WO2005058531A1 - スライディングノズル用プレート - Google Patents
スライディングノズル用プレート Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005058531A1 WO2005058531A1 PCT/JP2004/018749 JP2004018749W WO2005058531A1 WO 2005058531 A1 WO2005058531 A1 WO 2005058531A1 JP 2004018749 W JP2004018749 W JP 2004018749W WO 2005058531 A1 WO2005058531 A1 WO 2005058531A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- dimension
- sliding
- nozzle
- center position
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/14—Closures
- B22D41/22—Closures sliding-gate type, i.e. having a fixed plate and a movable plate in sliding contact with each other for selective registry of their openings
- B22D41/28—Plates therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nozzle hole provided in a sliding plate and a nozzle hole provided in a fixed plate, which is mounted on the bottom of a molten steel container such as a ladle or a tundish, and slides a sliding plate.
- the present invention relates to a sliding nozzle plate (hereinafter, simply referred to as a plate) for adjusting the opening degree of the molten steel and controlling the amount of molten steel or the like to be poured.
- a sliding knurling device is a ladle that receives and transports molten steel from a converter and injects it into a mold, a ladle that receives molten steel and injects it into a mold, etc. It is widely used as a hot water regulator.
- a generally used sliding nozzle device includes a fixed plate fitted to a metal frame provided at the bottom of a ladle, a pressure plate attached to the fixed plate below the fixed plate, and a slidable metal plate. It consists of two sliding plates fitted together.
- the fixed plate and the sliding plate are provided with a mechanism for reducing the surface pressure from outside in the long side direction of the metal frame in order to prevent molten steel from leaking from the crimping surface.
- the fixing plate is fitted to the metal frame at a position where the nozzle hole of the fixing plate and the nozzle hole of the upper nozzle are aligned, and laid.
- the sliding plate is provided with nozzle holes corresponding to the fixed nozzle holes, and is slid to adjust the degree of opening between the nozzle holes.
- the metal frame fitted with the sliding plate is connected, for example, by an end force S pin joint, and is slid by remote control using a hydraulic cylinder or the like via an operating rod and a cam.
- 3 247941 describes an example in which a plate was invented in consideration of a margin ratio based on experience from an example of use in a location where severe erosion occurred.
- a 10-sided sliding nozzle plate with a dimension g approximately 1.5 times the nozzle diameter f and a dimension h approximately 3 times the diameter f of the nozzle hole in the long side direction from the center position Z of the nozzle hole. An example is shown.
- Patent Document 1 Patent No. 3247941
- the sliding nozzle plate 201 has a dimension g in which erosion and cracks are severe in the long side direction of the nozzle hole, which is approximately 1.5 times the diameter f of the nozzle hole. When it did, it turned out that there is a problem in durability.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic front view of a long side of the sliding nozzle fixing plate 221 and the sliding plate 223 in a fully opened state.
- the arrow on the figure indicates the crimping direction 229 of the surface pressure mechanism.
- the pressing force of the surface pressure mechanism is biased, and the fixed plate 221 and the sliding plate 223 are inclined as shown in FIG. 13, and a gap 225 may be generated.
- the gap 225 is maximized when the displacement between the fixed plate 221 and the sliding plate 223 is maximized, that is, when the nozzle hole is fully opened (when the nozzle is fully opened for fabrication).
- FIG. 14 is a schematic view of the short side of the fixed plate 221 and the sliding plate 223 with the nozzle holes fully opened.
- the arrow on the figure indicates the crimping direction 229 of the surface pressure mechanism.
- the fixed plate 221 and the sliding plate 223 are brought into close contact with each other by the pressing force of the surface pressure mechanism.
- the surface pressure mechanism presses the outside of the fixed plate 221 and the sliding plate 223, according to the width dimension of the fixed plate 221 and the sliding plate 223, each becomes in a bowed state, and the gap 231 is generated. there's a possibility that.
- the gaps 225 and 231 have a great effect during fabrication. For example, during the production of molten steel, air is entrained to accelerate oxidation around the nozzle holes in the plate, causing severe damage and causing a significant reduction in life.
- the sliding knurling plate is pressed against the holding hardware 209 and fitted into the metal frame.
- the pressing force 207 by the holding metal 209 is directed toward the center of the nozzle hole 203 as indicated by an arrow.
- the pressing force 207 has a relatively low strength and gradually generates a crack 205 around the nozzle hole 203.
