WO2005113841A2 - Procédé de réalisation d'un arbre de lanceur de démarreur - Google Patents
Procédé de réalisation d'un arbre de lanceur de démarreur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005113841A2 WO2005113841A2 PCT/FR2005/001258 FR2005001258W WO2005113841A2 WO 2005113841 A2 WO2005113841 A2 WO 2005113841A2 FR 2005001258 W FR2005001258 W FR 2005001258W WO 2005113841 A2 WO2005113841 A2 WO 2005113841A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- shaft
- launcher
- starter
- axial
- heating
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
- C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
- C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/78—Combined heat-treatments not provided for above
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/28—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for plain shafts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49995—Shaping one-piece blank by removing material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a motor vehicle starter launcher shaft.
- the invention relates more particularly to a starter shaft for a starter of the type comprising a starter which comprises a starter pinion slidably mounted axially on the starter shaft, between a rear rest position and a front working position, the starter comprising a body, a sleeve of which is slidably mounted on the starter shaft and the internal bore of which comprises a splined section, the internal splines of which cooperate with the external splines of a splined section of the starter shaft.
- Stop means are also provided for limiting the axial sliding stroke of the starter pinion relative to the starter shaft towards at least one determined rear axial position of rest.
- the steel launcher shaft successively comprises at least a first section before guiding in axial sliding of the starter launcher, a second fluted intermediate section comprising the external splines capable of cooperating with the complementary internal splines of the launcher, and a third rear section comprising at least one annular transverse face of shoulder oriented towards the front which constitutes a rear abutment face for determining a determined rear axial position of rest of the launcher.
- the launcher can cooperate directly with this annular abutment face, which is for example planar in radial orientation, or else indirectly through a ring or an abutment washer which bears axially rearwards against this abutment face which can this effect belong to an internal radial groove of the shaft in which the stop ring is mounted.
- the starter shaft can also extend axially rearward to form the rotor shaft of the electric starter motor.
- the process for manufacturing such a launcher shaft comprises the following stages: - machining to obtain the raw profile by means of a cutting tool on a turning lathe; - Production by cold deformation of the outer helical splines and knurling of the rotor shaft to maintain the package of sheets of the rotor armature; - cleaning of the shaft to remove cutting oils, lubricants so as not to disturb the subsequent heat treatment; - heat treatment of surface hardening by induction localized on a surface layer up to a given depth according to the program parameters in order to modify and optimize the mechanical characteristics of the shaft, the shaft being for example kept in vertical position and the surface hardening by induction being carried out "at runway” by placing the shaft in rotation in an inductor which runs axially along the shaft (as a variant, the heat treatment can be carried out by means of an inductor "of shape ", axially static with respect to the shaft); - Straightening of the shaft which is held by its ends, a force being
- Such a manufacturing process introduces residual constraints which have essentially two origins. These are either constraints of mechanical origin resulting from the stages of the manufacturing process upstream of the heat treatment, or constraints of thermal origin resulting from the heat treatment of surface quenching. These residual stresses are of such a level that cracking occurs on the surface, which is revealed during the surface hardening operation by induction, by exceeding the mechanical characteristics of the material of the tree in this area, which is a low carbon steel whose carbon content is between 0.38% and 0.55%, and preferably between 0.45% and 0.51%.
- the invention proposes a method for producing a steel starter starter shaft which successively comprises at least a first section before guiding in axial sliding of a starter starter, a second fluted intermediate section comprising external splines capable of cooperating with complementary internal splines of the launcher, and a third rear section comprising at least one annular transverse face of shoulder oriented towards the front which constitutes a rear abutment face to determine a determined axial position of the launcher, the method comprising at least the following successive steps: - a) machining of the first three, second and third sections; - b) production of the outer grooves of the second intermediate section; - c) surface heat treatment of at least one axial part of the launcher shaft; characterized in that the method comprises an additional step,
- said additional step is a step of annealing at least one axial portion of the launcher shaft;
- the additional step of annealing at least one axial portion of the launcher shaft is a surface heating operation by induction along said axial portion;
- the additional step of annealing by surface heating by induction comprises a heating period during which the inductor is axially static with respect to said portion of the launcher shaft;
- the static heating time is between 0.5s and 15s;
- - the static heating time is between 1.9 and
