Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/59—Menispermaceae (Moonseed family), e.g. hyperbaena or coralbead
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/02—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of urine or of the urinary tract, e.g. urine acidifiers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods and compositions for treating renal disorders. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods and compositions comprising standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia in the treatment of renal disorders such as nephrotic syndrome and chronic recurrent urinary tract infections, both complicated and uncomplicated.
• Renal disorders form important components of both "lifestyle” and “infective” diseases in humans. Both types of diseases can lead to chronic kidney damage and can progress to end stage renal disease and chronic renal failure. Complicated urinary tract infections and nephrotic syndrome represent the most common and important group of disorders that constitute a major cause of chronic renal failure.
• Chronic recurrent urinary tract infection An important renal disease associated with morbidity and progress to end stage renal failure is chronic recurrent urinary tract infection, which can lead to renal scarring going to chronic pyelonephritis.
• Chronic recurrent urinary tract infection is usually treated by therapy with antibacterial agents.
• antibacterial agents the development of increasing antibacterial resistance with each episode plays an important role in non-healing with slow and steady progression to a chronic state due to impaired immunity produced by repeated infections.
• Urinary tract infections are one of the most common infectious diseases encountered in the practice of medicine today. UTIs encompass a spectrum of clinical and pathological conditions involving various parts of the urinary tract. The syndromes range from symptomatic bacteriuria to peripheric abscess with sepsis. Each has its own unique epidemiology, natural history and diagnostic considerations. Differentiating syndromes associated with UTI have important implications for treatment and prognosis. Complicated urinary tract infection refers to urinary infection, which occurs in an individual with functional metabolic or structural abnormalities of the genitourinary tract. These abnormalities promote infection through compromising adequate drainage of urine or by establishing a nidus, from which bacteria cannot be eradicated, as in case of diabetics and in renal failure subjects.
• Recurrent infection may be either relapse, where infection recurs with the pre- therapy infecting organism and suggests a failure to eradicate the organism from the genitourinary tract, or re-infection, where a new organism establishes infection.
• recurrent UTI the impaired host defense and the ability of the bacteria to adhere to the cell walls lining the ureters, play an important role in the recurrences.
• E. coli is the cause in most of the UTI cases and treatment consists of a course of antibacterials.
• Other organisms involved are Klebsiella, Proteus, Enter obacter, Citrobacter, Serratia and Pseudomonas.
• Synthetic antimicrobial agents of the older members of quinolone class such as nalidixic acid have been available for the treatment of UTI.
• these drugs have limited therapeutic utility and the organisms rapidly develop resistance.
• Newer drugs such as fluorinated 4-quinolones like ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other antibacterial agents like amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin and ampicillin are equally efficacious against
• Nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine; low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands; and high cholesterol. It leads to hypoalbuminemia, lipiduria, hyperlipidemia, with elevated triglycerides and other lipids, and edema. Nephrotic syndrome can occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by primary glomerulonephritis, systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus and vasculitis etc., but some causes are unknown.
• nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases and preventing relapses by use of anti-proteinuric agents including use of steroids and other immunosuppressive agents.
• Immunosupressive agents are often used with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome for steroid-sparing effects.
• Drugs like cyclophosphamide and chlorambucid were initially shown to be effective in prolonging remission but their potential side effects such as carcinogenesis and infertility have limited their use.
• Tinospora cordifolia also known in India as Guduchi/ amruta is one of the
• Rasayanas which has been designated as "Ekadravya Rasayana” in the ancient Indian system of medicine [Ayurveda] i.e. to be used as a single entity for its pro-host immunostimulant activity and has been called “the Nectar of life”.
• This is one of the plant products that has been extensively studied as an immunostimulant by well-known practitioners of modern allopathic medicine. Numerous polyherbal classical and proprietary formulations having Tinospora cordifolia as one of the ingredients, are available in the Indian market as well as for export. Also, products such as ADBACTM and IMMUMODTM having Tinospora cordifolia as a single herb component as a natural immunostimulant are commercially available in India.
