WO2003066400A1 - Estimation du coefficient d'adherence maximal a partir de la connaissance des efforts et du couple d'autoalignement generes dans l'aire de contact d'un pneu - Google Patents
Estimation du coefficient d'adherence maximal a partir de la connaissance des efforts et du couple d'autoalignement generes dans l'aire de contact d'un pneu Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003066400A1 WO2003066400A1 PCT/EP2003/001176 EP0301176W WO03066400A1 WO 2003066400 A1 WO2003066400 A1 WO 2003066400A1 EP 0301176 W EP0301176 W EP 0301176W WO 03066400 A1 WO03066400 A1 WO 03066400A1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
- B60T8/17—Using electrical or electronic regulation means to control braking
- B60T8/172—Determining control parameters used in the regulation, e.g. by calculations involving measured or detected parameters
- B60T8/1725—Using tyre sensors, e.g. Sidewall Torsion sensors [SWT]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
- G01N19/02—Measuring coefficient of friction between materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T2210/00—Detection or estimation of road or environment conditions; Detection or estimation of road shapes
- B60T2210/10—Detection or estimation of road conditions
- B60T2210/12—Friction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the evaluation of the grip of a vehicle on a roadway. It relates more particularly to the determination of the force characteristics and of the grip in the contact between the roadway and a vehicle wheel, equipped with an elastic bandage such as an inflated tire or a non-pneumatic elastic bandage which rolls on the floor.
- an elastic bandage such as an inflated tire or a non-pneumatic elastic bandage which rolls on the floor.
- the present invention also relates to the various electronic assistance devices used for example for the anti-lock regulation of the brakes of a vehicle or the anti-skid regulation of the drive wheels, the trajectory control of a vehicle or even for other forms. control or monitoring such as tire pressure. It is known that such devices reconstruct by calculation the grip coefficient ( ⁇ ) of the tires on the road, without having made the slightest measurement either of the grip coefficient or of the forces developed in the contact of the tires with the ground. Even if these devices provide remarkable assistance and increased safety, their operation would benefit a great deal from using a value measured, or estimated from actual measurements made on the tire in operation.
- the objective of the present invention is to propose an evaluation of the forces involved in contacting the vehicle on the road, and an evaluation of the grip of a vehicle on a road. It relates more particularly to the determination of force characteristics and of the adhesion between the roadway and a vehicle wheel, or a tire or an elastic tire, terms considered to be equivalent in the context of the present invention.
- the various electronic assistance devices mentioned above would therefore usefully benefit from "real-time" indications of the forces and grip conditions liable to affect the behavior of a vehicle, in particular in the event that it is subjected to acceleration by motor force or by braking force or by change of direction of travel.
- the invention aims to provide a method of achieving this effectively.
- maximum grip potential means the ratio between the maximum tangential force (transverse, longitudinal or both combined) and the normal force that the wheel can undergo without slipping. In the text, it is also designated by the term "maximum adhesion coefficient" or the letter ⁇ .
- Global forces are understood to mean the three components of forces Fx, Fy and Fz applied to the center of the wheel and the self-alignment torque N around the axis Z.
- the invention detailed here differs from these local approaches. It can be used in addition to these or in place of these. It proposes to use a measurement of the overall deformations of the tire so as to obtain information on the maximum grip potential of the wheel on the ground. Indeed, when the tire is subjected to a stress, the point of application of the forces applied in the contact area depends among other things on the maximum grip coefficient because, as soon as part of the contact area of the wheel on the road is slipping, its contribution to tangential forces is saturated at a level which depends on the coefficient of grip. Tire deformations are themselves sensitive to the displacement of this point of application. In particular, the circumferential extension of the sidewalls, sensitive to the forces applied, is also sensitive to the displacement of the point of application of the forces in the contact area.
- the proposed method uses measurements of the circumferential deformation of the sidewall in certain azimuths of the tire to allow an estimation of the forces and the maximum grip coefficient.
- the invention proposes a method for determining the coefficient of adhesion ⁇ in the contact area of a tire on a road, comprising the following steps:
- the method requires that there is a slip area in the contact area, whether created by a special tire design or by a sufficient level of stress applied to the tire.
