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  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated

Definitions

• This invention pertains to inhibitors of the serine/threonine kinase Akt, pharmaceutical compositions, and a method of preventing or treating of diseases activated by Akt.
• Akt protein kinase B
• PKB protein kinase B
• Akt 1 phosphorylation of T308 in the activation domain by PDKl is dependent on the products of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (PI3-K), phosphatidylinositol 3,4 bisphosphate (PIP 2 )and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate (PIP 3 ).
• PI phosphatidylinositol
• PI3-K phosphatidylinositol 3,4 bisphosphate
• PIP 3 phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate
• Cellular levels of PIP 2 and PIP 3 are controlled by the tumor suppressor, dual- phosphatase PTE ⁇ , which dephosphorylates PIP and PIP 3 at the 3 '-position. The mechanism of S473 phosphorylation is less clear.
• Akt activation may also be achieved through PI3-K independent means, by phosphorylation of Akt by kinases such as PKA (9) or CAM-KK (10).
• Akt exerts anti-apoptotic effects through phosphorylation of substrates that directly regulate the apoptotic machinery such as Bad (11, 12) or caspase 9 (13), or phosphorylation of substrates that indirectly inhibit apoptosis such the human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) (14), forkhead transcription family members (15, 16), or I ⁇ B kinases (17, 18).
• substrates that directly regulate the apoptotic machinery such as Bad (11, 12) or caspase 9 (13)
• phosphorylation of substrates that indirectly inhibit apoptosis such the human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) (14), forkhead transcription family members (15, 16), or I ⁇ B kinases (17, 18).
• Akt promotes survival in vitro when cells are exposed to different apoptotic stimuli such as GF withdrawal, UV irradiation, matrix detachment, cell cycle discordance, D ⁇ A damage, and administration of anti-Fas antibody, TGF- ⁇ , glutamate. or bile acids (19-33).
• apoptotic stimuli such as GF withdrawal, UV irradiation, matrix detachment, cell cycle discordance, D ⁇ A damage, and administration of anti-Fas antibody, TGF- ⁇ , glutamate. or bile acids (19-33).
• activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway contributes to tumorigenesis in many types of tissues, including breast, ovarian, brain, prostate, and lymph tissues (34). It has been shown that Akt is constitutively active in over 90% of NSCLC cell lines and contributes to both chemotherapeutic resistance and radiation resistance (35).
• Akt is constitutively active in many breast cancer cell lines, and serves a similar function in promotion of cellular survival and chemotherapeutic resistance (36).
• Akt is constitutively active in many breast cancer cell lines, and serves a similar function in promotion of cellular survival and chemotherapeutic resistance (36).
• the invention provides compounds which are inhibitors of the Akt, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such an inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a method of preventing or treating diseases by the use of such inhibitors.
• the inhibitors include phosphoinositol ether lipid analogues as well as bioisosteres thereof.
• Figure 1 A depicts the formulas of some of the Akt inhibitors.
• Figure IB depicts the formulas of some other Akt inhibitors.
• Figure 1C depicts the formulas of yet other Akt inhibitors.
• Figure ID depicts some of the immunoblots of the Akt inhibitors on S473 phosphorylation and total Akt levels.
• Figure IE depicts the effect of some of the Akt inhibitors on Akt kinase activity.
• Figure 2 A depicts the dose response curve for some of the Akt inhibitors.
• Figure 2B depicts the dose response curves for some of the inhibitors on Akt phosphorylation.
• Figure 3A depicts selectivity data for some of the Akt inhibitors on H1703 cells.
• Figure 3B depicts selectivity data for some of the Akt inhibitors on HI 57 cells.
• Figure 3C depicts selectivity data for some of the Akt inhibitors (SH 23-25) on HI 703 cells.
• Figure 3D depicts selectivity data for some of the Akt inhibitors on MB468 cells.
• Figure 4 depicts the increase of apoptosis by Akt inhibitors on cells with high levels of Akt activity.
• DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0021] The present invention provides a compound of the formula I:
• A is independently selected from the group consisting of P(O)OH, CH 2 COOH, and CH(COOH) 2 ;
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, isosteres of OH, C ⁇ -C 5 alkyloxy, C 6 -C ⁇ o aryloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, C 2 -C alkenyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyloxy, C 7 -C 32 aralkyloxy, C 7 -C 32 alkylaryloxy, C 9 -C 3 aralkenyloxy, and C 9 -C 3 alkenylaryloxy;
• R 3 -R ⁇ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, isosteres of OH; and Ri and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C 25 alkyl, C 6 -C ⁇ 0 aryl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 22 alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkenyl, C 7 -C 32 aralkyl, C 7 -C 32 alkylaryl, C 8 - C 32 aralkenyl, and C 8 -C 32 alkenylaryl; with the provisos that (i) when X is O, Y is O or CH 2 , and R 3 is H, at least one of R 2 and R 4 - R ⁇ is not OH; (ii) when A is CH COOH or CH(COOH) , X and Y cannot be simultaneously O; and (iii) all of R 2 -R 6 are not simultaneously H.
• the alkyl and alkenyl portions of R ⁇ -R 7 can be branched, or preferably linear.
• the aryl portion of R ⁇ -R 7 can have one or more aromatic rings of 6-14 carbon atoms, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracyl rings.
• Isosteres of OH include F, Cl, SH, and the like.
• A is P(O)OH. In a further preferred embodiment, where A is P(O)OH, both X and Y are O.
• R 2 and OR can be in any suitable form, e.g., each can be R, S, or a mixture of R and S forms.
• each can be R, S, or a mixture of R and S forms.
• the compound of the present invention can have the formula la:
• compounds of the present invention particularly those of the formula la and lb, have as Ri a C 1 -C 25 alkyl, preferably a C 1 0-C 2 5 alkyl, and more preferably a C ⁇ s-C 20 alkyl.
• a particular Ri is a C ⁇ 8 alkyl, e.g., n-C ⁇ 8 H 37 .
• the compounds of the present invention have as R a C ⁇ -C 25 alkyl, preferably a C 1 -C 1 5 alkyl, more preferably a C ⁇ -C 5 alkyl.
• a particular R 7 is metliyl.
• Ri is a C ⁇ 8 alkyl (e.g., n-C ⁇ 8 H 37 ) and R 7 is methyl.
• compounds of the present invention particularly those of the formula la and lb, have as R 2 a C ⁇ -C 25 alkyloxy, preferably a -Cis alkyloxy, more preferably a C ⁇ -C 5 alkyloxy.
• a particular R 2 is methoxy.
• R 2 is C -C 32 aralkyloxy, and in some other embodiments, R 2 is C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyloxy, or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl C ⁇ -C 6 alkoxy, e.g., cyclohexylmethyloxy.
• R 2 , R 3 , t, R 5 , or Re is H, for example, R 2 and R 3 are H, R 3 and i are H, or R 5 and R 6 are H.
• A is P(O)OH, both X and Y are O.
• Ri is C ⁇ 8 H 37 , and R 7 is methyl.
• A is P(O)OH, both X and Y are O, Ri is C ⁇ 8 H 37 , and R 7 is methyl, and (i) R 2 is methoxy, R 3 is H, and R-j-Re are OH; (ii) R 2 -R 3 are H and R 4 -R 6 are OH; (iii) R 2 -R 3 and R 5 -Re are OH and t is H; (iv) R 2 is i-butyl, R 3 is H, and R 4 -R 6 are OH; (v) R 2 is cyclohexylmethoxy, R 3 is H, and t-R ⁇ are OH; (vi) R 2 -R 3 and Re are OH and R 4 -R 5 are H; (vii) R 2 -R 4 and Re are OH and R 5 is H; or (viii) R 2 , R 4 , and Re are OH and R 3 and R 5 are H.
• the compounds of the present invention may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, a salt of an alkali metal (e.g., sodium or potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., calcium), or ammonium of salt.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable (e.g., pharmacologically acceptable) carriers include, for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, or diluents, and are well-known to those who are skilled in the art and are readily available to the public. It is preferred that the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier be one which is chemically inert to the active compounds and one which has little or no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use.
• composition may be administered in any suitable formulation, for example, as a formulation for oral, aerosol, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, interperitoneal, intrathecal, rectal, or vaginal administration.
• Formulations suitable for oral administration can comprise (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the compound dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline, or orange juice; (b) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, and troches, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient (compound), as solids or granules; (c) powders; (d) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (e) suitable emulsions.
