sequence is predicted using DNA analysis software, the promoter region may be The area can be estimated.
- Putative promoter region Varies depending on the structural gene, but is usually upstream of the structural gene, but is not limited thereto, and may be downstream of the structural gene. Preferably, the putative promoter region is within about 2 kbp upstream of the first exon translation start site.
- the term “enhancer” refers to a sequence used to enhance the expression efficiency of a target gene. Such enhancers are well known in the art. A plurality of forces that can be used may be used or one may not be used.
- operably linked refers to a transcriptional / translational regulatory system (eg, promoter, enhancer, etc.) or a translational regulatory sequence that is capable of expressing (operating) a desired sequence. Is placed under the control of.
- the promoter is usually located immediately upstream of the gene, but need not necessarily be located adjacent to the gene.
- treatment so as not to function temporarily refers to processing that is temporarily performed so that the function of a certain gene is not exhibited.
- the gene functions when the factor (eg, metal, antibiotic, drug, etc.) responsible for switching the factor on or off is present or absent. Shine, so that they are arranged, what they do.
- any technique for introducing a nucleic acid molecule into a cell may be used. Examples include transformation, transduction, and transfection. Techniques for introducing such nucleic acid molecules are well known and commonly used in the art, and are described, for example, in Ausubel FA et al. (1988), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, New York; NY; Sambrook J et al., "987) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. And its third edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, Separate volume experimental medicine” Gene transfer & expression analysis experiment method ". Co., 1997. Gene transfer can be confirmed using the methods described herein, such as Northern blot, Western blot analysis, or other well-known techniques.
- any of the methods described above for introducing DNA into cells can be used, and examples thereof include transfection, transduction, and transformation.
- the calcium phosphate method, the ribosome method, the DEAE dextran method, the electroporation method, and the method using a particle gun (gene gun) examples thereof include transfection, transduction, and transformation.
- transformant refers to all or a part of an organism such as a cell produced by transformation.
- examples of the transformant include prokaryotic cells, yeast, animal cells, plant cells, insect cells, and the like.
- a transformant is also called a transformed cell, a transformed tissue, a transformed host, or the like, depending on the target.
- the cells used in the present invention may be transformants.
- prokaryotic itoda spores include Escherichia, Serratia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacteriumfe, Microbacteriiim, Pseudomonas, and the like.
- Prokaryotic cells for example, Escherichia coli XL1 -Blue, Escherichia coli XL2-Blue, Escherichia coli DHl are exemplified, such cells are described in In "Molecular CI oning edition) by Sambrook, J and Russell, DW, Appendix 3 (Volume 3), Vectors and Bacterial strains. A3.2 (Cold Spring Harbor USA 2001).
- animal cells include CHO cells and BHK cells, which are mouse 'myeloma cells, rat myeloma cells, mouse ⁇ /, ibridoma cells, Chinese' no, and Muster's cells. And African green monkey kidney cells, human leukemia cells, HBT5637 (JP-A-63-299), and human colon cancer cell lines.
- Mouse 'myeloma cells include ps20 and NSO; rat' myeloma cells include YB2 / 0; human fetal kidney cells include HEK293 (ATCC: CRL-1573); human leukemia cells include BALL-1; COS-1 and COS-7 are exemplified as African Midori's kidney cells, and HCT-15 is exemplified as a human colon cancer cell line.
- Cosl, NIH3T3, ES (Rl, TMA, NR2) cells are exemplified. But not limited to them.
- any method for introducing a recombinant vector can be used, as long as it is a method for introducing DNA.
- a calcium chloride method an etatroporation method [Methods] Enzymol., 194, 182 (1990)] Lipofuxion method, Spheroplast method [Pro Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 1929 (1978)], acetic acid Lithium method. Bacteriol., 153, 163 (1983)] and Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 1929 (1978).
- “detection” or “quantification” of gene expression is achieved by using an appropriate method including, for example, mRNA measurement and immunological measurement methods.
- an appropriate method including, for example, mRNA measurement and immunological measurement methods.
- the molecular biological measurement method include a Northern blot method, a dot plot method, and a PCR method.