- a slip area in the contact area, whether created by a special tire design or by a sufficient level of stress applied to the tire.
- it is proposed to estimate, in addition to the maximum adhesion potential, the percentage of potential used. This quantity has the advantage of being more easily estimated in absolute value even for low stresses.
- the method of the invention is based on the observation that the forces acting between the tread of the tire and the road cause a substantial and reproducible deformation in the form of a circumferential extension or contraction of the sidewalls of the tires.
- This circumferential extension or contraction deformation if it is possible to measure it in isolation during the rotation of the tire in real time, can make it possible to know at all times the direction and intensity of the forces acting on the tire as well as the sign and intensity of the self-alignment torque exerted by the tire and the coefficient of grip of the tire on the road.
- the inflation pressure is advantageously one of the parameters used and / or treated in the method proposed here.
- This pressure can be known by a specific measurement means independent of the measurements made in the context of this invention, an example of such a means being a pressure sensor.
- This pressure can also result from a specific treatment for the measurement of circumferential deformations.
- the camber is advantageously one of the parameters of the method proposed here.
- the camber can be known by a specific measurement means independent of the measurements made in the context of this invention, an example of such a means being a camber angle sensor. This camber can also result from a specific treatment for the measurement of circumferential deformations.
- the invention proposes to estimate the contraction or the circumferential extension of the flanks by measuring the distance between the wires of the carcass ply in the flanks. It is also possible to measure the distance between (for example two) wires placed in the sides to form a sensor, and which undergo movements correlated to those of the wires of the carcass ply. We will speak in the following of the measurement of the "gap between the wires". Note that if this designation is linked to the radial structure of a tire, the method does not only apply to tires with a radial carcass. Thus, we will speak of "wire gap” to designate the average distance between two plots made on the flank at neighboring but different azimuths.
- the circumferential extension includes a component due to the bending of the flank, in particular during of the passage in the contact area (phenomenon also called "rabbit belly").
- This component due to bending is in no case a problem and can be used to increase the dynamics of variation of the signals used by the invention by carrying out the extension measurement elsewhere than on the neutral fiber in bending.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective of a tire on which conventions useful for understanding the invention are defined;
- Figure 2 is a front view of a schematic tire for explaining the invention;
- Figure 3 is a side view of a schematic tire for explaining the invention;
- FIG. 4 illustrates the shearing of a rib in the contact area, as well as the associated stresses;
- FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of the coefficient of friction on the distribution of the forces;
- FIG. 6 illustrates the relationship between N and Fy on a real tire as a function of the coefficient of friction;
- FIG. 7 represents the relationship between N and Fy at zero Fx and constant Fz when the camber angle varies;
- FIG. 8 represents the relationship between N and Fy at zero Fx and constant Fz when the camber pressure varies;
- FIG. 9 gives the field of use of the method;
- Figures 10a and 10b show the effect of the vertical component Fz:
- FIGS. 1a and 1b show the effect of the component Fx: - where the solid curve corresponds to a vertical load of 400 daN and an absence of force Fx,
- FIG. 13 shows the deformation of the tire when a camber angle is applied
- Figures 14a and 14b show the effect of the camber on the circumferential deformation signals:
- FIG. 15 shows the neural network architecture
- Figure 16 shows examples of transfer functions where the input linear combinations are optional. It is possible to use a network with several outputs or several networks with one output or any other combination
- FIGS. 17a and 17b show two examples of architecture allowing the inflation pressure of the tire to be taken into account if the latter varies
- Figure 18 shows the raw and filtered time signal
- FIG. 19 shows the identification of the passage in the contact area from the time signal
- FIG. 20 shows an example of operation with a sensor and a model
- FIG. 21 shows an example of operation with three sensors and a model
- Figure 22 shows an example of operation with three sensors and two models:
- FIG. 23 is a block diagram of the estimation of the forces, then of ⁇ from the deformation measurements;
- FIG. 24 gives the results of the estimation of ⁇ and of the percentage of the adhesion potential used "pu".