• Liquid formulations can include diluents, such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, and the polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, suspending agent, or emulsifying agent.
• Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers, such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch.
• Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, com starch, potato starch, alginic acid, macrocrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible carriers.
• Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art.
• a flavor usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth
• pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art.
• the compounds of the present invention can be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation.
• aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like. They also can be formulated as pharmaceuticals for non-pressured preparations, such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer.
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.
• the compound can be administered in a physiologically acceptable diluent in a pharmaceutical carrier, such as a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids, including water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, an alcohol, such as ethanol, isopropanol, or hexadecyl alcohol, glycols, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, glycerol ketals, such as 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolane-4-methanol, ethers, such as poly(ethyleneglycol) 400, an oil, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or glyceride, or an acetylated fatty acid glyceride with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, such as a soap or a detergent, suspending agent, such as pectin, carbomers, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose, or emulsifying agents and other pharmaceutical
• Oils which can be used in parenteral formulations include petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic oils. Specific examples of oils include peanut, soybean, sesame, cottonseed, corn, olive, petrolatum, and mineral. Suitable fatty acids for use in parenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearic acid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitable fatty acid esters.
• Suitable soaps for use in parenteral formulations include fatty alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts
• suitable detergents include (a) cationic detergents such as, for example, dimethyl dialkyl ammonium halides, and alkyl pyridinium halides, (b) anionic detergents such as, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates, (c) nonionic detergents such as, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and polyoxyethylenepolypropylene copolymers, (d) amphoteric detergents such as, for example, alkyl- ⁇ -aminopropionates, and 2-alkyl-imidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, and (e) mixtures thereof.
• the parenteral formulations will typically contain from about 0.5 to about 25% by weight of the active ingredient in solution. Suitable preservatives and buffers can be used in such formulations. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain one or more nonionic surfactants.
• the quantity of surfactant in such formulations typically ranges from about 5 to about 15% by weight.
• Suitable surfactants include polyethylene or polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol.
• parenteral formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampoules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyopliilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water, for injections, immediately prior to use.
• sterile liquid carrier for example, water
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.
• the compounds of the present invention may be made into injectable formulations.
• the requirements for effective pharmaceutical carriers for injectable compositions are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice- J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, PA, Banker and Chalmers, eds., pages 238-250 (1982), and ASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs. Toissel, 4th ed., pages 622-630 (1986).
• the compounds of the present invention may be made into suppositories by mixing with a variety of bases, such as emulsifying bases or water-soluble bases.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulas containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• the present invention further provides a method of preventing or treating a disease, or a condition that predisposes to a disease, that is characterized by or caused by the activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in an animal comprising administering to the animal a preventive or treatment effective amount of a compound described above.
• a disease or condition is cancer.
• cancer particularly examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, brain cancer, sarcoma, melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and liver cancer.
• Another disease or condition is rheumatologic disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
• pulmonary disease e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• the present invention further provides a method of increasing apoptosis of a cell, e.g., cancer cell, comprising contacting or treating the cell with a compound described above.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used as scientific tools to determine the presence of a disease or condition that are characterized by Akt activation. [0039] They could be used alone or combined with other types of therapies to treat disease. Diseases characterized by Akt activation that could benefit from administration of the compounds include all forms of cancer, precancerous lesions, cardiovascular disease, rheumatologic disease, pulmonary disease, dermatologic disease, gynecological diseases, vascular disease, neurologic disease, and infectious disease, including bacterial, viral, retroviral, and parasitic diseases. Moreover, these compounds could be utilized to prevent above said diseases. Assays incorporating these compounds could provide predictive or prognostic value to patients with above said diseases or conditions.
• Suitable doses and dosage regimens can be determined by conventional range- finding techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired. In proper doses and with suitable administration of certain compounds, the present invention provides for a wide range of responses. Typically the dosages range from about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight of the animal being treated/day. Preferred dosages range from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg body weight/day, and further preferred dosages range from about 0.01 to about 1 mg/kg body weight/day.
• the present invention further provides a method for inhibiting PH domain binding comprising exposing a material containing an PH domain to a compound described above.