- the immunological measurement method include, for example, an ELISA method using a microtiter plate, an RIA method, a fluorescent antibody method, a Western blot method, and an immunohistochemical staining method.
- the quantification method include an ELISA method and an RIA method.
- DNA arrays are widely outlined in Shujunsha, edited by Cell Engineering, “DNA Microarrays and the Latest PCR Method”. Protein arrays are described in detail in Nat Genet. 2002 Dec; 32 Suppl: 526-32.
- Methods for analyzing gene expression include, but are not limited to, RT-PCR, RACE, SSCP, immunoprecipitation, two-hybrid systems, in vitro translation, and the like, in addition to the above.
- screening refers to selecting a target such as an organism or a substance (e.g., a gene) having a specific property of interest from a population including a large number by a specific operation Z evaluation method. To do.
- a target such as an organism or a substance (e.g., a gene) having a specific property of interest from a population including a large number by a specific operation Z evaluation method.
- the cells of the present invention can be used.
- immunophoreotype performing screening using an immune reaction
- immunoophenotyping Various techniques can be employed with monoclonal antibodies to screen for cell populations that express the marker, including magnetic separation using antibody-coated magnetic beads, solid matrices (i.e., “Panning” using antibodies attached to plates), and flow cytometry (eg, US Pat. No. 5,985,660; and Morrison et al., Cell, 96: 737-49). (1999)).
- Screening may be performed using a system using real substances such as in vitro or in vivo, or using a library generated using an in silico (computer-based) system.
- compounds obtained by screening having a desired activity are also included in the scope of the present invention.
- drugs, diagnostic agents, therapeutic agents, and the like by computer modeling are provided based on the disclosure of the present invention.
- the term "library” refers to a certain set of genes, compounds, cells, and the like for screening.
- the library 1 may be a set of genes, compounds, cells, and the like having similar properties, or may be a set of random genes, compounds, cells, and the like.
- a set of genes, compounds, cells, etc. predicted to have similar properties is used, but is not limited thereto.
- the modification is randomly introduced into the whole genome, so that the collection is a library useful for the analysis of various genes. It is understood that it can be used as
- Genomic DNA containing the mouse Blm gene was isolated from the Rl-ES genomic library.
- the targeting vector was introduced into R1-ES cells, followed by G418 selection and / or puromycin selection (Sigma).
- Targeted clones were screened by PCR (Expand High Fidelity PCR System (Roche)) and confirmed by Southern blot analysis (Rapid-hyb buffer (Amersham Pharmacia)). All targeted clones used in this study retained the normal karyotype.
- Blmtet / tet ES cells were cultured in medium containing 1 ⁇ Og / ml doxycycline (dox) (Sigma) and harvested at appropriate time points.
- dox ml doxycycline
- To examine Blm expression after dox withdrawal cells cultured in medium containing dox were washed once with PBS and cultured further in the absence of dox until harvest.
- Blm protein was detected with anti-BLM antibody (ab476, abeam). ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ The stunt blot used ECL Western Blotting Detection Reagents (Amersham Almasia).
- Blm tet / tet ES cells cultured in the presence or absence of dox for an appropriate period of time are labeled for 20 hours with 3 zg / ml 5-bromodoxydiridine (BrdU) (Sigma), and 0.1 Treatment with ⁇ g / ml conoresemide (KaryoMax—Colcemid (Invitrogen)) was performed for 45 minutes.
- the spread chromosomes were stained with 0.1 mgZml of Atalizin Orange (Sigma).
- a targeting vector for the Fasl locus containing the mutated neo gene (see Koike et al., EMBO Rep. 3, 433-437 (2002)) (SEQ ID NOS: 4 and 5) was introduced into Blm et / tet ES cells. did.
- the mutation induction rate of the dimorphism was determined by using the function analysis of! ⁇ 11 ⁇ 06 1: 1 ⁇ as described above (see Koike, H. et al., EMBO Rep. 3: 433-437 (2002)). Measurement Specified.
- Blm tet / tet ES cells are cultured for 24 hours in the presence or absence of 1.O g / ml dox, and with or without dox, 100 mm culture under pure culture conditions.
- Single-cell clones were obtained by plating.
