WO2005019507A1 - 磁性ガーネット単結晶及びyigデバイス - Google Patents
磁性ガーネット単結晶及びyigデバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005019507A1 WO2005019507A1 PCT/JP2004/011985 JP2004011985W WO2005019507A1 WO 2005019507 A1 WO2005019507 A1 WO 2005019507A1 JP 2004011985 W JP2004011985 W JP 2004011985W WO 2005019507 A1 WO2005019507 A1 WO 2005019507A1
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- Prior art keywords
- yig
- crystal
- gadolinium
- single crystal
- yttrium
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
- C30B29/28—Complex oxides with formula A3Me5O12 wherein A is a rare earth metal and Me is Fe, Ga, Sc, Cr, Co or Al, e.g. garnets
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a magnetic garnet single crystal and a YIG device, and in particular, to a magnetic garnet single crystal having a small magnetic resonance half width and a large critical power at which resonance occurs, and a YIG device using such a magnetic garnet single crystal. About the device.
- a YIG (yttrium 'iron' garnet) device As an oscillator or a filter in a microwave frequency band, a YIG (yttrium 'iron' garnet) device is known.
- the YIG device is a device for tunable resonators and tunable oscillators in the microwave band, utilizing the extremely high Q value of the trimetallic ferrimagnetic resonance of yttrium. Iron and garnet, a type of ferrite.
- the YIG device is used for a local oscillator or a filter of a measuring instrument such as a spectrum 'analyzer or a network' analyzer, and is an important component that determines the performance of the measuring instrument.
- a central element constituting a YIG device is a YIG crystal.
- the YIG crystal is composed of a magnetic garnet material whose basic composition is represented by the chemical formula of YFe ⁇ .
- a half width of a magnetic resonance spectrum (hereinafter, referred to as a magnetic resonance half width) ⁇ is required to be small.
- the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ ⁇ of a magnetic garnet material is generally
- a Hi is the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ of a single crystal having the same composition, and is a value unique to the material.
- ⁇ ⁇ is the contribution of the demagnetizing field around the pores and the different phases, and is the influence of the pores present in the sintered body.
- a Ha is a contribution by an internal magnetic field based on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and is inevitably generated in a polycrystalline material.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 09-270605
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 06-236814
- Patent Document 3 JP 08-165197 A
- Patent Document 4 JP-A-10-233308
- the output power of the YIG device can be increased.
- a certain threshold limit power
- the rate of increase of the output power decreases, and eventually a phenomenon occurs in which the output power gradually approaches a certain value (resonance saturation phenomenon).
- the resonance saturation phenomenon shows that the Q value deteriorates with an increase in the input power. This is because the spin precession becomes non-uniform and the loss increases. Further, as the input power is further increased, particularly as the input power is increased, the magnetic resonance spectrum becomes broader, and resonance occurs even at half the resonance frequency.
- the resonance saturation phenomenon occurs in an element having a smaller magnetic resonance half width ⁇ , and is immediately important particularly in a YIG device using a single crystal material having a smaller magnetic resonance half width ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- a YIG device using a single crystal material having a smaller magnetic resonance half width ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ theretofore, sufficient investigation and countermeasures against the resonance saturation phenomenon of the YIG crystal have not been performed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic garnet single crystal having a small magnetic resonance half width and a large critical power at which resonance saturation occurs, and a YIG device using such a magnetic garnet single crystal.
- a magnetic garnet single crystal comprising a single crystal of gadolinium-substituted yttrium′iron * garnet in which part of yttrium is replaced with gadolinium.
- the composition of the gadolinium-substituted yttrium 'iron * garnet is Y Gd Fe O, and the composition ratio X of gadolinium is 0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.1.
- a part of iron may be replaced by at least one element selected from gnolep- es containing a trivalent transition metal element and a Group IV element.
- the composition of the gadolinium-substituted yttrium 'iron' garnet is Y Gd Fe MO, and the composition ratio y of the iron substitution element M is 0 ⁇
- the range may be y ⁇ l.5.
- a YIG crystal characterized in that a single crystal of yttrium 'iron' garnet in which part of yttrium is replaced with gadolinium is formed into a spherical shape. Is done.