- the crack 205 is generated in the cross direction with respect to the longitudinal direction of the plate, propagates and expands on the sliding nozzle plate, and the crack propagates in the longitudinal direction of the plate.
- the cracks 205 are generated, for example, during the production of molten steel, air is entrained to accelerate oxidation around the nozzle holes of the plate, causing severe damage and significantly shortening the service life.
- the present invention aims to extend the durability and reduce the cost by forming a remarkably eroded portion due to the shape of the sliding nozzle plate into a shape that can be solved. I do.
- a first aspect of the present invention provides a sliding nozzle plate mounted on the bottom of a container and having a nozzle hole for controlling a pouring amount, represented by the following formula.
- This is a sliding nose plate having the following dimensions (the unit is mm).
- the dimension from the center position Y to the closest end in the long side direction of the sliding plate is the dimension c.
- a second aspect of the present invention is a sliding nozzle plate, wherein the outer shape of the sliding nozzle plate is polygonal.
- a third aspect of the present invention is a sliding nozzle plate having the following outer shape.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is the sliding nozzle plate, wherein each corner of the polygon is formed in an arc shape.
- a fifth aspect of the present invention is the sliding nozzle plate, wherein the thickness around the nozzle hole is formed larger than the thickness of other portions.
- the invention's effect [0020] The shape of the sliding nozzle plate was changed so that crack generation and erosion can be reduced. As a result, the entrainment of external air was eliminated, the amount of erosion was reduced, durability was improved, and costs were reduced.
- the center of the nominal nozzle hole 3 provided in the polygon plate 1 is defined as a center position X.
- the nominal diameter of the nominal nozzle hole 3 is a.
- the nominal nozzle hole or the nominal diameter is the largest nozzle hole that can be provided in a plate that can be accommodated in a fixed metal frame of a predetermined size (for example, any force of TN40, TN60, TN80, TN100, or the like).
- the maximum diameter For example, a plate having a nozzle hole with a diameter of 51 mm and a diameter of 60 mm can be fitted to the fixed metal frame of TN60.
- the nominal diameter shall be 60 mm.
- the distance from the imaginary circle 7 having a radius “b” centered on the center position X of the nominal nosed hole to the nearest end of the polygonal plate 1 in the long side direction is defined as “d”.
- Y The distance from the nominal nozzle hole center position Y to the nearest end of the polygonal plate 1 in the long side direction.
- the dimensions of the polygonal plate 1 are as follows. That is, the dimension b is a dimension obtained by adding 30 to 40 mm to the nominal diameter of the nozzle hole a.
- the dimension c is a dimension obtained by adding 20 30 mm to 0.75 times the nominal diameter of the hole.
- the dimension d is 0.5 times the nominal hole diameter a.
- the magnification of 0.5 is based on an empirical rule based on the conclusion that, after testing various magnifications, the magnification was found to minimize the occurrence of cracks in the nose plate.
- the dimension S is a dimension obtained by adding a safety margin m to a dimension twice as large as the nominal diameter of the hole. However, m is 15-35mm and 3D.
- the sliding nozzle plate of the present invention is polygonal and has the following dimensions and shapes.
- a virtual radius b Equivalent to the line segment 45 of the regular octagon 11 with the circle 7 as the inscribed circle, and the line segment 39 is provided at the position obtained by adding the dimension b and the dimension d from the position X.
- straight lines 31 and 33 are connected from the line segment 41 of the facing two pieces of the regular octagon 11 to the line segment 39.
- Decagonal polygon plate 1 when a line segment 43 of three pieces 43 of a regular octagon 13 whose inscribed circle is an imaginary circle 9 having a radius of the nominal diameter of the nozzle hole a around the position Y and the line segment 41 are connected by straight lines 35 and 37, Decagonal polygon plate 1 can be obtained.
- the nominal nozzle hole diameter a is a nominal dimension that is a reference when manufacturing a plate having a desired dimension. For example, as described above, nominal dimensions of 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm and other desired dimensions are set.
- b is a dimension obtained by adding 30 to 40 mm to the nominal diameter of the nose hole. If the length is too long, the leakage of molten steel will be eliminated, and the force plate will become large, impairing economic efficiency. Too short and too much force will reduce the cost of the plate. Therefore, it is desirable that the dimension of b is a + 30-40 mm. The reason why the width is set to 30 to 40 mm is to allow a dimensional difference due to sintering and the like when manufacturing a plate for a sliding nozzle, so that the plate has an allowable range.