- Spread single cell clones were then selected with the aid of high-dose G418 (l. OmgZml) without dox.
- High-dose G418-resistant clones was counted.
- ENU mutagenesis and calculation of the mutation frequency of the Hprt locus were performed by the method described in Chen, Y. et al., Nature Genet. 24, 314-317 (2000).
- Mutagenized ES cells were cultured for 4 days in the presence or absence of dox to create a mutant ES cell library.
- the mutant and control libraries were treated with 10 nM proaerolysin (Protox Biotech) in a suspension of 1.0 x 10 6 cells / ml, gelatin-coated 100 mm culture dishes, and one culture dish. The cells were seeded at 5-8 ⁇ 10 6 cells per cell.
- FIG. la is a schematic diagram of the Blm allele (Blm tet ) conditionally regulated by tetracycline (SEQ ID NO: 3). Insert a tetracycline-based regulatory cassette (tet cassette) (see Bond, C. T. et al., Science 289: 1942-1946 (2000)) immediately upstream of the translation initiation codon of both Blm alleles. These were exchanged for Blm tet . Targeting was confirmed by Southern blot analysis ( Figure lb). We hypothesized that persistent deficiency of Blm would result in persistent accumulation of biallelic mutations on the genome, resulting in a phenotypic change during long-term culture.
- tet cassette tetracycline-based regulatory cassette
- GPI anchor deficient cells can be positively selected by aerolysin (see Hong, Y. et al., EMBO J. 21: 5047-5056 (2002)), which can kill GPI anchor positive cells. .
- the ES cell line used in this study is of male origin, and the PigA gene involved in the first stage of GPI anchor biosynthesis maps to the X chromosome. Therefore, this functional disruption does not require biallelic mutations, and the majority of GPI-deficient mutations are derived from PigA mutations (Kawagoe, K., Takeda, J., ⁇ , ⁇ .
- FIG. 3a shows a protocol for ENU mutagenesis of ES cells, generation of an ES cell library, and screening for GPI anchor deficient mutants.
- 2 ⁇ 10 8 ES cells were treated for 2 hours at 37 ° C. using ENU in an amount of 0.2 mgZml. Cell viability was about 3%, and 6 ⁇ 10 6 cells survived ENU treatment. The frequency of mutations in surviving cells was determined by selection with 6-thioguanine and was 2,400 times lower at the X-linked allelic hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) locus. Chen et al. Have previously shown higher concentrations of ENU (0.35 mg / ml). Treated ES cell power.
- Hprt allelic hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
- mutants were widely distributed throughout the genome, and mutants were identified in more than half (1/23 out of 23) of known genes in one round of screening (Figure 4b).
- FIG. 4c one mutant was obtained in four genes, while one or more mutants were obtained in other autosomal genes. Since the hits in this gene frequently have the same mutation, these variants are probably from a single clone. Therefore, the difference in the number of mutants can be explained by when the mutation occurs after dox addition. Sequencing analysis of these mutants revealed that they did not contain the sequence of the wild-type allele (FIGS. 4d and 4e), suggesting that biallelic mutations occur in ES cells treated with dox. Without dox treatment, only one mutant was isolated (data not shown).
- Expression cloning can be expected to be a straightforward approach to identifying genes that cause a particular phenotype.
- Recent developments in highly efficient systems for transduction of cDNA libraries see, for example, episomal vectors that are stably maintained in ES cells (see Chambers, I. et al., Cell 113: 643-655 (2003)).
- High-titer retrovirus vector resistant to promoter silencing in ES Itoda vesicle see Kitamura, T. et al., Exp. Hematol. 31: 1007-1014 (2003))
- Is mutated Very useful for gene identification Inspection of homology regions using polymorphic markers often narrows down the positions of mutations, as exemplified in FIG. 2c.
- phenotype-based genetic screening With respect to phenotype-based genetic screening, a definitive decision to determine whether the observed phenotype was caused by a genetic variation or simply a change in the characteristics of a wild-type cell It is important to establish standards. This is particularly important in the analysis of ES cells, even if the culture conditions are carefully controlled, since a small fraction of the ES cell population can spontaneously differentiate. Transient regulation of Blm expression is useful for assessing specific phenotypes. If clones with the desired phenotype can be obtained more efficiently under dox-treated culture conditions than under non-selective culture conditions, these clones isolated by dox-derivatized LOH will It often covers alleles.
