WO2004037952A1 - Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneur abaissee en plomb - Google Patents
Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneur abaissee en plomb Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004037952A1 WO2004037952A1 PCT/FR2003/003128 FR0303128W WO2004037952A1 WO 2004037952 A1 WO2004037952 A1 WO 2004037952A1 FR 0303128 W FR0303128 W FR 0303128W WO 2004037952 A1 WO2004037952 A1 WO 2004037952A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- volume
- carbon atoms
- isoparaffins
- fuel according
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
Definitions
- the present invention relates to new fuel formulations having a high octane number and lowered contents of organic lead compounds, capable of being used to supply internal combustion engines with spark ignition, in particular those equipping aircraft, or engines with high compression ratio. It is known that prior to their placing on the market, the fuels intended to supply internal combustion engines with positive ignition must meet precise physicochemical characteristics, to guarantee the consumer a high level of mechanical performance and, at the same time , minimize sources of pollution, whether these are generated by exhaust gases, or by the product itself during handling or storage. These characteristics, which can vary significantly from one fuel to another, must remain in an area defined by official specifications grouped together and published by qualified organizations, such as AFNOR in France or ASTM in the United States.
- a fuel the commercial name of which is commonly used is “AVGAS 100 LL”
- MON the commercial name of which must be, according to standard ASTM D910-01 ( Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines), or the equivalent standard in Great Britain DEF STAN (Standard Defense) 91-90 of May 8, 1996, greater than or equal to 99.5; and the F4 greater than or equal to 130.
- the abbreviation “LL” means “Low Lead” (in French, Plomb Faible), that is to say that the lead content of the fuel, generally coming from alkyl-lead compounds , must be, according to this standard in force today, less than or equal to 0.56 grams per liter of gasoline.
- PTE (C ⁇ H2oPb), abbreviated as “PTE”, the fuel content of which must comply with the standard and not exceed 0.56 grams of lead per liter of gasoline.
- MMT Methylcyclopentadienyl-Manganese-Tricarbonyl
- the object of the invention is therefore to propose new formulations of fuels for internal combustion and spark-ignition engines, produced from a mixture of hydrocarbon bases available in an oil refinery, and containing a significantly reduced amount of organic compounds. lead compared to the formulations of the prior art, and which give these fuels an octane number and characteristics in accordance with the standards in force.
- the subject of the invention is a fuel having a lead content of less than or equal to 0.56 grams per liter of fuel, containing at least one first hydrocarbon base (B1) consisting essentially of isoparaffins comprising 4 or 5 atoms of carbon, as well as at least one second hydrocarbon base (B2) consisting essentially of isoparaffins comprising 6 to 9 carbon atoms, and optionally, at least one complement (B3) consisting essentially of hydrocarbons of alkylaromatic type comprising 6 with 11 carbon atoms, in which:
- the content of base B2 in the fuel is between 45% and 85% by volume and preferably between 50% and 82% by volume, and in that
- the ratio of the quantities in% volume B1 / B2 is between 0, 10 and 0.60 and preferably between 0, 15 and 0.45.
- the invention also relates to a fuel having a lead content less than or equal to 0.56 grams per liter of fuel, containing at least a first part of isoparaffins comprising 4 or 5 carbon atoms, as well as '' at least a second part of isoparaffins comprising 6 to 9 carbon atoms, and optionally, at least one complementary part of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons comprising 6 to 11 carbon atoms, in which:
- the content of isoparaffins comprising 6 to 9 carbon atoms in the fuel is between 45% and 85% by volume and preferably between 50% and 82% by volume, and in that -
- the ratio of the quantities in% volume isoparaffins comprising 4 or 5 carbon atoms / isoparaffins comprising 6 to 9 carbon atoms is between 0, 10 and 0.60 and preferably between 0, 15 and 0.45.