- the axial length of the inductor is substantially equal to the axial length of said portion of the starter shaft; - The axial length of the inductor is less than the axial length of said portion of the starter shaft, and the inductor is driven in axial translation relative to the starter shaft; - The relative speed of axial translation of the inductor relative to the starter shaft is between 100mm / min and 700mm / min; - The relative speed of axial translation of the inductor relative to the starter shaft is between 450mm / min and 550mm / min, and is preferably equal to 500mm / min; - the heating power by induction is less than 10kW; - the heating power by induction is between 4.5kW and 7kW; - the launcher shaft is rotated relative to the inductor at a rotational speed of less than 200 rpm; - The internal profile of the inductor is complementary to the external profile of said portion of the starter shaft; - According to another
- the duration of the launcher shaft heating operation is between 30mn and 120mn; - The duration of the launcher shaft heating operation is between 55mn and 65mn, preferably equal to 60mn;
- the heating operation of the launcher shaft in an oven is a heating operation at constant temperature;
- the operation of heating the starter shaft in an oven is followed by a slow cooling operation at room temperature;
- Said step c) of surface heat treatment of at least one axial part of the launcher shaft is a step of surface hardening by induction;
- - Said additional steps of surface heating by induction and surface hardening by induction are carried out successively with the same means of induction heating;
- the method comprises a step, after the step of surface heat treatment, of mechanical straightening of at least one axial part of the launcher shaft;
- the method comprises a step of rectifying certain portions of the surface of the launcher shaft which is subsequent to the step of surface heat treatment of at least one axial part of the launcher shaft
- FIG. 1 is a view of a tree motor vehicle starter launcher produced in accordance with the teachings of the invention
- - Figure 2 is a view similar to that of Figure 1 which shows an intermediate state of manufacture of the shaft of Figure 1 after machining operations by turning
- - Figure 3 is a half view in axial section and on a larger scale of the third section T3 of the shaft of Figure 1 in association with a schematic representation of means of induction heating to perform the additional annealing step in accordance with the teachings of the invention.
- FIG. 1 a starter shaft 10, also called starter shaft which is in the form of a cylindrical piece of axis XX which extends from front to back.
- the shaft 10 successively comprises from front to back, a first smooth section of front axial end 12 for guiding the rotation of the shaft 10 in a front bearing, not shown, belonging to a starter housing or nose element, a smooth section 14 for sliding guide of the launcher, not shown, of the starter, external helical splines 16 intended to cooperate with internal splines, not shown, of the launcher to link the latter in rotation with the shaft 10, an internal radial groove 18 is intended to receive an axial abutment ring, not shown, to define or delimit a rear axial position known as the launcher rest position.
- the sections 12, 14, 16 and 18 constitute the launcher shaft proper.
- the launcher shaft here extends axially towards the rear by a knurled section 20 which is intended to receive a packet or stack of sheets, not shown, belonging to the armature of the electric starter motor.
- the shaft 10 ends with a smooth rear axial end section 21 which, like the section 12, ensures the rotary guide of the shaft 10 in a rear bearing of the starter.
- the first axial front section T1 which corresponds to the section 14, the second intermediate axial section T2 which includes the splines 16, the third axial section are defined successively, as indicated in FIG. 1.
- rear T3 and finally the rear axial section T4 which extends the starter shaft beyond the section T3 and which generally corresponds to the knurled section 20.
- the groove 18 of the rear section T3 is delimited axially towards the rear by a transverse face of radial orientation 22 oriented towards the front which extends radially outwards to the cylindrical surface 24 of larger outside diameter D1, which is here for example equal to 13 millimeters, from section T3.
- the groove 18 is also delimited axially towards the front by a transverse face of radial orientation 26 oriented towards the rear which extends radially outwards to an outside diameter smaller than that D1 of the face 22.
- the manufacture of the shaft 10 begins by machining by turning a "rough" or piece of steel in order to end up with the blank illustrated in FIG.
- the cylindrical profile of the piece is modified by removal of material by a cutting tool on a turning lathe. This operation introduces residual stresses on the surface of the shaft 10, in particular on the rear transverse face 22 (see FIG. 3) oriented towards the front of the groove 18 intended to receive a stop ring. These constraints appear over a depth of a few microns.
- the grooves 16 and the knurling 20 are produced by cold deformation, or alternatively by removal of material.
- the shapes of the helical grooves 16 which, in a known manner for example from document FR-2,745,855, also provide a function of axial stop forwards for the launcher, as well as the shapes of the knurling are obtained by a series of operations cold deformation of the low-cut surface of the corresponding sections of the shaft by passing a rack by applying pressure. This operation introduces additional residual stresses within the material over several millimeters deep. These shapes can also be obtained by using cylindrical rollers or by removing material.
- the manufacturing can then include a washing step which is a cleaning operation of the shaft to remove cutting oils, lubricants so as not to disturb the subsequent heat treatment.
- the method of manufacturing the shaft 10 includes an additional annealing step with a view to obtaining a relaxation of the residual stresses mentioned above which result from the mechanical transformation steps and which are at origin of the appearance of inadmissible cracks.
