WO2003076690A1 - Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell - Google Patents
Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003076690A1 WO2003076690A1 PCT/AU2003/000306 AU0300306W WO03076690A1 WO 2003076690 A1 WO2003076690 A1 WO 2003076690A1 AU 0300306 W AU0300306 W AU 0300306W WO 03076690 A1 WO03076690 A1 WO 03076690A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- electrolyte
- cathode
- metal oxide
- potential
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/005—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells of cells for the electrolysis of melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/26—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium
- C25C3/28—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium of titanium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/129—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds by dissociation, e.g. thermic dissociation of titanium tetraiodide, or by electrolysis or with the use of an electric arc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/18—Electrolytes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to reduction of metal oxides in a solid state in an electrolytic cell.
- the present invention was made during the course of an on-going research project on solid state reduction of titania (Ti0 2 ) carried out by the applicant.
- One application is the direct production of a metal from a metal oxide.
- the "discovery” is the realisation that an electrolytic cell can be used to ionise oxygen contained in a metal oxide so that the oxygen dissolves in an electrolyte.
- the Cambridge International application discloses that when a suitable potential is applied to an electrolytic cell with a metal oxide as a cathode, a reaction occurs whereby oxygen is ionised and is subsequently able to dissolve in the electrolyte of the cell.
- the allowed claims of the European patent application inter alia define a method of electrolytically reducing a metal oxide (such as titania) that includes operating an electrolytic cell at a potential at an electrode formed from the metal oxide that is lower than the deposition potential of cations in the electrolyte at a surface of the electrode.
- a metal oxide such as titania
- the Cambridge European patent application does not define what is meant by deposition potential and does not include any specific examples that provide values of the deposition potential for particular cations .
- page 5 of the submissions state that:
- the present invention provides a method of reducing a metal oxide in a solid state in an electrolytic cell, which electrolytic cell includes an anode, a cathode, a molten electrolyte, the electrolyte includes cations of a metal that is capable of chemically reducing the metal oxide, and the metal oxide in a solid state immersed in the electrolyte, and which method includes a step of operating the cell at a potential that is above a potential at which cations of the metal that is capable of chemically reducing the metal oxide can deposit as the metal on the cathode, whereby the metal chemically reduces the metal oxide.
- the experimental work carried out by the applicant produced evidence of Ca metal dissolved in the electrolyte.
- the applicant believes that, at least during the early stages of operation of the cell, the Ca metal was the result of electrodeposition of Ca ++ cations as Ca metal on electrically conductive sections of the cathode.
- the experimental work was carried out using a CaCl 2 -based electrolyte at a cell potential below the decomposition potential of CaCl 2 .
- the decomposition potential of CaO is less than the decomposition potential of CaCl 2 .
- the cell operation is dependent, at least during the early stages of cell operation, on decomposition of CaO, with Ca ++ cations migrating to the cathode and depositing as Ca metal and O " anions migrating to the anode and forming CO and/or C0 2 (in a situation in which the anode is a graphite anode) .
- the applicant also believes that at later stages of the cell operation part of the Ca metal that deposited on the cathode was deposited directly on partially deoxidised titanium and thereafter participated in chemical reduction of titanium.
- the applicant also believes that the 0 "" anions, once extracted from the titania, migrated to the anode and reacted with anode carbon and produced CO and/or C0 2 (and in some instances CaO) and released electrons that facilitated electrolytic deposition of Ca metal on the cathode.
- the cathode is formed at least in part from the metal oxide.
- the method includes operating the cell at the potential that is above the potential at which cations of the metal that is capable of chemically reducing the metal oxide deposit as the metal on the cathode so that the metal deposits on the cathode.
- the metal deposited on the cathode is soluble in the electrolyte and can dissolve in the electrolyte and thereby migrate to the vicinity of the metal oxide .
- the electrolyte be a CaCl 2 -based electrolyte that includes CaO as one of the constituents of the electrolyte.
- the present invention does not require the addition of substantial amounts of CaO to the electrolyte.
- the cell potential be above a potential at which Ca metal can deposit on the cathode, i.e. at a potential that is above the decomposition potential of CaO.
- the decomposition potential of CaO can vary over a considerable range depending on factors such as the composition of the anode, the electrolyte temperature and electrolyte composition.
- the cell potential be below the potential at which CI " anions can deposit on the anode and form chlorine gas, i.e. the decomposition potential of CaCl 2 .
- the decomposition potential of CaCl 2 can vary over a considerable range depending on factors such as the composition of the anode, the electrolyte temperature and electrolyte composition.
- the cell potential be between 1.3 and 3.5V.