- the lead contents are cited by reference to the methods for measuring the lead contents, described in the standards ASTM D3341 (method known as with iodine monochloride) or ASTM D5059 (method by X-ray spectrometry);
- the ratio of the quantities in% volume B3 / B2 is between 0.00 and 0.60, and preferably between 0.00 and 0.55; alternatively, the ratio of the quantities in% volume hydrocarbons of alkylaromatic type comprising 6 to 11 carbon atoms / isoparaffins comprising 6 to 9 carbon atoms is between 0.00 and 0.60 and preferably between 0.00 and 0.55 .
- the fuels according to the invention can be manufactured from hydrocarbon bases available in a conventional refinery, and reach high octane numbers, in accordance with the most stringent standards such as ASTM D910-01, while having a lead content which can drop to 0.27 g / l or even less.
- bases treated in a severe manner it is possible to formulate fuels for aircraft having a lead content of only 0.14 g / l.
- the refiner therefore adds less lead derivative than it did before.
- the use of the fuel according to the invention is particularly advantageous for powering the engines of competition or similar vehicles, that is to say for engines with high compression ratio, requiring fuels with very high octane number.
- the fuel which is the subject of the present invention can also be used to supply, alone or as a mixture, systems of very diverse natures, for example, a fuel processing unit, such as a reformer, coupled to a fuel cell.
- the first hydrocarbon base (B1) used for the manufacture of the fuels in accordance with the invention belongs to the family of paraffinic hydrocarbons and can be, for example, a light base containing at least 80% by volume, and preferably at least 90% by volume of isoparaffinic molecules comprising between 4 or 5 carbon atoms and, preferably, 5 carbon atoms. Even more preferably, the molecules with 5 carbon atoms consist of at least 90% by volume of isopentane.
- This light paraffinic base can come, for example, from a fractionation of the lighter fraction of the distillate produced by the atmospheric distillation of crude oil or from an isomerization unit of alkanes.
- this cut of hydrocarbons can contain up to
- the second base used (B2) typically contains at least 80% by volume, and preferably at least 90% by volume, of isoparaffins containing between 6 and 9 carbon atoms, and preferably 8 carbon atoms.
- isoparaffinic hydrocarbons with 8 carbon atoms consist of at least 70% by volume, and preferably at least 75% by volume of isooctanes.
- Such a hydrocarbon base can come from different crude oil treatment processes, generally present in a refinery of oil.
- this cut of isooctane-rich hydrocarbons, also called “alkylate” in the profession can be produced, for example, by the process of alkylating isobutane with light olefins.
- An alternative is to replace part of this isoparaffinic cut, and at the same time reduce the proportion of alkylate, which is a petroleum base whose manufacturing cost is relatively high, with a cut of hydrocarbons from a unit. isomerization of light gasolines, the latter coming from the distillation of crude oil.
- the complement used (B3) is a cut of hydrocarbons containing 6 to 11 atoms, the content of aromatic compounds containing 6 to 9 carbon atoms is typically greater than or equal to 80% by volume, and preferably greater than or equal to 85 % in volume. Even more preferably, these aromatic compounds contain 7 carbon atoms and are toluene, the content of which in the complement (B3) is greater than or equal to 45% by volume, and preferably greater than or equal to 50% by volume.
- This base of hydrocarbons used in the formulation of gasoline for aircraft engines generally comes from a manufacturing process, called "reforming" of gasoline, available in particular, in an oil refinery.
- This process allows, thanks to a set of chemical reactions taking place at high temperature and under high pressure, necessarily in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, to transform molecules with straight or cyclic chains contained in the heaviest essences, for example produced by direct distillation of crude oil, into more stable branched hydrocarbons and aromatic cyclics.
- aromatic hydrocarbons are generally called "reformates" in the profession and have a high octane number.
- the fuel according to the invention can contain many other bases. These can be chosen in particular from all the bases likely to enter into the composition of the essences. These bases can come from conventional refining operations (for example, but not limited to, the distillation of crude oil, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, reforming processes, isomerization, alkylation Certainly , but also include synthetic hydrocarbons such as those obtained by oligomerization of olefins or by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
- these additional bases are chosen from those having a distillation range of between 25 ° C and 175 ° C, (determined according to standard ASTM D 86) and even more preferably, between 75 ° C and 135 ° C.