• PCT patent application WO 9108750 describes the use of parts of the natural plant Tinospora cordifolia for the treatment of cancerous disease.
• U.S. patent no. 5,529,778 describes a polyherbal composition containing
• Tinospora cordifolia as one of the constituents for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza, tuberculosis infection, AIDS, and other immunodeficient conditions.
• U.S. patent no. 6,136,316 describes a polyherbal composition with Tinospora cordifolia as one of the ingredients for treating acute Hepatitis E and Hepatitis B.
• U.S. patent no. 5,886,029 discloses a composition of epicatechin and gymnemic acid with Tinospora for the treatment of diabetes.
• Indian patent no. 183805 describes a process for the preparation of immunomodulator from Tinospora and claims polysaccharide as an active principle.
• PCT application WO02053166 discloses a formulation comprising a standard herbal extract of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunomodulating agent, a method for the standardization of extract of Tinospora cordifolia, and a method of treatment of a health condition associated with the modulation of immunity such as osteomyelitis, cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, respiratory tract infection, tonsilitis, chronic bronchitis, otitis media, tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, burns, pediatric disease.
• a health condition associated with the modulation of immunity such as osteomyelitis, cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, respiratory tract infection, tonsilitis, chronic bronchitis, otitis media, tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, burns, pediatric disease.
• Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of renal disorders such as chronic recurrent urinary tract infections; both complicated and uncomplicated, and nephrotic syndrome.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treatment of renal disorders such as chronic recurrent urinary tract infections; both complicated and uncomplicated, and nephrotic syndrome comprising administration of the pharmaceutical composition containing standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia.
• Complicated urinary tract infections and nephrotic syndrome represent the most common and important group of disorders that constitute a major cause of chronic renal failure.
• Urinary infection in the setting of functional or structural abnormalities of the urinary tract will not be treated effectively unless the underlying abnormality promoting the infection is corrected; it reflects that individuals with complicated UTIs tend to have recurrent infection and multiple intervention.
• Prior anti-bacterial therapy and the potential for nosocomial acquisition of micro-organisms both increase the likelihood of more resistant microorganisms emerging in subsequent infections. It has been observed that recurrent infection is the norm for individuals with complicated UTIs where the underlying genitourinary abnormality cannot be corrected; or metabolic abnormality can be controlled; but cannot be cured.
• conventional anti-bacterial therapy means the use of anti-bacterial agents selected from trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination, ampicillin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin and fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin).
• conventional steroid therapy means the use of prednisolone and methyl prednisolone.
• Nephrotic syndrome is a major cause of chronic renal failure resulting from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli.
• Glomeruli enclose tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine.
• Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria due to the damage caused to the glomerular basement membrane, the main filtering unit of the kidneys.
• the damage is mainly associated with inflammation resulting from either primary immune involvement of the kidney or secondary involvement due to immune mediated systemic disorders.
• Nephrotic syndrome occurs due to a variety of kidney diseases caused by primary glomerulonephritis like Membranoproliferative
• Glomerulonephritis/Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis (MPGN), Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Focalproliferative Glomerulonephritis (FPGN) and Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). They could be immune complex mediated or cellular immune responses.
• Nephrotic syndrome patients may achieve remission once the underlying cause, if known, has been treated. Eighty percent of nephrotic syndrome cases that are caused by minimal-change disease can be treated successfully with steroids such as prednisone. However, nephrotic syndrome in which certain types of glomerular diseases, such as those characterized by immune complex, are the underlying cause, can not be cured easily. In these cases, the kidneys may gradually lose their ability to filter wastes and excess water from the blood. If kidney failure occurs, the patient will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• steroids have potential side-effects such as weight gain, fluid retention and raised blood pressure, headache, elevation of blood sugar levels, arterial and venous thrombosis, in some patients thinning of bones osteoporosis, thinning of skin and easy bruising, and risk of serious infections like peritonitis, systemic sepsis pneumonia, cellulitis and UTI.