- stress relieving makes it possible to reduce or eliminate the residual mechanical stresses of the part in order to remain within acceptable limits of the material to continue the subsequent operations of the known manufacturing process.
- the relaxation annealing step can be carried out using a bulk heating installation such as an oven (not shown) or also by means of a surface induction heating installation.
- the thermal treatment of relaxation annealing is carried out on the whole part.
- the reduction in residual stresses is obtained by carrying out the following operations: - an operation of heating the entire shaft to a temperature between 500 ° C and 700 ° C, preferably equal to 550 ° C + 10 ° C to avoid any modification of the microstructure of the shaft body; an isothermal maintenance at this heating temperature for 30 minutes to 120 minutes, preferably for 60 minutes, the heating time depending in particular on the load placed in the oven for a relaxation heating cycle; - a slow cooling operation in calm air or in the oven.
- the expected effect of reducing residual stresses without modifying the microstructure can be obtained by carrying out a thermal treatment of induction relaxation annealing on all or part of the shaft 10, and preferably of the section T3 defined in FIG.
- This solution has the advantage of being integrated into the manufacturing cycle on the one hand, and of being able to be carried out with the surface treatment heat treatment by induction hardening already used in the manufacturing process whose frequency is less than 400kHz and preferably between 320 and 360kHz. To do this, and as can be seen in FIG.
- annular inductor 30 whose effective axial length of heating L is for example of the order of 5 mm and whose internal diameter D2 is such that 'There is a clearance radiai or air gap between 1 mm and 3 mm between its internal concave cylindrical surface 32, and preferably equal to 2.5mm, and the convex cylindrical surface facing the bearing 24.
- the inductor and the shaft have a relative "fixed" relative axial position defined so that the heating zone corresponds, as illustrated in FIG. 3, to the shoulder 22 of the groove 18.
- This relative axial position of the inductor 30 with respect to the shaft 10 is kept “fixed” during a heating, or heating, static period of between 0.5 seconds and 15 seconds, preferably equal to 2.1 seconds, during which the inductor is supplied with a power less than or equal to 10 kilowatts, and preferably between 4.5 kilowatts and 7 kilowatts.
- a heating, or heating, static period of between 0.5 seconds and 15 seconds, preferably equal to 2.1 seconds, during which the inductor is supplied with a power less than or equal to 10 kilowatts, and preferably between 4.5 kilowatts and 7 kilowatts.
- the shaft 10 is rotated about its axis of rotation XX with a speed of rotation less than 200 rpm.
- the inductor is then moved axially forwards according to the arrow F in FIG.
- the shaft 10 with a running speed of between 100 and 700 millimeters per minute, preferably equal to 500mm / min by traveling successively the different zones which follow the shoulder 22 forwards along the section T3.
- the running speed of the inductor depends on the power supplied to the inductor.
- the scrolling that is to say the relative displacement of the inductor 30 along the shaft 10
- the latter is also preferably driven in rotation as defined above and the power of the inductor is lower or equal to 10 kilowatts, and preferably between 4.5 kilowatts and 7 kilowatts.
- the manufacturing of the shaft 10 continues in a known manner by a step of heat treatment of surface hardening by induction of the front axial parts P1 and rear P2 shown in Figure 1. As mentioned in the preamble, this is a hardening heat treatment located on a surface layer up to a given depth.
- the surface quenching operation of the rear part P2 of the shaft 10 can advantageously be carried out on the same induction heating station as that used for the relaxation annealing step according to the invention.
- the localized hardening heat treatment operation also induces residual stresses of thermal origin in the material, but if this step is correctly carried out, the accumulation of residual stresses does not reach a sufficient value to result in the formation. cracks as this is the case for the residual stresses of mechanical origin mentioned above.
- the surface hardening by induction hardening can also be carried out in the "parade” or with a form inductor.
- the method can then include a straightening step during which the shaft is held by its ends and a force is applied locally to deform it plastically between these two points and finally the rectification step in order to eliminate the calamine layer formed during heat treatment on the bearing surfaces 12 and 22 of the shaft 10.