- Those skilled in the art will easily be able to determine the nature and the quantities of additional bases which may be incorporated into the fuel according to the invention, taking into account the application for which this fuel is intended and the bases available in the refinery.
- Each base entering into the composition of the fuel according to the invention may advantageously have undergone in whole or in part a desulfurization treatment and / or denitrogenation and, possibly, dealomatization, at any stage of its development.
- bases which have been hydrotreated under more or less severe conditions comprising hydrodesulfurization and / or saturation of aromatic and olefinic compounds and / or hydrodenitrogenation).
- the fuel according to the invention advantageously has a sulfur content (determined according to standards ASTM D1266 or ASTM D2622) less than or equal to 500 ppm by weight, preferably less than or equal to 100 ppm by weight, even more preferably, a lower sulfur content or equal to 50 ppm by weight, or even 10 ppm by weight.
- the fuel according to the invention may contain one or more additives, which a person skilled in the art will easily be able to choose from the numerous additives conventionally used for fuels. The choice of these additives essentially depends on the application for which the fuel is intended. These include, but are not limited to, corrosion inhibitor, anti-freeze or anti-static additives, additives improving cold properties, tracer additives or detergent additives, and mixtures thereof.
- the fuel when it is intended for use in aviation, it may inter alia contain at least one antioxidant agent chosen from sterically hindered phenols (such as for example 2,6-di-t-butyl- 4-methylphenol (BHT), 2,6-di-t-butyl ⁇ henol, and 2,4-di-methyl-6-t-butyl ⁇ henol).
- BHT 2,6-di-t-butyl- 4-methylphenol
- BHT 2,6-di-t-butyl ⁇ henol
- 2,4-di-methyl-6-t-butyl ⁇ henol 2,4-di-methyl-6-t-butyl ⁇ henol
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of fuel with a low lead content and a high octane number in which the mixing, by means known in the art, of at least one first hydrocarbon base (B1) consisting essentially isoparaffins comprising 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and at least one second hydrocarbon base (B2) consisting essentially of isoparaffins comprising 6 to 9 carbon atoms, and preferably, at least one complement (B3) consisting essentially hydrocarbons of the alkylaromatic type comprising 6 to 11 carbon atoms and, optionally, usual additives for this type of fuel, in amounts such as:
- the content of base B2 in the fuel is between 45% and 85% by volume, and preferably between 50% and 82% by volume, and in that
- the ratio of the quantities in% volume B1 / B2 is between 0.10 and 0.60 and preferably between 0.15 and 0.45.
- the invention finally relates to the use of such a fuel to reduce the polluting emissions of a spark-ignition engine.
- a fuel to reduce the polluting emissions of a spark-ignition engine.
- the latter also leads to a reduction in the content of methyl bromide, produced during the combustion of avgas 100LL.
- This methyl bromide having recognized destructive effects on the ozone layer of the atmosphere, comes from dibromoethane which is added (in English and in the profession: "scavenger") during the manufacture of 100LL petrol so trapping the lead in the engine cylinders, and allowing its elimination by volatility after the combustion cycle.
- the lead content is less than 0.56 grams per liter of fuel.
- the content of base B2 is between 55 and 75% by volume. According to one embodiment, the content of the base Bl is between 12 and 30% by volume.
- the fuel comprises less than 5% by volume of cycloparaffins comprising 5 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the ratio of the quantities in% volume B3 / B2 is between 0.1 and 0.60 and preferably between 0.2 and 0.45.
- the lead content is less than or equal to 0.26, preferably less than 0.14 grams per liter of fuel. According to another embodiment, the lead content is between 0.10 and 0.28, preferably between 0.14 and 0.26 grams per liter of fuel.