• Steroids can cause patients to become steroid dependent and to develop steroid toxicity, frequent infections and other complications.
• the present inventors have developed an immunoadjuvant therapy for the treatment of renal diseases such as chronic recurrent urinary tract infection and nephrotic syndrome.
• the present invention relates to the novel use of the standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of renal disorders such as nephrotic syndrome and chronic recurrent urinary tract infections; both complicated and uncomplicated.
• the invention relates to method of treatment of renal disorders such as recurrent urinary tract infection occurring due to relapsing E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia and Pseudomonas infection by providing effective immunoadjuvant therapy, in conjunction to conventional antibacterial therapy.
• the invention provides an effective immunoadjuvant therapy, in conjunction to conventional steroid therapy for the treatment and prevention of relapses of nephrotic syndrome.
• the invention relates to method of treatment of renal disorders such as nephrotic syndrome occurring due to a variety of kidney diseases caused by primary glomerulonephritis like Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis/Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis (MPGN), Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Focalproliferative Glomerulonephritis (FPGN) and Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS).
• MPGN Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis/Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis
• FSGS Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
• FPGN Focalproliferative Glomerulonephritis
• MCNS Minimal change nephrotic syndrome
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia along with other pharmaceutical carriers.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia in combination with at least one other herbal constituent.
• the invention is directed to a method of making a composition useful for treating renal disorders by mixing the Tinospora cordifolia extract with a carrier or diluent. While not intending to be bound by theory, the immune enhancing effects of
• Tinospora cordifolia are believed to be mediated through stimulation of macrophage activity leading to increased secretion of granulocyte - monocyte colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF].
• GM-CSF granulocyte - monocyte colony stimulating factor
• increases in IL2 and IFN-gamma result in increased natural killer cell activity, ultimately leading to an anti-inflammatory effect.
• Tinospora cordifolia can be obtained commercially.
• Tinospora cordifolia can be obtained commercially from Kisalaya Herbals Limited, Indore, India.
• Tinospora cordifolia extract can also be prepared.
• one process for the preparation of an extract of Tinospora cordifolia comprises the following steps: 1) powdering dried stems of Tinospora cordifolia followed by treating it with water, 2) extracting it with hot water, 3) filtering the extract obtained in step 2, 4) partly concentrating the filtrate under vacuum, and 5) spray drying the material obtained in step 4 to get the extract as fine powder.
• Tinospora cordifolia extract can be standardized by the technique of phagocytosis measurement using polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) that evaluates the immunomodulatory potential of the extract (Indian drugs, 1998, 35(7), 427-433).
• the bioactivity of the extract is measured by determining the percentage of phagocytosis using PMNL leukocytes over a base value as described in the example. All active extracts of Tinospora cordifolia have a percentage phagocytosis of not less than 30% over a base value.
• composition comprising standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia can be mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and formulated into therapeutic dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, liquid orals, nasal sprays, creams, sterile injectable preparations, suppositories, etc.
• the composition can be administered by known techniques, such as orally, parentally (including subcutaneous injection, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, topically, by absorption through a mucous membrane, or rectally, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, or vehicles.
• the extract of Tinospora cordifolia, as it is in the composition may be a liquid, a powder, etc.
• the term pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cotton seed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water
• composition of the invention may be prepared by mixing the various components of the composition using conventional methods.
• the preferred composition of the invention may be prepared according to the constituent ranges set forth herein in Table 2.
• the dose of the standardized extract varies between 20-80 mg/kg body wt per day. In a particular embodiment, the dose varies between 20 - 25 mg/kg body wt. administered in equal portions twice a day or thrice a day. In a further embodiment, in children, the dose varies between 25 - 30 mg/kg body wt. administered in equal portions twice a day or thrice a day. In an embodiment, total dose of the standardized extract varies between 400mg-4000mg per day. In an embodiment, the standardized extract is administered to patients suffering from UTI for a period of one month to 3 months continuously, and intermittently up to 18 months.
• the standardized extract is administered to patients for nephrotic syndrome for a period from 4-6 weeks up to 12 months continuously or intermittently.