- the CaCl 2 -based electrolyte may be a commercially available source of CaCl 2 , such as calcium chloride dihydrate, that partially decomposes on heating and produces CaO or otherwise includes CaO.
- the CaCl 2 -based electrolyte may include CaCl 2 and CaO that are added separately or pre-mixed to form the electrolyte.
- anode be graphite or an inert anode .
- Carbon in the titanium is an undesirable contaminant.
- carbon transfer was partially responsible for low energy efficiency of the cell. Both problems could present significant barriers to commercialisation of electrolytic reduction technology.
- the dominant mechanism of carbon transfer is electrochemical rather than erosion and that one way of minimising carbon transfer and therefore contamination of titanium produced at the cathode by electrochemical reduction of titania is to position a membrane that is permeable to oxygen anions and is impermeable to carbon in ionic and non-ionic forms between the cathode and the anode and thereby prevent migration of carbon to the cathode.
- the electrolytic cell includes a membrane that is permeable to oxygen anions and is impermeable to carbon in ionic and non-ionic forms positioned between the cathode and the anode to thereby prevent migration of carbon to the cathode.
- the membrane may be formed from any suitable material .
- the membrane is formed from a solid electrolyte.
- One solid electrolyte tested by the applicant is yttria stabilised zirconia.
- an electrolytic cell as described above and operating in accordance with the above described method.
- the electrolytic cell is shown in Figure 1.
- the electrochemical cell included a graphite crucible equipped with a graphite lid.
- the crucible was used as the cell anode.
- a stainless steel rod was used to secure electrical contact between a d/c power supply and the crucible.
- the cell cathode consisted of Kanthal or platinum wire connected at one end to the power supply and Ti0 2 pellets suspended from the other end of the wire.
- An alumina tube was used as an insulator around the cathode.
- the cell electrolyte was a commercially available source of CaCl 2 , namely calcium chloride dihydrate, that partially decomposed on heating at the operating temperature of the cell and produced CaO.
- a thermocouple was immersed in the electrolyte in close proximity to the pellets.
- pellets Two types were used. One type was slip-cast and the other type was pressed. Both types of pellets were made from analytical grade Ti0 2 powder. Both types of pellets were sintered in air at 850°C. One pressed and one slip-cast pellet were used in the experiment .
- the cell was positioned in a furnace and the experiment was conducted at 950°C. Voltages up to 3V were applied between the crucible wall and the Kanthal or platinum wire. The voltage of 3V is below the potential at which CI " anions can deposit on the anode at that temperature. In addition, the voltage of 3V is above the decomposition potential of CaO and below the decomposition potential of CaCl 2 .
- the power-supply maintained a constant voltage throughout the experiment.
- the voltage and resulting cell current were logged using LabVIEW (TM) data acquisition software.
- the constant voltage (3V) used in the experiment produced an initial current of approximately 1.2A. A continuous drop in the current was observed during the initial 2 hours. After that a gradual increase in the current up to 1A was observed.
- the invention is not so limited and extends to reduction of other titanium oxides and to oxides of other metals and alloys.
- examples of other potentially important metals are aluminium, silicon, germanium, zirconium, hafnium, magnesium and molybdenum.
- suitable electrolytes will be salts and oxides that are soluble in salts.
- suitable electrolyte is BaCl 2 .