- c is a dimension obtained by adding 20 to 30 mm to 0.75 times the nominal diameter of the nozzle hole a. If the length is too long, there will be no molten steel leakage, but the plate will be large and the economy will be impaired. Too much force reduces the cost of the plate. The frequency of molten steel leaks increases. Therefore, it is desirable that the dimensions be 0.75 times the nominal nozzle hole diameter a plus 20-30 mm. The reason why the width is set to 20 to 30 mm is that when a plate for sliding slippery is manufactured, there is a dimensional difference due to sintering or the like, so that a tolerance is given.
- d is a dimension 0.5 times the nominal diameter of the nozzle hole.
- the reason for limiting d will be described below. It is assumed that the sliding nozzle plate shown in FIG. 1 is inclined by application of surface pressure as shown in FIG. Let's compare the case where the dimension in the long side direction of the plate is (b + S + c) and the case where it is (d + b + S + c). Then, since the latter is longer by d, the inclination angle becomes smaller. In other words, by reducing the angle, the gap becomes smaller, and for example, it becomes possible to reduce the entrapment of air during fabrication.
- FIG. 2 a description will be given of a situation of a crack generated in the nozzle hole when the plate is designed as described above.
- the sliding nozzle plate 1 is pressed by a holding metal 119 and fitted into a metal frame. Since the end of the plate is extended by d more than before, the holding force 117 of the extension holding hardware 119 is, as indicated by the arrow, not facing the center of the nose hole 3. For this reason, a crack may be generated in the direction in which the pressing force 117 acts, but it does not occur in the cross direction (longitudinal direction) from around the nose hole 3 and does not propagate and spread to the sliding nozzle plate. This is a point different from the crack generation of the related art described with reference to FIG.
- the stroke S is a dimension obtained by adding a safety margin m to twice the nominal nozzle hole diameter a.
- the moving dimension of the plate should be at least twice the nominal nozzle hole diameter a.
- the safety margin m is to guarantee the stroke range for the plate to operate reliably, and it is desirable to set it to 15-35 mm.
- the reason why the width is set to 15 35 mm is that when manufacturing a plate for a sliding nozzle, there is a dimensional difference due to sintering and the like, so that a tolerance is given. Also, if it exceeds 35 mm, the size of the plate becomes large and the cost increases, and if it is less than 15 mm, safety cannot be guaranteed.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are schematic diagrams showing a state where the nozzle plate positions of the fixing plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 according to the present invention are aligned.
- the fixing plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 are preferably formed in the same shape because they can be used mutually. It is not necessary to be limited to the same shape.
- the external shape of the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 is a decagon, and each corner of the polygon, which can be any shape as long as the force plate can be fixed, is replaced with an arc 125. Also good ,.
- the thickness of the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 is substantially constant, but a structure in which the plate thickness of the peripheral portion 131 of the nozzle hole is thicker than other portions is also acceptable. As a result, the nozzle holes 3 and 5 are reinforced, the fitting to the upper and lower flaps is facilitated, and the force S for forming a shape that can be easily removed can be obtained.
- a sheet thin plate 127 made of a ceramic sheet or an aluminum sheet may be adhered to one surface of the polygonal plate 1 in order to smoothly slide, maintain adhesion, and prevent leakage. Further, in order to prevent deformation and cracking of the polygonal plate 1 due to high temperature, an iron band 129 having an outer shape is fastened. Then, the identification plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 equipped with the above are respectively disposed at the installation location of the sliding knurling device.
- FIG. 6 shows a state in which the blade plate is closed.
- An upper nozzle 143 is provided at the bottom 151 of the ladle 149, and a nozzle hole 171 is formed in the upper nozzle 143.
- the fixing plate 121 is fitted to a fixing metal frame 153 provided in an inverted concave shape having substantially the same shape as the plate at a position where the nose hole 171 and the nozzle hole 3 are aligned.
- the action plate 123 is provided with a sliding metal frame provided in a concave shape having substantially the same shape as the sliding plate at a position where the force S matches with the horned moss 5 and the lower horned horn 145 and the horned moss 173 of the joint 147. It is fitted to 155.
- the end 56 of the sliding metal frame 55 is connected by a pin joint 157, and is slid in the left and right direction in the figure by a remote control rod 59.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 in a fully opened state.
