WO2005050977A1 - Pixel signal binning and interpolation in column circuits of a sensor circuit - Google Patents
Pixel signal binning and interpolation in column circuits of a sensor circuit Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005050977A1 WO2005050977A1 PCT/US2004/037729 US2004037729W WO2005050977A1 WO 2005050977 A1 WO2005050977 A1 WO 2005050977A1 US 2004037729 W US2004037729 W US 2004037729W WO 2005050977 A1 WO2005050977 A1 WO 2005050977A1
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- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- sample
- column
- switches
- pixel
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/40—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled
- H04N25/46—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled by combining or binning pixels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N3/00—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages
- H04N3/10—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages by means not exclusively optical-mechanical
- H04N3/14—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages by means not exclusively optical-mechanical by means of electrically scanned solid-state devices
- H04N3/15—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages by means not exclusively optical-mechanical by means of electrically scanned solid-state devices for picture signal generation
- H04N3/155—Control of the image-sensor operation, e.g. image processing within the image-sensor
- H04N3/1562—Control of the image-sensor operation, e.g. image processing within the image-sensor for selective scanning, e.g. windowing, zooming
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to image sensors, and, in
- Image sensors find applications in a wide variety of fields, including
- chip circuitry to control the image sensor and to perform signal and image
- CCD charge-coupled devices
- CMOS circuits integrated with CMOS circuits. Moreover, a CCD is read out by sequentially
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- Active pixel sensors are often arranged as arrays of elements, which can be read out, for
- Each column can be read out at one time, driven and
- FIG. 1 shows an exemplary CMOS active pixel sensor integrated circuit
- chip that includes an array of active pixel sensors 30 and a controller 32 that
- Exemplary arrays have dimensions of N by M pixels and, in general,
- the size of the array 30 will depend on the particular implementation.
- controller 32 selects a particular row of pixels in the array 30 by controlling the
- pixels of the columns can be read out sequentially using a horizontal addressing
- each pixel provides a reset output signal Vou i and a signal
- the array 30 includes multiple columns 49 of
- CMOS active pixel sensors 50 Each column 49 includes multiple rows of sensors
- Signals from the active pixel sensors 50 in a particular column can be read out to a readout circuit 52 associated with that column. Signals stored in the readout
- circuits 52 can be sent to an output stage 54, which is common to the entire array
- the analog output signals can then be sent, for example, to a
- ADC differential analog-to-digital converter
- a pixel is captured with each pulse of the pixel clock (except during
- Subsampling increases frame rates by capturing pixels at a rate slower
- one pixel can be captured for
- embodiments of the invention provide an imaging circuit
- Binning is defined as accumulating or interpolating the charge of
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary prior art CMOS active pixel
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a conventional array of active pixel sensors
- FIG. 3 is an exemplary charge mode readout circuit
- FIG.4 shows vertical binning by implementing a split-capacitor
- FIG.5 illustrates a horizontal averaging scheme among column lines in
- FIG. 6 illustrates a Vi capacitance line averaging circuit according to
- FIG. 7 shows an exemplary color averaging operation for the circuit of
- FIG.6 is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 6
- FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary color averaging process for a first square
- FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary color averaging process for a second
- FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary color averaging process for third
- FIG. 11 shows a binned pixel matrix after the averaging process of
- FIGs. 8-10 are identical to FIGs. 8-10;
- FIG. 12 is an exemplary configuration according to the invention that
- FIG. 13 illustrates a 2/3 resolution binning scheme according to the
- FIG. 14 illustrates a binning scheme according to the present invention
- FIG. 15A illustrates an exemplary horizontal binning scheme
- FIG. 15B illustrates an exemplary horizontal binning scheme
- FIG. 15C illustrates an exemplary horizontal binning scheme
- FIG. 16 illustrates a Mg-Cy-Ye-G filter array from which color
- FIG. 17 illustrates a block diagram of an imaging apparatus in
- FIG. 18 illustrates a processing system that uses a binning circuit
- FIG 3. illustrates a differential charge-domain readout circuit 150 for an
- a column readout circuit 100 receives a signal from a pixel
- the readout circuit 100 includes a load transistor 102 that receives
- VLN a signal at its gate.
- VLN a signal at its gate.
- the VLN signal activates the
- load transistor 102 such that it provides a load on the column line 101.