- a mutation can be freely induced in stem cells such as ES cells, and the mutation can be introduced throughout the genome, a library of stem cells that can be used for analysis of various genes is provided. It can be used for drug development, disease analysis, disease diagnosis, treatment, gene therapy, etc., and has high industrial value.
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Priority Applications (4)
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US11/628,835 US20080318804A1 (en) | 2004-06-08 | 2005-06-07 | Es Cell Mutation Method and System |
JP2006514526A JP4732338B2 (ja) | 2004-06-08 | 2005-06-07 | Es細胞の変異方法およびシステム |
DE602005025763T DE602005025763D1 (de) | 2004-06-08 | 2005-06-07 | Es-zellmutationsverfahren und -system |
EP05748955A EP1757682B1 (en) | 2004-06-08 | 2005-06-07 | Es cell mutation method and system |
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PCT/JP2005/010436 WO2005121324A1 (ja) | 2004-06-08 | 2005-06-07 | Es細胞の変異方法およびシステム |
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US (1) | US20080318804A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1757682B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4732338B2 (ja) |
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WO2002013602A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-16 | 2002-02-21 | Kansai Technology Licensing Organization Co., Ltd. | Mammifere transgenique non humain et procede de realisation de ce dernier, modele de maladie animale et procede de clarification de la fonction genique |
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DE69836482T2 (de) * | 1997-07-25 | 2007-09-27 | Agene Research Institute, Co., Ltd., Kamakura | Menschliches recq4 gen, das für eine helikase kodiert |
JPH11276173A (ja) * | 1998-03-27 | 1999-10-12 | Eijiin Kenkyusho:Kk | ヘリカーゼをコードする遺伝子、RecQ5 |
AU6731300A (en) * | 1999-10-05 | 2001-05-10 | Agene Research Institute Co., Ltd. | Nuclear localized recq5 type dna helicase |
US20040072264A1 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2004-04-15 | Morris David W. | Novel compositions and methods for cancer |
-
2005
- 2005-06-07 WO PCT/JP2005/010436 patent/WO2005121324A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-06-07 US US11/628,835 patent/US20080318804A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-06-07 DE DE602005025763T patent/DE602005025763D1/de active Active
- 2005-06-07 EP EP05748955A patent/EP1757682B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2002013602A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-16 | 2002-02-21 | Kansai Technology Licensing Organization Co., Ltd. | Mammifere transgenique non humain et procede de realisation de ce dernier, modele de maladie animale et procede de clarification de la fonction genique |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
---|
GOSS K H ET AL: "Enhanced Tumor Formation in Mice Heterozygous for Blm Mutation.", SCIENCE., vol. 297, no. 5589, 20 September 2002 (2002-09-20), pages 2051 - 2053, XP002996917 * |
See also references of EP1757682A4 * |
WU L ET AL: "The Bloom's syndrome helicase suppresses crossing over during homologous recombination.", NATURE., vol. 426, no. 6968, December 2003 (2003-12-01), pages 870 - 874, XP002996918 * |
YUSA K ET AL: "ES cell library bearing bi-allelic mutations.", IGAKU NO AYUMI, vol. 210, no. 13, 25 September 2004 (2004-09-25), pages 1077 - 1078, XP002996916 * |
YUSA K ET AL: "Genome-wide phenotype analysis in ES cells by regulated disruption of Bloom's syndrome gene.", NATURE., vol. 429, no. 6994, 24 June 2004 (2004-06-24), pages 896 - 899, XP002996915 * |
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DE602005025763D1 (de) | 2011-02-17 |
EP1757682B1 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
JP4732338B2 (ja) | 2011-07-27 |
EP1757682A1 (en) | 2007-02-28 |
EP1757682A4 (en) | 2007-12-19 |
JPWO2005121324A1 (ja) | 2008-04-10 |
US20080318804A1 (en) | 2008-12-25 |
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