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (12)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020047014399A KR101038701B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an elecrolytic cell |
AU2003209826A AU2003209826B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
EA200401203A EA007046B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
BRPI0308384-5A BR0308384B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Method of reducing solid state metal oxide in an electrolytic cell; and electrolytic cell that reduces a solid state metal oxide through this method |
EP03743767A EP1492905A4 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
APAP/P/2004/003141A AP1616A (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell. |
CN038092735A CN1650051B (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
CA2479048A CA2479048C (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
JP2003574882A JP4658479B2 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in electrolytic cells |
MXPA04008887A MXPA04008887A (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell. |
NZ531467A NZ531467A (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell operating above the threshold potential |
NO20043857A NO340277B1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2004-09-15 | A method of reducing a solid metal oxide in an electrolysis cell. |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AUPS1071A AUPS107102A0 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2002-03-13 | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
AUPS1071 | 2002-03-13 | ||
AUPS3049A AUPS304902A0 (en) | 2002-06-19 | 2002-06-19 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
AUPS3049 | 2002-06-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003076690A1 true WO2003076690A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
Family
ID=27805836
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU2003/000306 WO2003076690A1 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2003-03-13 | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP1492905A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4658479B2 (en) |
KR (2) | KR101038701B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1650051B (en) |
BR (1) | BR0308384B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2479048C (en) |
EA (1) | EA007046B1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA04008887A (en) |
NO (1) | NO340277B1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ531467A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003076690A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200407434B (en) |
Cited By (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004018735A1 (en) * | 2002-08-23 | 2004-03-04 | Cambridge University Technical Services Limited | Electrochemical method and apparatus |
WO2004033760A2 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2004-04-22 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
WO2004035873A1 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-04-29 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
JP2005105373A (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-04-21 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Reduction method for metal oxide and reduction device for metal oxide |
JP2005105374A (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-04-21 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Reduction method for metal oxide and reduction device for metal oxide |
WO2006000025A1 (en) * | 2004-06-28 | 2006-01-05 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Production of titanium |
WO2007014422A1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-02-08 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
JP2007529631A (en) * | 2004-03-22 | 2007-10-25 | ビーエイチピー ビリトン イノベーション プロプライアタリー リミテッド | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
EP2032727A1 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2009-03-11 | Norsk Titanium Metals AS | Method, apparatus and means for production of metals in a molten salt electrolyte |
WO2010092358A1 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-19 | Metalysis Limited | A method for producing metal powders |
WO2012066298A2 (en) | 2010-11-18 | 2012-05-24 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolysis apparatus and method |
WO2012066297A2 (en) | 2010-11-18 | 2012-05-24 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolysis apparatus |
WO2012066299A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 | 2012-05-24 | Metalysis Limited | Method and system for electrolytically reducing a solid feedstock |
WO2012104640A2 (en) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-08-09 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolysis method, apparatus and product |
RU2466216C1 (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2012-11-10 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет" | Method for obtaining metallic titanium by means of electrolysis |
WO2013050772A2 (en) | 2011-10-04 | 2013-04-11 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolytic production of powder |
JP2013532385A (en) * | 2010-06-26 | 2013-08-15 | フレイ,デレク,ジョン | A method for texturing silicon surfaces to produce black silicon for photovoltaic applications |
WO2014102223A1 (en) | 2012-12-24 | 2014-07-03 | Metalysis Limited | Method and apparatus for producing metal by electrolytic reduction |
WO2015198052A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 | 2015-12-30 | Metalysis Limited | Method and apparatus for electrolytic reduction of a feedstock comprising oxygen and a first metal |
WO2017081160A1 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2017-05-18 | Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland | Additive manufacturing of metal objects |
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WO2018208155A1 (en) | 2017-05-10 | 2018-11-15 | Admatec Europe B.V. | Additive manufacturing of metal objects |
WO2020055252A2 (en) | 2018-09-12 | 2020-03-19 | Admatec Europe B.V. | Three-dimensional object and manufacturing method thereof |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AUPS117002A0 (en) * | 2002-03-13 | 2002-04-18 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
CN100532653C (en) * | 2006-11-03 | 2009-08-26 | 西北有色金属研究院 | Method for extracting titanium from electrolyzed molten salt |
GB0714021D0 (en) * | 2007-07-18 | 2007-08-29 | Green Metals Ltd | Improvements in anode materials |
KR101526298B1 (en) * | 2013-04-22 | 2015-06-10 | 서울대학교산학협력단 | Method of manufacturing a titanium oxide electrode, system for generating oxidative reactive species, system for generating chlorine, dye-sensitized solar cell, and electric double-layer capacitor including the same |
KR101740424B1 (en) | 2015-08-18 | 2017-05-26 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | Fabrication Method of metal titanium using Ilmenite ore |