- the nozzle holes 3 and 5 of the nozzle control device of the sliding nozzle device 141 the nozzle holes 3 of the fixed plate 121 and the nozzle holes 5 of the sliding plate 123 are aligned. Therefore, it is possible to flow molten steel to a ladle power tundish with a low flow resistance. Therefore, there is little damage to each part due to the flow velocity of the molten steel. This is the position where the gap between the fixed plate and the sliding plate is almost maximized. The force that may damage the surrounding area is reduced by using the sliding chip plate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 in a half-open state.
- the sliding plate 123 is slid, the nozzle hole 5 of the seeding plate 123 is shifted to the left in the drawing with respect to the nozzle hole 3 of the fixing plate 121, and the nozzle hole 3 starts to be closed.
- the molten steel flow 175 indicated by the arrow comes into contact with the closing portion 159 of the sliding plate 123 to change its direction, and is directed toward the opening 161 of the nose hole 5 of the sliding plate 123.
- the molten steel flow 171 is determined by the openings 161 of the nozzle holes 3 and 5, and the molten steel flow increases its speed at the openings 161.
- the molten steel flow 175 is bent in the direction of the end 163 of the fixed plate 121 and the end 165 of the sliding plate 123 as indicated by the arrow in the figure.
- the end portion 163 of the fixed plate 121 is damaged by the substantially arc-shaped eroded portion 167, and the end portion 165 of the sliding plate 123 is damaged by the substantially arc-shaped eroded portion 169.
- FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of the sliding state and the erosion state of the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 shown in FIG.
- a state is shown in which the sliding plate 123 is pressed against the fixed plate 121, and the nozzle hole 5 and the nose hole 3 are half open.
- the erosion part is formed as a gradually larger arc with respect to the slide where the erosion part 169 at the end of the sliding plate 123 is more likely to occur.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 are fully closed from the half-opened state in FIGS.
- the molten steel is shut off by closing the nozzle hole 5 with the sliding plate 123 and completely closing it.
- the occurrence of molten steel leakage depends on the surface pressure device of the sliding plate 123.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the fixed plate 121 and the sliding plate 123 shown in FIG. 108 in the sliding state and the eroded state.
- the nozzle hole erosion part 167 of the fixing plate 121 almost comes into contact with the nozzle hole erosion part 169 of the sliding plate 123, and the sliding It is time to replace the plate for gunozore.
- the sliding nozzle plate described in the above embodiment was manufactured.
- the dimensions of each part are 80 mm for a dimension, 120 mm for b dimension, 80 mm for c dimension, 40 mm for d dimension, and 20 mm for m dimension.
- the S dimension was 180 mm.
- the shape was a decagon and the thickness was 40 mm.
- the thickness around the hole was 60 mm.
- the corners were rounded.
- a thin sheet made of a ceramic sheet was stuck on one side, and an iron band was fastened on the side. As a result, almost no cracks were observed compared to the conventional product.
- the number of uses increased from four to six.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a polygonal sliding nozzle plate of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a crack generated around a nose hole.
- FIG. 3 is a view for explaining a dimensional difference due to a difference in the angle of a side of a sliding knurling plate.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the sliding nozzle plate of the present invention in a fully opened state.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of the sliding nozzle plate of the present invention in a fully opened state.
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a sliding nozzle plate attached to the sliding nozzle device of the present invention in a fully closed state.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a sliding nozzle plate inserted into the sliding nozzle device of the present invention in a fully opened state.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the sliding nozzle plate inserted into the sliding nozzle device of the present invention in a half-open state.
- FIG. 9 is a plan view of a sliding nozzle plate inserted in the sliding nozzle device of the present invention in a half-open state.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a sliding nozzle plate inserted into the sliding nozzle device of the present invention in a fully closed state.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view of a sliding nozzle plate inserted into the sliding nozzle device of the present invention in a fully closed state.
- Garden 12 is a plan view showing a conventional sliding nozzle plate.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view on a long side showing a state in which a gap is formed in a conventional sliding nozzle plate.
- Garden 14 is a cross-sectional view on the short side showing the state of generation of a gap in a conventional sliding nozzle plate.