- the invention can be applied to any portion of the shaft in which it is desired to achieve relaxation or relaxation of the mechanical stresses.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BRPI0509115-2A BRPI0509115A (pt) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-19 | processo de produção de uma árvore de lançador de arranque |
US10/599,217 US20080244892A1 (en) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-19 | Method For Producing a Shaft Pertaining to a Starter |
EP05773266A EP1771587A2 (fr) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-19 | Procédé de réalisation d'un arbre de lanceur de démarreur |
JP2007517339A JP2007538155A (ja) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-19 | スタータヘッドシャフトの製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0450992 | 2004-05-19 | ||
FR0450992A FR2870545B1 (fr) | 2004-05-19 | 2004-05-19 | Procede de realisation d'un arbre de lanceur de demarreur |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005113841A2 true WO2005113841A2 (fr) | 2005-12-01 |
WO2005113841A3 WO2005113841A3 (fr) | 2006-05-04 |
Family
ID=34946007
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2005/001258 WO2005113841A2 (fr) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-19 | Procédé de réalisation d'un arbre de lanceur de démarreur |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080244892A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1771587A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2007538155A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20070044396A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1957096A (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0509115A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2870545B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005113841A2 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2938882A1 (fr) * | 2008-11-24 | 2010-05-28 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Procede de montage d'un ensemble lanceur sur un arbre d'entrainement rotatif d'un dispositif de demarrage |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101275532B (zh) * | 2007-03-26 | 2010-05-19 | 上海秋乐实业有限公司 | 一种起动机驱动轴的制造方法 |
CN102345546A (zh) * | 2010-08-02 | 2012-02-08 | 德昌电机(深圳)有限公司 | 启动器 |
FR3086019B1 (fr) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-08-14 | Renault Sas | Procede de redressage d'un arbre metallique comportant une etape de revenu localise |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB766115A (en) * | 1954-04-13 | 1957-01-16 | Eaton Axles Ltd | Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of axle shafts |
US3024626A (en) * | 1959-10-02 | 1962-03-13 | Eaton Mfg Co | Axle shaft |
GB2028691A (en) * | 1978-05-19 | 1980-03-12 | Cooke K | Making power transmission shafts |
FR2745855A1 (fr) * | 1996-03-08 | 1997-09-12 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Demarreur de vehicule automobile comportant des moyens de butee perfectionnes pour son entraineur |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2179073A (en) * | 1935-06-10 | 1939-11-07 | Timken Axle Co Detroit | Apparatus for heat treating |
US3169893A (en) * | 1961-05-31 | 1965-02-16 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method and apparatus for heat treating elongated rotary workpieces |
US3648995A (en) * | 1969-12-12 | 1972-03-14 | Park Ohio Industries Inc | Apparatus for inductively heating an elongated workpiece |
JP3158384B2 (ja) * | 1997-01-30 | 2001-04-23 | 富士電子工業株式会社 | 軸状ワークの移動焼入方法 |
US6169333B1 (en) * | 1997-10-06 | 2001-01-02 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Starter motor drive stop |
JP3932809B2 (ja) * | 2001-02-05 | 2007-06-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 低歪焼入装置と焼入方法 |
-
2004
- 2004-05-19 FR FR0450992A patent/FR2870545B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-05-19 JP JP2007517339A patent/JP2007538155A/ja active Pending
- 2005-05-19 BR BRPI0509115-2A patent/BRPI0509115A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-05-19 KR KR1020067024197A patent/KR20070044396A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-05-19 EP EP05773266A patent/EP1771587A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-05-19 CN CNA2005800162433A patent/CN1957096A/zh active Pending
- 2005-05-19 US US10/599,217 patent/US20080244892A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-05-19 WO PCT/FR2005/001258 patent/WO2005113841A2/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB766115A (en) * | 1954-04-13 | 1957-01-16 | Eaton Axles Ltd | Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of axle shafts |
US3024626A (en) * | 1959-10-02 | 1962-03-13 | Eaton Mfg Co | Axle shaft |
GB2028691A (en) * | 1978-05-19 | 1980-03-12 | Cooke K | Making power transmission shafts |
FR2745855A1 (fr) * | 1996-03-08 | 1997-09-12 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Demarreur de vehicule automobile comportant des moyens de butee perfectionnes pour son entraineur |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
LAMPMAN S.R., ZORC T.B.: "ASM HANDBOOK HEAT TREATING,VOL.4" 1991, ASM INTERNATIONAL , USA , XP002352154 page 616, colonnes 2,3 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2002, no. 12, 12 décembre 2002 (2002-12-12) & JP 2002 235111 A (TOYOTA MOTOR CORP), 23 août 2002 (2002-08-23) * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2938882A1 (fr) * | 2008-11-24 | 2010-05-28 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Procede de montage d'un ensemble lanceur sur un arbre d'entrainement rotatif d'un dispositif de demarrage |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0509115A (pt) | 2007-08-28 |
JP2007538155A (ja) | 2007-12-27 |
WO2005113841A3 (fr) | 2006-05-04 |
EP1771587A2 (fr) | 2007-04-11 |
FR2870545B1 (fr) | 2006-07-14 |
US20080244892A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
FR2870545A1 (fr) | 2005-11-25 |
CN1957096A (zh) | 2007-05-02 |
KR20070044396A (ko) | 2007-04-27 |
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