- column line 101 is further coupled to two sample-and-hold circuits for storing a
- circuit 150 Sampling both the reset and pixel signal levels allows correlated
- CDS double sampling
- the first sample-and-hold circuit includes a switch 103, which may be
- the second sample-and-hold circuit also
- a switch 104 which also may be implemented as a transistor, and a
- the second sample-and-hold signal SHR is applied to the switch
- Capacitors 106, 107 can be held at a
- VCL reference voltage
- the column readout circuit In addition to the sample-and-hold circuits, the column readout circuit
- crowbar switch 105 which also may be implemented as a
- the state of the crowbar transistor 105 is controlled by an external
- CB crowbar control signal
- FPN pattern noise
- switches 110, 111 controls whether those switches 110, 111 are conductive or
- sampling capacitor 106 (or 107) is coupled directly to a bus 117 (or 118) connected
- capacitors 106, 107 may be substituted for the capacitors 106, 107.
- readout circuit 150 is common to the entire array 30 of pixels. Thus, although only a single circuit 150 is illustrated in FIG. 3, multiple column readout circuits
- the output stage 120 includes a switched
- switches 115, 116 are respectively coupled between the output Vouti, Voue ⁇ and the
- output stage 120 can be selectively reset by turning on the associated reset switch
- the operational amplifier 112 provides two signals
- FIG.4 illustrates an embodiment of the invention, wherein vertical
- FIG. 3 are "split out" in the illustrated exemplary embodiment of FIG.4.
- capacitors 106, 107 are replaced by multiple smaller
- capacitive elements 209-216 which each make up a fraction (e.g., Vt) of the
- Each capacitor 209-216 is coupled to a respective switch 201-
- each switch 201-208 is controllable to obtain different resolutions for
- an array 30 (FIG. 2) under a predetermined sampling sequence. For example, if all
- the switches 201-208 are closed during operation, the capacitors 209-216 would essentially behave as one capacitor (i.e., full resolution), and the effective
- FIG. 4 shows a four-capacitor configuration (i.e.,
- each capacitor being split into 4 capacitive elements), any number of capacitor
- splits (2, 3, 4, 6, etc.) may be used.
- splits (2, 3, 4, 6, etc.) may be used.
- FIG.4 may be used with
- capacitors 209-210 are sampled and stored on two of the capacitors (e.g., capacitors 209-210 and
- switches 201-202 and 205-206 are enabling the respective switches (e.g., switches 201-202 and 205-206)
- capacitors 211-212 and 215-216 are used on the two other capacitors (e.g., capacitors 211-212 and 215-216) by
- switches 203-204 and 207-208 enabling their respective switches (e.g., switches 203-204 and 207-208).
- Bayer patterns are typically used to acquire color images when color
- Bayer color filter arrays are known in the art and are used to determine whether a color filtering is used.
- the Bayer pattern of color filters are such that half
- first row is read out and sampled on the first two capacitors 209-210, 213-214 of
- each sample line i.e., pixel signals on capacitors 209-210, reset signals on
- capacitors 211-212, 215-216 of the sample lines The four capacitors 209-212, 213-
- FIG.5 another embodiment of the invention is illustrated.
- each binning circuit 500 has a sample and hold pixel signal and sample
- Binning circuit 501 also connects to a neighboring binning circuit (not
- FIGs. 15A-C For color sensors, the columns are read out in accordance with the
- CCDs charge-couple devices
- FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the invention, wherein the
- readout circuit 650 is similar to that discussed in FIG. 4, except that each capacitor
- 604-605, 606-607 of a sample line makes up one-half (C/2) of each sample line
- Each of the switches 600-603 are coupled to a respective switch 600-603.
- Each of the switches 600-603 are
- circuit 650 when opened and closed.
- the readout circuit 650 of FIG. 6 may be operated to sum together
- FIG. 7 operation of the FIG. 6 circuit 650 is shown in FIG. 7, where the row selection
- the reset signals of the Gr pixels from rows 1 and 3 are also read out (not shown)
- rows 13 and 15 are read out as shown in FIG.
- circuit discussed in FIGs. 6-7 may be used, where
- the row selection algorithm is adjusted to accommodate the readout order.
- FIGs. 8-10 disclose another sub-resolution scheme for a 3 Meg sensor.
- the maximum (full) resolution for a 3 Meg sensor is approximately 2048x1536.
- Exemplary sub-resolutions for the 3 Meg sensor are 1280x1024 (2/3 resolution),
- FIG. 8 shows an exemplary 6x6 pixel matrix 810, where the colors of the
- matrix 810 are arranged in a Bayer pattern, and where rows that are being read
- the Bayer pattern consists of first
- rows 1 and 3 are read out from a first 3x3 square
- FIG.4 During the first pass (800), the switches in the readout circuit are arranged
- Gr(l,3) + Gr(3,l) + Gr(3,3) where the format Gr(l,3) designates the green pixel in
- Gr(3,l) designates the green pixel in row 3, column 1, and so on.