- a YIG crystal in which a single crystal of yttrium'iron * garnet in which yttrium is partially substituted with gadolinium is formed into a spherical shape, and a magnetic field is applied to the YIG crystal. And a magnetic field applying means for applying the electric field to resonate the YIG crystal body.
- a YIG crystal in which a single crystal of yttrium'iron * garnet in which a part of yttrium is replaced with gadolinium is formed into a spherical shape, and a magnetic field is applied to the YIG crystal.
- a magnetic field applying means for applying a magnetic field to resonate the YIG crystal.
- a method for producing a magnetic garnet single crystal characterized in that a single crystal of yttrium'iron * garnet in which part of yttrium is replaced with gadolinium is grown by a TSFZ method. A method is provided.
- the YIG single crystal in which part of yttrium is replaced by gadolinium constitutes the YIG crystal, so that the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ ⁇ can be reduced and the critical power at which resonance saturation occurs is increased. be able to.
- the YIG crystal is Y Gd Fe O
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing the structure of a YIG device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of an oscillation circuit in a YIG device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relationship between a limit power and a frequency.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the temperature dependence of the magnetic resonance half width.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between a critical power and a gadolinium composition ratio and a relationship between a magnetic resonance half width and a gadolinium composition ratio.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view showing an infrared concentrated heating furnace used for crystal growth by the TSFZ method.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing variations in the half-width of magnetic resonance in a YIG crystal formed by a TSFZ method and a YIG crystal formed by a flux method.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of a YIG device according to a modification of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the YIG device according to the present embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of an oscillation circuit in the YIG device according to the present embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between limit power and frequency
- Fig. 4 is a graph showing the temperature dependence of the magnetic resonance half-width
- Fig. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the critical power and the gadolinium composition ratio, and the relationship between the magnetic resonance half-width and the gadolinium composition ratio
- Fig. 6 is obtained by the TSFZ method.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an infrared concentrated heating furnace used for crystal growth
- FIG. 7 is a YIG crystal formed by a TSFZ method and a YIG crystal formed by a flux method.
- 3 is a graph showing the variation of the half width of magnetic resonance in a crystal.
- a central core 12 is provided inside the pot-shaped magnetic core 10.
- a plate-shaped magnetic core 14 is provided above the pot-shaped magnetic core 10, and the opening of the pot-shaped magnetic core 10 is closed by the plate-shaped magnetic core 14.
- An excitation coil 26 is wound around the center core 12.
- a DC voltage can be externally applied to the exciting coil 26 via a power supply terminal 28.
- YIG sphere 16 (Hereinafter referred to as YIG sphere) 16 are arranged.
- the YIG sphere 16 is attached to one end of a support rod 18 parallel to the inner surface of the plate-shaped magnetic core 14.
- the other end of the support rod 18 is fixed to the inner surface of the plate-shaped magnetic core 14 by a fixture 20.
- an integrated circuit board 22 is fixed on the inner surface of the plate-shaped magnetic core 14.
- a semicircular coupling coil 24 is mounted on the integrated circuit board 22 so that the YIG sphere 16 is located at the center (see FIG. 1 (b)).
- an oscillation circuit as shown in FIG. 2 is formed on the integrated circuit board 22, for example.
- a resonator 32 is constituted by the YIG sphere 16 and the exciting coil 26, and a coupling coil 24 is magnetically coupled to the YIG sphere 16.
- An emitter electrode of a transistor 34 is connected to the coupling coil 24.
- the base electrode of the transistor 34 is grounded via the inductor 36.
- a matching device 38 is connected to the collector electrode of the transistor 34.
- the output of the matching unit 38 is the output of the oscillator.
- the integrated circuit board 22 is connected to a coaxial connector 30 provided outside the plate-like magnetic core 14 so that signals can be input and output to and from the integrated circuit board 22.
- a DC magnetic field is applied to the YIG sphere 16 by applying a DC voltage from the outside through the power supply terminal 28 and flowing a DC current to the exciting coil 26.
- This applied magnetic field causes the YIG sphere 16 to resonate. Since the resonance frequency of the YIG sphere 16 is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field applied to the YIG sphere 16, a desired resonance frequency can be obtained by appropriately controlling the current flowing through the exciting coil 26.