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WO1999064638A1 (en) * | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-16 | Cambridge University Technical Services Limited | Removal of oxygen from metal oxides and solid solutions by electrolysis in a fused salt |
US6074545A (en) * | 1997-02-04 | 2000-06-13 | Cathingots Limited | Process for the electrolytic production of metals |
GB2359564A (en) * | 2000-02-22 | 2001-08-29 | Secr Defence | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
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WO2003002785A1 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2003-01-09 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
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JPS322357B1 (en) * | 1954-12-29 | 1957-04-18 | ||
JP2003129268A (en) * | 2001-10-17 | 2003-05-08 | Katsutoshi Ono | Method for smelting metallic titanium and smelter therefor |
-
2003
- 2003-03-13 CN CN038092735A patent/CN1650051B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-13 EA EA200401203A patent/EA007046B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-13 JP JP2003574882A patent/JP4658479B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-13 BR BRPI0308384-5A patent/BR0308384B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-13 KR KR1020047014399A patent/KR101038701B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-03-13 EP EP03743767A patent/EP1492905A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-03-13 CA CA2479048A patent/CA2479048C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-13 NZ NZ531467A patent/NZ531467A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-13 WO PCT/AU2003/000306 patent/WO2003076690A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-03-13 MX MXPA04008887A patent/MXPA04008887A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-03-13 EP EP14163470.9A patent/EP2770086A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-03-13 KR KR1020117003330A patent/KR20110025237A/en active IP Right Grant
-
2004
- 2004-09-15 NO NO20043857A patent/NO340277B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-09-16 ZA ZA200407434A patent/ZA200407434B/en unknown
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WO1999064638A1 (en) * | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-16 | Cambridge University Technical Services Limited | Removal of oxygen from metal oxides and solid solutions by electrolysis in a fused salt |
GB2359564A (en) * | 2000-02-22 | 2001-08-29 | Secr Defence | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
WO2002083993A1 (en) * | 2001-04-10 | 2002-10-24 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides |
WO2003002785A1 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2003-01-09 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell |
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Cited By (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004018735A1 (en) * | 2002-08-23 | 2004-03-04 | Cambridge University Technical Services Limited | Electrochemical method and apparatus |
WO2004033760A3 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2007-11-29 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
WO2004033760A2 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2004-04-22 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
WO2004035873A1 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-04-29 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
US7628904B2 (en) | 2002-10-16 | 2009-12-08 | Metalysis Limited | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
JP2005105373A (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-04-21 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Reduction method for metal oxide and reduction device for metal oxide |
JP2005105374A (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-04-21 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Reduction method for metal oxide and reduction device for metal oxide |
JP4502617B2 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2010-07-14 | 日本軽金属株式会社 | Metal oxide reduction method and metal oxide reduction apparatus |
JP4513297B2 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2010-07-28 | 日本軽金属株式会社 | Metal oxide reduction method and metal oxide reduction apparatus |
JP2007529631A (en) * | 2004-03-22 | 2007-10-25 | ビーエイチピー ビリトン イノベーション プロプライアタリー リミテッド | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
WO2006000025A1 (en) * | 2004-06-28 | 2006-01-05 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Production of titanium |
AU2005256146B2 (en) * | 2004-06-28 | 2010-11-25 | Metalysis Limited | Production of titanium |
WO2007014422A1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-02-08 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
EA014138B1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2010-10-29 | БиЭйчПи БИЛЛИТОН ИННОВЕЙШН ПТИ ЛТД. | Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides |
EP2032727A4 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2012-09-12 | Norsk Titanium Technology As | Method, apparatus and means for production of metals in a molten salt electrolyte |
EP2032727A1 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2009-03-11 | Norsk Titanium Metals AS | Method, apparatus and means for production of metals in a molten salt electrolyte |
EA020381B1 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2014-10-30 | Металисиз Лимитед | A method for producing metal powders |
WO2010092358A1 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2010-08-19 | Metalysis Limited | A method for producing metal powders |
US9579725B2 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2017-02-28 | Metalysis Limited | Method for producing metal powders |
US9393623B2 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2016-07-19 | Metalysis Limited | Method for producing metal powders |
JP2013532385A (en) * | 2010-06-26 | 2013-08-15 | フレイ,デレク,ジョン | A method for texturing silicon surfaces to produce black silicon for photovoltaic applications |
WO2012066298A2 (en) | 2010-11-18 | 2012-05-24 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolysis apparatus and method |
WO2012066297A2 (en) | 2010-11-18 | 2012-05-24 | Metalysis Limited | Electrolysis apparatus |
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JP2005520045A (en) | 2005-07-07 |
EA200401203A1 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
CN1650051A (en) | 2005-08-03 |
BR0308384B1 (en) | 2014-02-04 |
CN1650051B (en) | 2011-02-23 |
NZ531467A (en) | 2007-06-29 |
EA007046B1 (en) | 2006-06-30 |
MXPA04008887A (en) | 2004-11-26 |
CA2479048A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
ZA200407434B (en) | 2006-05-31 |
NO340277B1 (en) | 2017-03-27 |
KR20040111408A (en) | 2004-12-31 |
BR0308384A (en) | 2005-01-25 |
NO20043857L (en) | 2004-12-08 |
KR101038701B1 (en) | 2011-06-02 |
CA2479048C (en) | 2012-07-10 |
EP2770086A3 (en) | 2014-10-29 |
JP4658479B2 (en) | 2011-03-23 |
EP1492905A1 (en) | 2005-01-05 |
EP2770086A2 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
EP1492905A4 (en) | 2006-06-28 |
KR20110025237A (en) | 2011-03-09 |
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