- the fifth column (802) is read out prior to the fourth and sixth columns (803) in order to preserve the Bayer pattern. After squares 820 and 821
- the second row is processed with the blue pixels in the first
- the second green pixel (Gb) is read out (901), but is not averaged, since it is
- the second green pixels (Gb) are read out and averaged (902) according to Gb(2,4)
- the second green pixel (Gb) (901) may
- the first pass with a relative weight of l/5th.
- the one first green pixel (Gr) in the fifth row Gr(5,5) is read out (1002), followed by the reading out of the red pixels, which are read out and averaged
- Gb green pixels are read out and averaged (1007) according to Gb(4,4) + Gb(4,6) +
- FIGs. 8-10 above are illustrated in FIG. 11 as shaded pixels. As can be seen, 2/3 of
- each 6x6 pixel square should output two
- VGA Bayer pattern is illustrated in FIG. 12, where pixels are averaged from three
- pixels to be averaged are designated as a first green (Gr), red (R), second green (Gb) and blue (B).
- Gr green
- R red
- Gb green
- B blue
- FIG. 13 Another binning scheme is illustrated in FIG. 13, which averages two
- FIG. 14 illustrates a similar binning
- FIGs. 15A-C illustrate various horizontal binning schemes that also
- FIGs. 15A-C each disclose the first eight column
- the column storage circuits 1500 from a column storage system The column storage circuits 1500 from a column storage system.
- the eight column storage circuits 1500 have interconnecting column switches
- FIG. 15B a 1280x1024 RGB (or alternately VGA true color, or VGA
- FIG. 15C illustrates a VGA Bayer-type response, using a "1/3
- switches 1501 and 1507, 1502 and 1505 etc. are activated so
- columns 1, 3 and 5 are binned then columns 2, 4 and 6, and so on.
- pixel signals are stored on capacitors 606, 607 and reset signals
- FIG. 17 binning circuits and related methods described above is shown in FIG. 17, and
- a lens system 2001 for directing light from an object to be imaged to the
- image sensing unit 2002 including an image sensor; an analog-to-digital converter
- controller 2004 for controlling the operations of the entire imaging
- the image sensor in the image sensing unit 2002 is preferably
- the image sensor may be formed as a CMOS sensor and combined with a processor, such as a CPU, digital signal
- processor or microprocessor in a single integrated circuit.
- the processor or microprocessor in a single integrated circuit.
- image sensor in the image sensing unit 204 may be constructed as a charge
- CCD coupled device
- navigation system video telephone, surveillance system, auto focus system, star
- the processing system 4000 such as a
- computer system for example, generally comprises a central processing unit
- CPU central processing unit
- I/O input/output
- the imaging apparatus 2000 communicates with the system over bus 4006
- the processor system 4000 also includes random access
- RAM 4005 may include
- peripheral devices such as a floppy disk drive 4002 and a compact disk (CD) ROM
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006539879A JP5109026B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2004-11-12 | Binning and interpolation of pixel signals in column circuits of sensor circuits |
EP04810790.8A EP1687970B1 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2004-11-12 | Pixel signal binning and interpolation in column circuits of a sensor circuit |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/705,843 US7154075B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2003-11-13 | Method and apparatus for pixel signal binning and interpolation in column circuits of a sensor circuit |
US10/705,843 | 2003-11-13 |
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WO2005050977A1 true WO2005050977A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
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PCT/US2004/037729 WO2005050977A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2004-11-12 | Pixel signal binning and interpolation in column circuits of a sensor circuit |
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US (2) | US7154075B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1687970B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP5109026B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100817836B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1902903A (en) |
TW (1) | TWI251439B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005050977A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
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TWI251439B (en) | 2006-03-11 |
JP5442556B2 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
US20070063128A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
JP2007515869A (en) | 2007-06-14 |
CN1902903A (en) | 2007-01-24 |
US7319218B2 (en) | 2008-01-15 |
EP1687970A1 (en) | 2006-08-09 |
TW200524415A (en) | 2005-07-16 |
US20050103977A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
KR100817836B1 (en) | 2008-03-31 |
KR20060101531A (en) | 2006-09-25 |
JP5109026B2 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
EP1687970B1 (en) | 2013-06-26 |
US7154075B2 (en) | 2006-12-26 |
JP2011024222A (en) | 2011-02-03 |
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