- the YIG sphere 16 constitutes a transmitting circuit together with the active circuit on the integrated circuit board 22 magnetically coupled by the coupling coil 24. By changing the magnetic field applied to the YIG sphere 16, the transmission frequency can be changed.
- the oscillation output can be output from the coaxial connector 30 attached to the plate-shaped magnetic core 14 to the outside.
- the YIG device is configured such that the YIG sphere 16, which is a central element constituting the YIG device, is a YIG single crystal in which part of yttrium (Y) is replaced by gadolinium (Gd).
- the main feature is that it is.
- the YIG sphere 16 is made of a material represented by a composition of YGdFeO. Partial replacement of yttrium
- a part of iron (Fe) may be replaced by a trivalent transition metal element or a group III element (denoted by M), and may be constituted by a material represented by a composition of Y Gd Fe MO.
- M trivalent transition metal element or a group III element
- a part of iron may be replaced by a transition metal element or a group m element.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the limit power and the frequency.
- the unit of the vertical axis, dBm corresponds to the exponential notation of mW, _10dBm force SO.
- LmW, OdBm is lmW, lOdBm force Om W.
- FIG. 3 shows the measurement results of a device in which a YIG crystal having a saturation magnetization of 800 Gauss is added in a spherical shape of 300 / ⁇ .
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the temperature dependence of the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ .
- ⁇ ⁇ tends to increase sharply with increasing temperature.
- the YIG crystal containing gadolinium As the gadolinium composition ratio X increases, the increasing rate of the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ with respect to the temperature decreases.
- the YIG crystal (hata mark) with a gadolinium composition ratio X of 0.05 the temperature dependence of the magnetic resonance half-width ⁇ H is hardly observed, and the temperature dependence in the general operating temperature range of the YIG device is small. The characteristics are almost flat in a certain room temperature range of about 400K.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the critical power and the gadolinium composition ratio and the relationship between the magnetic resonance half width and the gadolinium composition ratio.
- Hata indicates the relationship between the limit power and the gadolinium composition ratio
- ⁇ indicates the relationship between the magnetic resonance half width and the gadolinium composition ratio.
- the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ becomes four times or more the value when no gadolinium is contained, which is not preferable.
- the YIG sphere 16 used in the YIG device desirably has a large critical power and a small magnetic resonance half width.
- both the critical power and the half width of the magnetic resonance increase as the gadolinium composition ratio X increases. Therefore, it is desirable that the gadolinium composition ratio X is appropriately selected according to the desired characteristics of the YIG sphere 16 by weighing the limit power and the half width of the magnetic resonance.
- GdFe ⁇ it is desirable to set the gadolinium composition ratio X in the range of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.1. It is further desirable to set the value near x 0.05 where fluctuation of the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ is extremely small in a general operating temperature range.
- the YIG sphere 16 used in the YIG device according to the present embodiment has a structure in which, in addition to the partial replacement of yttrium with gadolinium, a part of iron is replaced with at least one trivalent transition metal element or a group III element (
- trivalent transition metal element or the group III element element that replaces iron aluminum (A1), gallium (Ga), or the like can be used. By substituting a part of iron with these elements, saturation magnetization can be appropriately controlled.
- the composition ratio y of the element M is desirably set to 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.5.
- the reason why the composition ratio y of the element M is set to y> l.5 is that when the composition ratio y exceeds 1.5, the magnetic order transition temperature (Curie temperature) becomes lower than room temperature, and the material does not become a magnetic material in the operating temperature range. It is because. Also, even if the element is cooled and kept at or below the Curie temperature, it cannot be used as a resonance element because of the large amount of addition and a large magnetic resonance half width ⁇ H (because the Q value is low).
- the YIG spheres 16 according to the present embodiment desirably grow crystals by the TSFZ (Traveling Solvent Floating Zone) method.
- the flux method is a method in which a crystal material and a flux (flux) are put into a crucible and melted, and then slowly cooled or volatilized to grow a single crystal.