• the period of administration of the standardized extract may vary depending on intensity of disease and response of the patient.
• Tinospora cordifolia extract was prepared in the form of a capsule to study the effect of the herbal extract of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant in patients in the treatment of chronic recurrent urinary tract infection, nephrotic syndrome and other renal disorders.
• the colony count in urine culture was more than about 10 5 .
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising Tinospora cordifolia there is either no growth, or count in urine culture is less than about 10
• the Tinospora cordifolia extract was obtained from Kisalaya Herbals Limited,
• the extract was a brown colored, free flowing fine powder which was bitter in taste.
• the extract was characterized by analytical tests such as Bulk density
• PMNLs polymorphonuclear leukocytes
• Percentage phagocytosis values are indicative of the activity level of the immune system. A greater percentage phagocytosis demonstrates enhanced activity of the immune system. Therefore, the data indicates that Tinospora cordifolia activates the immune system more than the control.
• Example 2 Composition with standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia
• a standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia was combined with colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate to form a composition with the amounts listed below in Table 2. The composition was then made into the form of a capsule.
• Table 2 Contents of Each Capsule: Ingredients mg/capsule Standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia 500.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 1.0 Magnesium stearate 3.0 Total fill weight 504.0
• Example 3 Effect of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection
• the Tinospora cordifolia composition of Example 2 was administered orally to patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I consisted of patients, young males, and females who continued to have recurrent infections over a period of three months in spite of adequate anti-bacterial therapy and in whom no underlying cause, such as anatomical or physiological [e.g., pregnancy related] aberrations, was found. Group II consisted of patients of middle and older age groups who had chronic recurrent urinary tract infection that continued beyond 3 months and up to 18 months, in spite of the fact that remediable causes like obstruction or underlying G.U. Tuberculosis had long been corrected.
• the Group I subjects consisted of 4 patients who received the Tinospora cordifolia composition in the dosage of 20 - 25 mg/kg body wt. for one month, about 10 days before and 20 days after starting appropriate anti-bacterial agent such as Lomefloxacin, Trimethoprim, Sulphamethoxazole, and Ciprofloxacin. Duration of administration of Tinospora cordifolia may be reduced to 20 - 24 days depending on urine - routine, culture, and anti-bacterial sensitivity test results.
• the subjects in Group II were administered the Tinospora cordifolia composition in the same dosage; but given for longer period of time of 3 months.
• One patient from Group II was given 2 courses of Tinospora cordifolia spread over a nine- month period. He had recurrent UTI with proven episodes based on urine culture on 21 occasions over a period of 18 months before administering Tinospora cordifolia.
• Example 4 Effect of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant in patients with nephrotic syndrome
• Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated in double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group study in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome. Patients were divided into two groups of 20 patients of age group 5 years to 60 years. Patients of the first group received steroids such as prednisolone or methyl prednisolone and placebo where as patients of the second group were treated with the said steroids and Tinospora cordifolia.
• the Tinospora cordifolia composition of Example 2 was administered orally in the dosage of 25-35 mg/kg body weight in divided doses for a period of 12 months as an adjuvant therapy to the steroids.
• Urine samples were examined for repeat routine urine analysis, spot urine protein/creatinine ratio after regular time intervals. Haematocrit, proteinuria ratio, WBC (total and differential), BUN, serum creatinine, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, serum proteins including albumin and globulin, serum lipid and cholesterol were investigated.
• Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated on the basis of clinical and biochemical criteria such as time to response, duration of remission, relapse rate and observations in relapsed cases. Proteinuria and protein/creatinine ratio were obtained pre-treatment, during the treatment and post-treatment.
• results of clinical and biochemical studies indicate the improvements: the infective episodes of all types were reduced, thereby reducing the relapses in many cases.
• results obtained with patients of the second group are: the side effects of the steroids like acne; buffalo hump (under the chin), striae and other side effects of the steroids were minimized to a considerable extent.
• Example 5 Effect of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome.
• Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated in randomized placebo- controlled parallel group study in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome caused by Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis/Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis (MPGN), Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Focalproliferative Glomerulonephritis (FPGN) and Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). Patients were divided into two groups of 5 patients each of age group 5 years to 30 years.
• MPGN Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis/Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis
• FSGS Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
• FPGN Focalproliferative Glomerulonephritis
• MCNS Minimal change nephrotic syndrome
• Patients of the first group (5 patients) received prednisolone orally in dosage 60 mg/m 2 of body surface area or 1 mg/kg body weight depending on age, and placebo, whereas patients of the second group (4 patients) were treated with prednisolone and Tinospora cordifolia.
• the Tinospora cordifolia composition of Example 2 was administered orally in the dosage of 20-30 mg/kg body weight in two or three divided doses for a period of 12 months as an adjuvant therapy to steroids.
• Urine samples were examined at base line and on follow up as per fixed protocol for repeat routine urine analysis, spot urine protein/creatinine ratio after regular time intervals.
• Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, proteinuria ratio, WBC (total and differential), BUN, serum creatinine, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, serum proteins including albumin and globulin, serum lipid and cholesterol were investigated.in a similar pattern.
• Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated on the basis of clinical and biochemical criteria such as time to response, duration of remission, relapse rate, observations in relapsed cases and side effects of steroid therapy including infections.
• Proteinuria and protein/creatinine ratio were obtained pre-treatment, during the treatment and post-treatment.
• the steroids are given in dosage 60 mg/m 2 of body surface area or 1 mg/kg body weight depending on age, for 1 month. After one month steroid dose is slowly reduced on the basis of clinical and biochemical criteria in both the groups.
• the results of clinical and biochemical studies are as shown in Tables 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b.
• follow up is completed with the 9 cases (no follow up with case no.5 and case noJ).
• Time of remission and number of relapses were calculated on the basis of urine protein/creatinine ratio.
• the results obtained with patients of the first group are: time of remission is much longer, variable degree of steroid side effects, infective episodes and poor response in spite of steroid therapy. In some cases, patients showed good initial response. However, they had severe relapse with several severe side effects.
• Tables 4a and 4b show that, there was no response from case no. 2 and 8. In case no. 2 there was some initial response. However, at 6.5 months developed a severe relapse with severe steroid side effects. Case no 8 also shows good initial response at 1 month, developed a relapse with several side effects at 3.5 months. The other 3 cases - 1, 3 and 4 - also show variable degree of steroid side effects and poor response in spite of therapy.
• Tinospora cordifolia reduces the rate and severity of relapse and these relapses respond on continuing the Tinospora cordifolia with whatever dose of steroid is being given. In most of the cases there were no steroidal side effects like cushingoid, acne, buffalo hump (under the chin) and striae.
• Tables 5a and 5b indicate that 4 cases on Tinospora cordifolia i.e., case nos. 6, 9, 10 and 11 have achieved remission in 12 months follow up. These results are very significant especially in cases 6, 10 and 11 in view of the fact that the types of glomerular disease that they suffered from were FPGN, MPGN and FSGS. It has been observed that in case no.6, at the end of 6 months follow up, there was a relapse on reduction of dose of steroid. However, on continuation of the same steroid dose together with Tinospora cordifolia as the added drug, remission was achieved at the end of 12 months. This result is also significant as this was a case of MPGN which otherwise is very difficult to treat. Table 4a: Steroid side effects and infective episodes in first group patients (Placebo therapy)
• Table 4b Time of remission and relapse in first group patients (Placebo therapy)
• Table 5b Time of remission and relapse in second group patients (Drug therapy)
• nephrotic syndrome which occurs due to primary glomerulonephritis with varying histological picture such as MPGN, FPGN, FSGS and MCNS can be treated with addition of Tinospora cordifolia as an immunoadjuvant
• This enables safe long term use of steroid because of the ability of Tinospora cordifolia to counteract immune response, to reduce side effects of steroid therapy, to reduce relapse rate and infective episodes.

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