- Garden 15 is a schematic view showing cracks generated around a nozzle hole of a conventional sliding nozzle plate.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04807108A EP1716944B1 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2004-12-15 | Plate for sliding nozzle |
CA002506126A CA2506126C (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2004-12-15 | A nozzle plate for a slide nozzle apparatus |
DE602004023431T DE602004023431D1 (de) | 2003-12-16 | 2004-12-15 | Platte für schiebedüse |
US11/152,209 US7290685B2 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2005-06-15 | Nozzle plate for a sliding nozzle apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003418506A JP4456363B2 (ja) | 2003-12-16 | 2003-12-16 | スライディングノズル用プレート |
JP2003-418506 | 2003-12-16 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/152,209 Continuation US7290685B2 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2005-06-15 | Nozzle plate for a sliding nozzle apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005058531A1 true WO2005058531A1 (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
Family
ID=34697103
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2004/018749 WO2005058531A1 (ja) | 2003-12-16 | 2004-12-15 | スライディングノズル用プレート |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7290685B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1716944B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4456363B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2506126C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602004023431D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005058531A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2718307A1 (en) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | Krosaki Harima Corporation | Method of controlling sliding nozzle device and plate used therefor |
KR101520038B1 (ko) * | 2014-02-06 | 2015-05-13 | 포항공과대학교 산학협력단 | 슬라이드 게이트 및 슬라이드 게이트용 밸브판 |
USD781940S1 (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2017-03-21 | Krosaki Harima Corporation | Sliding nozzle plate |
TWI717455B (zh) | 2016-01-25 | 2021-02-01 | 比利時商維蘇威集團股份有限公司 | 滑動閘閥板、金屬殼及滑動閘閥 |
JP6862657B2 (ja) * | 2016-02-01 | 2021-04-21 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | スライディングゲートプレート |
JP6794268B2 (ja) * | 2017-01-05 | 2020-12-02 | 黒崎播磨株式会社 | スライディングノズル |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0661362U (ja) * | 1993-01-28 | 1994-08-30 | 品川白煉瓦株式会社 | 溶融金属流量制御用スライドバルブのプレート煉瓦 |
JP3247941B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-31 | 2002-01-21 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | スライディングノズル用プレート |
JP2004174582A (ja) * | 2002-11-28 | 2004-06-24 | Tokyo Yogyo Co Ltd | スライディングノズル用プレート |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03247941A (ja) | 1990-02-23 | 1991-11-06 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | 空調装置 |
JPH0661362A (ja) | 1992-08-10 | 1994-03-04 | Fujitsu Ltd | 半導体装置 |
CN1078114C (zh) * | 1996-08-05 | 2002-01-23 | 斯托品克股份公司 | 用于在含有熔融金属的容器的出口处的滑动闸阀的耐火板和夹持装置 |
UA72568C2 (uk) * | 1999-12-10 | 2005-03-15 | Везувіус Крусібл Компані | Стійка до утворення тріщин клапанна дошка для засувки, що контролює потік розплавленого металу |
TW526315B (en) * | 2001-03-06 | 2003-04-01 | Vesuvius Crucible Co | Process for repairing a crack resistant valve plate and plate so repaired |
JP4159075B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-23 | 2008-10-01 | 黒崎播磨株式会社 | スライドゲートプレート |
-
2003
- 2003-12-16 JP JP2003418506A patent/JP4456363B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-12-15 CA CA002506126A patent/CA2506126C/en active Active
- 2004-12-15 WO PCT/JP2004/018749 patent/WO2005058531A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-12-15 EP EP04807108A patent/EP1716944B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-12-15 DE DE602004023431T patent/DE602004023431D1/de active Active
-
2005
- 2005-06-15 US US11/152,209 patent/US7290685B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0661362U (ja) * | 1993-01-28 | 1994-08-30 | 品川白煉瓦株式会社 | 溶融金属流量制御用スライドバルブのプレート煉瓦 |
JP3247941B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-31 | 2002-01-21 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | スライディングノズル用プレート |
JP2004174582A (ja) * | 2002-11-28 | 2004-06-24 | Tokyo Yogyo Co Ltd | スライディングノズル用プレート |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1716944A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1716944A4 (en) | 2007-05-02 |
EP1716944A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
CA2506126C (en) | 2009-09-29 |
JP4456363B2 (ja) | 2010-04-28 |
CA2506126A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
EP1716944B1 (en) | 2009-09-30 |
US7290685B2 (en) | 2007-11-06 |
DE602004023431D1 (de) | 2009-11-12 |
US20050230886A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
JP2005177768A (ja) | 2005-07-07 |
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