- the lower Calorific Power (determined according to standard ASTM D4529) is between 39.1 MJ / Kg and
- MJ / Kg 43.5 MJ / Kg, preferably between 39.1 MJ / Kg and 43 MJ / Kg, advantageously between 39, 1 MJ / Kg and 42.2 MJ / Kg, more advantageously between 39.1 MJ / Kg and 41, 3 MJ / Kg.
- Example 4 This example is identical to Example 1, but the fuels C9 to C16 were formulated from purified bases B1, B2 and B3, the new respective compositions of which are indicated in Table 4 below.
- the fuels formulated in accordance with the present invention (C9 to Cl 2) satisfy the main characteristics of ASTM D910-01 for avgas 100LL.
- the content of 0.14 grams of lead per liter of fuel can be reached (Cl 2), while guaranteeing the specifications of 100 LL gasoline.
- the content of the base B2 in the fuels (Cl 3 to Cl 6) is not between 45% and 85% by volume, and the B1 / B2 ratio is not within interval 0, 10-0.60, the specifications are not reached.
- the bases B1, B2 and B3 have the physicochemical characteristics in accordance with table 1 above.
- DO means that there is no possible area for formulating a 100LL petrol complying with the main characteristics of ASTM D910-01.
- the fuels thus produced, in accordance with the invention, have various advantages, alone or in combination: - they have a high octane number, thus meeting the specification in octane numbers F4 and MON of aircraft gasoline 100LL, without the need for additional additions of octane-providing additives;
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003285432A AU2003285432A1 (en) | 2002-10-22 | 2003-10-22 | Novel fuel with high octane index and reduced lead content |
US10/532,639 US20060052650A1 (en) | 2002-10-22 | 2003-10-22 | Novel fuel with high octane index and reduced lead content |
EP03778433A EP1556464A1 (fr) | 2002-10-22 | 2003-10-22 | Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneur abaissee en plomb |
CA002513489A CA2513489A1 (fr) | 2002-10-22 | 2003-10-22 | Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneur abaissee en plomb |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR02/13167 | 2002-10-22 | ||
FR0213167A FR2846002B1 (fr) | 2002-10-22 | 2002-10-22 | Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneur abaissee en plomb |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004037952A1 true WO2004037952A1 (fr) | 2004-05-06 |
Family
ID=32050639
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2003/003128 WO2004037952A1 (fr) | 2002-10-22 | 2003-10-22 | Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneur abaissee en plomb |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060052650A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1556464A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2003285432A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2513489A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2846002B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2004037952A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2894976A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-06-22 | Total France Sa | Essence aviation sans plomb |
US8741126B2 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2014-06-03 | Total Marketing Services | Aviation gasoline for aircraft piston engines, preparation process thereof |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5393372B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-25 | 2014-01-22 | 昭和シェル石油株式会社 | パラフィン主体の燃料電池システム用炭化水素燃料油 |
US10260016B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2019-04-16 | George W. Braly | High octane unleaded aviation gasoline |
US8628594B1 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2014-01-14 | George W. Braly | High octane unleaded aviation fuel |
US10550347B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2020-02-04 | General Aviation Modifications, Inc. | High octane unleaded aviation gasoline |
US8324437B2 (en) | 2010-07-28 | 2012-12-04 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | High octane aviation fuel composition |
RU2503711C1 (ru) * | 2012-12-21 | 2014-01-10 | Владимир Михайлович Шуверов | Топливная композиция авиационного бензина |
US9816041B2 (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2017-11-14 | Swift Fuels, Llc | Aviation gasolines containing mesitylene and isopentane |
RU2574034C2 (ru) * | 2014-02-07 | 2016-01-27 | Федеральное государственное казенное военное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-Морского Флота "Военно-морская академия имени Адмирала Флота Советского Союза Н.Г. Кузнецова" | Способ получения авиационного бензина б-100/130 |