• the present invention further provides a method for determining the presence of a PH domain in a material comprising:
• EXAMPLE 1 This Example illustrates a method of preparing precursors for 2-modif ⁇ ed analogues. [0044] This illustrates a method of preparing precursor for 3-deoxy 2-modified analogues. Compound 1 was prepared from L-(-)-quebrachitol according to a published method (Tetrahedron, 53, 14903-14914 (1997)). Selective p-methoxybenzylation of the 1-
• Reagents and conditions Bu 2 SnO, toluene, reflux, then j ⁇ -MeOCeH.C ⁇ Cl, CsF, DMF, rt, 92%.
• Reagents and conditions (a) (i) NaH, BnBr, DMF, 0 °C - rt; (ii) AcCl, CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH 4:1 (v/v), rt, 86% for two steps; (b) (i) NaH, BnBr, 0 °C - rt, DMF; (ii) CAN, CH 3 CN-H 2 O 4:1 (v/v), 0 °C - rt, 84% for two steps; (c) (i) NaH, CS 2 , 0 °C, DMF, then Mel; (ii) Bu 3 SnH, AIBN, toluene, reflux, 95% for two steps; (d) AcCl, MeOH, rt, 98%; (e) Bu 2 SnO, toluene, reflux, CsF, DMF, rt, 93%.
• Reagents and conditions (a) Bu SnO, toluene, reflux, then BnBr, CsF, DMF, rt; (b) (i) NaH, CS 2 , 0 °C, DMF, then Mel; (ii) Bu 3 SnH, AIBN, toluene, reflux, 92% for two steps; (c) AcCl, MeOH, rt, 98%; (d) Bu 2 SnO, toluene, reflux, then ⁇ -MeOC 6 H 4 CH 2 Cl, CsF, DMF, rt, 92%.
• Reagents and conditions (a) (i) NaH, CS 2 , 0 °C, DMF, then Mel; (ii) Bu 3 SnH, AIBN, toluene, reflux; (iii) AcCl, MeOH, rt, 64% for three steps; (b) H 2 , 5% Pd-C, ethyl acetate, rt, 1 atm, 95%; (c) Bu 2 SnO, toluene, reflux, then j p-MeOC 6 H 4 CH 2 Cl, CsF, DMF, rt, 92%. [0048] This illustrates a method for preparing precursors for 3,5-dideoxoy-2-modified analogues.
• Reagents and conditions (a) (i) NaH, CS 2 , 0 °C, DMF, then Mel; (ii) Bu 3 SnH, AIBN, toluene, reflux, 94% for two steps; (b) AcCl, CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH 4:1 (v/v), rt, 86%; (c) Bu 2 SnO, toluene, reflux, then BnBr, CsF, DMF, rt; (d) (i) NaH, CS 2 , 0 °C, DMF, then Mel; (ii) Bu 3 SnH, AIBN, toluene, reflux, 93% for two steps; (e) AcCl, MeOH, rt, 96%; (f) Bu 2 SnO, toluene, reflux, then -MeOC 6 H 4 CH 2 Cl, CsF, DMF, rt, 93%.
• Reagents and conditions (i) NaH, CS 2 , then Mel, 0 °C, DMF; (ii) Bu 3 SnH, AIBN, toluene, reflux; (iii) CAN, CH 3 CN-H 2 O 4:1 (v/v), 0 °C - rt, 81% over two steps. [0050] This illustrates a method of modifying position 2.
• the above precursors were alkylated with suitable alkyl halide to give a series of 2-modified compounds.
• the MPM group in these compounds was cleaved by oxidation with CAN to give a series of precursors for phosphorylation (Scheme 7).
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 are H or OBn, R 2 is H or alkyloxy group
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 are H or OBn
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 are H or OBn
• R' 2 is H or alkyloxy group
• R' 2 is H or alkyloxy group
• R 3 , R , R 5 are H or OH, R' 2 is H or alkyloxy group
• Reagents and conditions (a) (i) 26, lH-tetrazole, rt, C ⁇ 2 C1 2 ; (ii) m-CPBA, 0 °C - rt, CH 2 C1 2 ; (b) H 2 , 20% Pd(OH) 2 -C, t-BuOH, rt, 1 aim.
• EXAMPLE 2 This Example illustrates some of the properties of the compounds of the present invention.