- a crystal material and a flux flux
- the distribution of the additive may be generated inside the crystal due to the fluctuation of the temperature and the composition during the growth, and it is difficult to control the trace amount of the additive. Therefore, it is difficult to grow a single crystal material containing a small amount of gadolinium, such as the YIG sphere 16 used in the YIG device according to the present embodiment, by the flux method.
- the TSFZ method a crystal raw material rod in which a desired amount of an additive is mixed in advance is melted and seeded. This is an epitaxial growth method on a crystal, and it is possible to grow a single crystal containing a small amount of an additive. Therefore, the TSFZ method is suitable for growing a single crystal material containing a small amount of gadolinium, such as the YIG sphere 16 used in the YIG device according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an infrared concentrated heating furnace used for crystal growth by the TSFZ method.
- the raw material rod 42 held by the raw material support 40 and the seed crystal 46 held by the seed crystal support 44 are supported on the same axis.
- the crystal raw material rod 42 and the seed crystal 46 are supported by an upper main shaft 48 and a lower main shaft 50, respectively, and can be moved in the axial direction.
- the raw material rod 42 and the seed crystal 46 are arranged in a quartz glass tube 52.
- the quartz glass tube 52 is provided with an atmosphere gas inlet 54 and an atmosphere gas outlet 56, and by flowing a predetermined atmosphere gas therebetween, the inside of the quartz glass tube 52 can be controlled to a desired atmosphere. It has become.
- An elliptical mirror 58 is provided around the quartz glass tube 52 so as to surround the quartz glass tube 52. At one focal point of the ellipsoidal mirror 58, a halogen lamp 60 is arranged. The other focal point of the ellipsoidal mirror 58 is arranged so that the tip of the crystal raw material rod 42 is positioned so that the heat ray emitted from the halogen lamp 60 is irradiated on the tip of the crystal raw material rod 42. It has become.
- Irradiation is carried out to form a molten zone 62 above the raw material rod 42.
- the seed crystal 46 and the crystal raw material rod 42 are gradually moved downward while rotating the seed crystal 46, whereby the molten material in the melting zone 62 is moved.
- the growth process of the single crystal can be monitored by the CCD camera 64.
- a single crystal having a desired composition can be grown by appropriately selecting the composition of the crystal raw material rod 42 and the molten composition in the molten zone 62.
- the contamination of impurities can be greatly reduced as compared with the flux method or the like, and the additives to be mixed can be mixed with high accuracy even in a small amount.
- FIG. 7 shows a YIG crystal formed by the TSFZ method and a YIG crystal formed by the flux method.
- 3 is a graph showing the variation of the half width of magnetic resonance in a crystal. The horizontal axis shows the value of the half width of the magnetic resonance, and the vertical axis shows the ratio to the whole.
- the YIG crystal formed by the TSFZ method has a smaller magnetic resonance half width ⁇ ⁇ than the YIG crystal formed by the flux method.
- a YIG crystal having stable characteristics with small variations in the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ can be formed.
- the TSFZ method uses the single-crystal YIG sphere used in the YIG device according to the present embodiment.
- the YIG crystal is composed of the YIG single crystal in which a part of yttrium is replaced by gadolinium, it is possible to increase the critical power at which resonance saturation occurs. Further, when the YIG crystal is Y Gd Fe O and the composition ratio x of gadolinium is 0,
- the magnetic resonance half width ⁇ in the general operating temperature range of the YIG device can be made substantially constant.
- the YIG tuned oscillator has been described as an example of the YIG device to which the YIG crystal of the present invention is applied, but it is also possible to apply to other YIG devices.
- the present invention may be applied to other YIG devices such as a YIG tuning filter.
- the YIG tuning filter includes a YIG sphere 16, an electromagnet 70 for applying a predetermined magnetic field to the YIG sphere 16, an input coupling loop 66 magnetically coupled to the YIG sphere 16, and an output loop. And a force-coupled norepe 68.
- the YIG crystal need not necessarily be spherical.
- the resonance frequency f depends on 4 ⁇ Ms, and the temperature change of the saturation magnetization (Ms) directly changes the temperature of the resonance frequency, so it is necessary to take measures to stabilize the temperature.
- Ms saturation magnetization
- flat YIG crystals can also be used.