- the method described here is based on the fact that each force applied to the tire in the contact area causes a modification of the circumferential extension of the sidewalls of the tire. Let us consider the case of a tire mounted on its wheel and inflated on the first sidewall from which we see ( Figure 1) two points A] and A placed on the same radius but separated in the circumferential direction.
- the vertical component presses the tire to the ground. By creating a contact area, it causes a variation in the distance between the two points Ai and
- Figures 10a and 10b show the distance between points A and points B, respectively, depending on the azimuth at which they are located. The increase in the vertical component applied leads to an extension of the two sides in the contact area (increase in the distance to
- FIGS. 1a and 11b illustrate the effects of the component Fx of the applied forces, by indicating the distance which separates, points A and points B respectively, depending on the azimuth at which they are located.
- a positive Fx force is applied (motor torque)
- the two sides are compressed in the circumferential direction at the entry to the contact area and in extension at the exit from the contact area (Decrease in the distance around 135 ° and increase around 225 °).
- a negative Fx force is applied (braking torque)
- the two sides are compressed in the circumferential direction at the exit of the contact area and in extension at the entry (Decrease in the distance to 225 ° and increase to 135 °).
- FIG. 12a and 12b illustrate the effects of this type of stress, indicating the distance between points A and points B, respectively, depending on the azimuth at which they are located.
- Fy The horizontal component in the transverse direction
- Figures 12a and 12b illustrate the effects of this type of stress, indicating the distance between points A and points B, respectively, depending on the azimuth at which they are located.
- one of the flanks is mainly put in circumferential extension (increase in the distance between A ! And A 2 ) and the other flank is put in circumferential contraction (decrease in the distance between B ⁇ and B).
- the self-alignment torque N (moment around the vertical axis) is not strictly speaking another force acting between the tire tread and the road. It is rather a consequence of the way in which the components Fx, Fy and Fz are applied in the contact area. If the point of application of the resultant having as components Fx, Fy and Fz is not the center of the contact area, this resultant generates a moment around Oz which is called self-aligning couple. The presence of this moment mainly results in a rotation of the contact area around Oz. This effect results for example in a circumferential extension at the entry of the contact area and a circumferential contraction at the exit from the contact area on one side while on the other side there is a circumferential contraction at the entry of the contact area. and a circumferential extension at the outlet of the contact area with respect to a situation with zero self-alignment torque.
- FIG. 13 illustrates this operation by comparing a section of the part of the tire in the contact area without camber and with camber ⁇ . This also results in a slight lateral displacement of the contact area which results in a thrust in the Y direction.
- FIGS. 14a and 14b show the evolution of the circumferential deformation in the two flanks. On the overloaded sidewall (Points A), the evolution is similar to that of an increase in the load. On the other side (Points B), there is an evolution compatible with a reduction in the load carried.
- s p p is called even side pair and azimuth pair. s p 'is called odd part in the side and even in azimuth. s, p is called the even part in the flank and the odd in azimuth, s, 'is called the odd part in the flank and the odd in azimuth.
- the forces Fx, Fy, Fz and the self-alignment torque N are due to their orientations linked to certain symmetries. In particular, this principle can be used to decouple the effects of the stress components on the tire.
- the method explained here proposes to carry out measurements of the circumferential extension on at least one sidewall of the tire. These measurements make it possible, thanks to mathematical operations (linear combinations or not between the measurements carried out at the different azimuths), to estimate the values of the signals s, p s p 's p p and s,' in certain azimuths and thereby provide an assessment of the coefficient of adhesion.
- the apparent rigidity of a tire comes from both its pneumatic functioning (its inflation pressure) and its structural rigidity (rigidity of its architecture).
- the measured circumferential deformation signals also contain a pneumatic component and a structural component.
- the deformation signals of a tire inflated to 2 bars and loaded to 400 daN along Z are not identical to those delivered by the same tire to 2.5 bars and loaded to 500 daN. This difference corresponds to the structural contribution and can make it possible to estimate the inflation pressure of the tire.
- the links which connect the applied forces and the deformation signals are quantitatively modified, but without their nature being changed.