• Figure ID shows results of an immunoblotting experiment performed with antibodies against phosphorylated Akt at S473 and at native Akt after individual administration of the compounds to cancer cell lines.
• Phospho-specific antibodies only recognize kinases in an active state.
• Two cell lines were used that have high levels of constitutively active Akt, H1703 and H157.
• H1703 has wild type PTEN and H157 has mutant PTEN.
• Compounds SH5, 6, 13, 16, 23, 24, 25 decreased Akt phosphorylation without affecting native Akt levels.
• Figure 2A is a set of representative immunoblotting experiments with increasing doses of SH5, 6, and 24. For each set of immunoblotting experiments, densitometry was performed to quantify the decreased intensity of the bands observed with the S473 antibodies. Quantitative inhibition of S473 phosphorylation by different doses of these compounds is shown in Figure 2B. The IC50 values for these compounds (including SH23 and 25 (data not shown)) were similar, between 2-4 ⁇ M.
• the SH compounds were tested against Akt and other kinases that are either upstream of Akt (PDK-1), downstream of Akt (c-Raf, 4EBP-1, p70S6K, FKHR, GSK-3, and/or AFX), or downstream of Ras (ERK, p38). Immunoblotting was carried out with phospho-specific antibodies to assess activation state of the kinases, and with native antibodies to assess changes in protein levels. Similar results were obtained with the HI 703 ( Figure 3 A) or HI 57 cells ( Figure 3B). SH5, 6, and 10 inhibited Akt phosphorylation without affecting native Akt levels. DPIEL and SH7 did not decrease Akt phosphorylation.
• Akt Upstream of Akt, phosphorylation of PDK-1 was not affected by any SH compound. Of the downstream substrates, c-Raf phosphorylation and 4EBP-1 phosphorylation were decreased most. Decreased c-Raf phosphorylation correlated with increased ERK and p38 phosphorylation, which is consistent with the inhibitory effect of S259 phosphorylation by Akt on c-Raf activity. Of note, p38 phosphorylation was only decreased by DPIEL, indicating that the DPIEL used in these experiments was not inert.
• SH 23-25 had similar effects in both H1703 ( Figure 3C) and MB468 ( Figure 3D) cells (H157 data not shown).
• H1703 cells phosphorylation of Akt, c-Raf, and 4-EBP-l was decreased by SH23-25, but PDK-1 phosphorylation was unaffected.
• MB468 cells decreased Akt phosphorylation with administration of SH23-25 without decreasing PDK-1 phosphorylation.
• Some effects of SH23-25 were unique to the MB468 cells. Because MB468 cells had little endogenous phosphorylated c-Raf, we could not evaluate inhibition of c-Raf. Phosphorylation of 4EBP-1 was not affected by SH23-25, but phosphorylation of GSK-3 was decreased.
• SH5, 6, 23, 24, and 25 are very active in decreasing Akt phosphorylation in a panel of cancer cell lines. These compounds decrease Akt phosphorylation as well as Akt kinase activity, with IC50s in the low micromolar range. These compounds appear to be specific for Akt, as the phosphorylation of the upstream kinase, PDK-1, is unaffected by any of the SH compounds, as is phosphorylation of ERK and p38, which are downstream of Ras. Cell-line specific, selective inhibition of phosphorylation of substrates downstream of Akt, such as c-Raf, 4EBP-1, GSK-3, and/or FKHR/AFX was observed.
• PDKl acquires PDK2 activity in the presence of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of PRK2. Curr Biol, 9, 393-404 (1999).
• Akt/protein kinase B is regulated by autophosphorylation at the hypothetical PDK-2 site. JBiol Ctiem., 275, 8271-8274 (2000).
• Akt protein kinase enhances human telomerase activity through phosphorylation of telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit. JBiol Chem., 274, 13085- 13090 (1999).
• NF-kappaB is a target of AKT in anti-apoptotic PDGF signalling [see comments]. Nature, 401, 86-90 (1999).
• AKT plays a central role in tumorigenesis. Proc Nail Acad Sci US A, 98, 10983-10985 (2001).
• Akt/protein kinase b is constitutively active in non-small cell lung cancer cells and promotes cellular survival and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Cancer Res., 61, 3986-3997 (2001).

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