- the YIG crystal according to the present invention has a small magnetic resonance half width ⁇ H and a small temperature dependence. It also has a high marginal power. Therefore, it is extremely useful for application to YIG devices requiring high oscillation output and a wide band, and spectrum analyzers and network analyzers using such YIG devices.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Compounds Of Iron (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Thin Magnetic Films (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005513303A JPWO2005019507A1 (ja) | 2003-08-26 | 2004-08-20 | 磁性ガーネット単結晶及びyigデバイス |
| DE112004001549T DE112004001549T5 (de) | 2003-08-26 | 2004-08-20 | Einkristalliner magnetischer Granat und YIG-Bauelement |
| US11/359,691 US7378926B2 (en) | 2003-08-26 | 2006-02-22 | Single crystalline magnetic garnet and YIG device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003301434 | 2003-08-26 | ||
| JP2003-301434 | 2003-08-26 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/359,691 Continuation US7378926B2 (en) | 2003-08-26 | 2006-02-22 | Single crystalline magnetic garnet and YIG device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2005019507A1 true WO2005019507A1 (ja) | 2005-03-03 |
Family
ID=34213892
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2004/011985 Ceased WO2005019507A1 (ja) | 2003-08-26 | 2004-08-20 | 磁性ガーネット単結晶及びyigデバイス |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7378926B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2005019507A1 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE112004001549T5 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2005019507A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8760236B2 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2014-06-24 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Drift stabilization of magnetically tunable filter by temperature regulation and mechanical isolation of elctromagnet coil |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55143009A (en) * | 1979-04-26 | 1980-11-08 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Material for surface static magnetic wave |
| JPH0570144A (ja) * | 1991-09-10 | 1993-03-23 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 静磁波デバイス用材料 |
| JPH05251788A (ja) * | 1992-03-04 | 1993-09-28 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 静磁波デバイス用材料 |
| JP2003055096A (ja) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-26 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 磁性単結晶育成用原料棒及び磁性単結晶 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4155053A (en) * | 1977-06-30 | 1979-05-15 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Enhanced coupling in ferrimagnetic microwave devices |
| JPS5954700A (ja) * | 1982-09-21 | 1984-03-29 | Natl Inst For Res In Inorg Mater | 光通信用yig単結晶の製造方法 |
| JPH0260203A (ja) * | 1988-08-25 | 1990-02-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 電気磁気装置 |
| US4988959A (en) * | 1989-10-31 | 1991-01-29 | Avantek, Inc. | YIG tuned oscillator using composite feedback |
| JP3642872B2 (ja) | 1996-03-29 | 2005-04-27 | 株式会社アドバンテスト | Yigデバイス用共振器 |
| JP3027719B2 (ja) * | 1996-07-09 | 2000-04-04 | アンリツ株式会社 | 磁性体同調フィルタ装置 |
| JP4319763B2 (ja) * | 2000-04-04 | 2009-08-26 | 株式会社アドバンテスト | 共振器の製造方法 |
| JP2003137646A (ja) * | 2001-10-24 | 2003-05-14 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | 低損失非可逆回路素子用ガーネットフェライトとその製造方法及びそれを用いた非可逆回路素子 |
-
2004
- 2004-08-20 DE DE112004001549T patent/DE112004001549T5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-08-20 JP JP2005513303A patent/JPWO2005019507A1/ja active Pending
- 2004-08-20 WO PCT/JP2004/011985 patent/WO2005019507A1/ja not_active Ceased
-
2006
- 2006-02-22 US US11/359,691 patent/US7378926B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55143009A (en) * | 1979-04-26 | 1980-11-08 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Material for surface static magnetic wave |
| JPH0570144A (ja) * | 1991-09-10 | 1993-03-23 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 静磁波デバイス用材料 |
| JPH05251788A (ja) * | 1992-03-04 | 1993-09-28 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 静磁波デバイス用材料 |
| JP2003055096A (ja) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-26 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 磁性単結晶育成用原料棒及び磁性単結晶 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7378926B2 (en) | 2008-05-27 |
| US20060214750A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
| DE112004001549T5 (de) | 2006-06-14 |
| JPWO2005019507A1 (ja) | 2007-11-01 |
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