RU2556692C1 (ru) * | 2014-02-07 | 2015-07-20 | Федеральное государственное казенное военное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-Морского Флота "Военно-морская академия имени Адмирала Флота Советского Союза Н.Г. Кузнецова" | Способ получения авиационного бензина б95/130 |
RU2572242C2 (ru) * | 2014-04-15 | 2016-01-10 | Открытое акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (ОАО "ВНИИ НП") | Топливная композиция авиационного бензина |
FI20165785A (fi) * | 2016-10-13 | 2018-04-14 | Neste Oyj | Alkylaattibensiinikoostumus |
US10364399B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2019-07-30 | General Aviation Modifications, Inc. | High octane unleaded aviation fuel |
US10377959B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2019-08-13 | General Aviation Modifications, Inc. | High octane unleaded aviation fuel |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2576071A (en) * | 1941-02-24 | 1951-11-20 | Anglo Iranian Oil Co Ltd | Aviation or motor fuels |
US2944003A (en) * | 1954-10-29 | 1960-07-05 | Shell Oil Co | Production of aviation gasoline |
WO2001070914A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-23 | 2001-09-27 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Gazole utilisable dans les moteurs thermiques et dans les piles a combustible |
WO2002022766A1 (fr) * | 2000-09-15 | 2002-03-21 | Bp Oil International Limited | Composition de carburant |
US20020045785A1 (en) * | 1996-11-18 | 2002-04-18 | Bazzani Roberto Vittorio | Fuel composition |
FR2830259A1 (fr) * | 2001-10-01 | 2003-04-04 | Total Raffinage Distribution | Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneurs abaissees en aromatiques |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5189232A (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1993-02-23 | University Of Utah | Method of making jet fuel compositions via a dehydrocondensation reaction process |
US5858314A (en) * | 1996-04-12 | 1999-01-12 | Ztek Corporation | Thermally enhanced compact reformer |
FR2771419B1 (fr) * | 1997-11-25 | 1999-12-31 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Essences a haut indice d'octane et leur production par un procede associant hydro-isomerisation et separation |
US6451075B1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2002-09-17 | Texas Petrochemicals Lp | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
-
2002
- 2002-10-22 FR FR0213167A patent/FR2846002B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-10-22 US US10/532,639 patent/US20060052650A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-22 CA CA002513489A patent/CA2513489A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-22 WO PCT/FR2003/003128 patent/WO2004037952A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-10-22 EP EP03778433A patent/EP1556464A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-10-22 AU AU2003285432A patent/AU2003285432A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2576071A (en) * | 1941-02-24 | 1951-11-20 | Anglo Iranian Oil Co Ltd | Aviation or motor fuels |
US2944003A (en) * | 1954-10-29 | 1960-07-05 | Shell Oil Co | Production of aviation gasoline |
US20020045785A1 (en) * | 1996-11-18 | 2002-04-18 | Bazzani Roberto Vittorio | Fuel composition |
WO2001070914A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-23 | 2001-09-27 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Gazole utilisable dans les moteurs thermiques et dans les piles a combustible |
EP1266949A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-23 | 2002-12-18 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Gazole utilisable dans les moteurs thermiques et dans les piles a combustible |
WO2002022766A1 (fr) * | 2000-09-15 | 2002-03-21 | Bp Oil International Limited | Composition de carburant |
FR2830259A1 (fr) * | 2001-10-01 | 2003-04-04 | Total Raffinage Distribution | Nouveau carburant a indice d'octane eleve et a teneurs abaissees en aromatiques |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2894976A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-06-22 | Total France Sa | Essence aviation sans plomb |
WO2007074226A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-16 | 2007-07-05 | Total France | Essence aviation sans plomb |
US8741126B2 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2014-06-03 | Total Marketing Services | Aviation gasoline for aircraft piston engines, preparation process thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2846002B1 (fr) | 2006-12-15 |
AU2003285432A1 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
EP1556464A1 (fr) | 2005-07-27 |
US20060052650A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
FR2846002A1 (fr) | 2004-04-23 |
CA2513489A1 (fr) | 2004-05-06 |
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