- Flank extension rates are influenced by pressure and by load ; they are composed of a contribution due to the "pneumatic" operation (ie dependent on the inflation pressure) and another contribution due to the structural operation (ie of the constituent materials of the tire and their arrangement) , which does not change when you change the pressure, where you can go back to the pressure.
- One of the advantages of the proposed method is to allow a separation of the contributions of each component of the applied stress, so as to allow an estimation of each of these components.
- the lateral force Fyi generated by the tire is equal to the integral in the contact area of the lateral stress.
- the lateral forces are the same (same area under the curve) but the point of application of the force Fy has moved.
- the self-alignment couples differ due to a displacement of the point of application of the force.
- Fy and N the measurement of the global forces (here Fy and N) to estimate the coefficient of maximum adhesion.
- Fy and N there is a monotonic relationship between the self-alignment torque N and the maximum adhesion potential ⁇ .
- the simultaneous measurement of Fy and N makes it possible to measure the maximum adhesion potential ⁇ if a slip zone exists in the contact area.
- FIG. 6 represents the function f as a function of Fy for several levels of ⁇ , constant Fx (0 daN) and constant Fz (400 daN). We can observe the three operating zones (No sliding: zone 1, partial sliding: zone 2, total sliding: zone 3).
- FIG. 7 represents the relation between N and Fy at zero Fx and constant Fz for different values of camber angle. If we know the camber angle (by a measurement or an estimate), it is possible for us to take into account this perturbation by applying a translation to reduce to the case of the zero camber before applying the function g which gives n ' estimate of ⁇ .
- ⁇ g (Fx, Fy, Fz, N, P) explicitly taking the pressure into account as a parameter.
- N varies monotonically with ⁇ with forces Fx, Fy and Fz fixed.
- FIG. 9 represents an estimate of the domain I in which it is possible to obtain a direct estimate of the maximum adhesion potential.
- the part called A corresponds to situations where the lateral force is very important. This area corresponds for example to very tight turns.
- zone C corresponds to very strong braking.
- the determination of the coefficients of the model is preferably done according to a precise approach in order to obtain a good quality model from a number of measurements as small as possible. This approach can be broken down into several successive stages:
- the azimuth ⁇ as the angle at which we analyze the circumferential extension of the flanks.
- the origin of the azimuth was fixed opposite the center of the contact area.
- the center of the contact area therefore has the azimuth 180 °.
- s p p is called even side pair and azimuth pair.
- s p ' is called odd part in the side and even in azimuth.
- s, p is called even part in the flank and odd in azimuth.
- s, 1 is called odd side and odd in azimuth.
- the method explained here proposes to carry out measurements of the circumferential extension on at least one sidewall of the tire. These measurements make it possible, thanks to mathematical operations (linear or non-linear combinations between the measurements carried out at the different azimuths) to estimate the values of the signals s, p s p 's p p and s, 1 in certain azimuths and thereby to provide an assessment of the components of the applied force.
- V 2 -Vj is used to estimate the imbalance between the contact area input and the output. This value will be mainly linked to the component Fx.
- An estimate of Fx is given by f x (V 2 -rV ! ) Where r is a positive real coefficient and f x a continuous function.
- the coefficient r makes it possible to take into account a possible asymmetry of operation of the sensor. It is determined for example so as to optimize the correlation coefficient between Fx and (V 2 -rV 1 ).
- V c - (V ⁇ + V 2 ) makes it possible to estimate the difference between the passage in the contact area and the outside of the contact area.
- the result here is mainly related to Fz.
- An estimate of Fz is given by f z (V c - (s ⁇ V 1 + s 2 V 2 )) where s ls s 2 are positive real coefficients and f z a continuous function.
- the coefficients si and s 2 are determined for example so as to optimize the correlation coefficient between Fz and V c - (s ⁇ V ⁇ + s 2 V 2 ).
- V c + V] + V 2 gives an indication of the overall extension of the flank. This value will mainly be linked to the component Fy of the applied force.
- Fy An estimate of Fy is given by f y (V c + u ⁇ V ⁇ + u V) where ui and u 2 are positive real coefficients and f y is a continuous function.
- the coefficients u ⁇ and u 2 are determined for example so as to optimize the correlation coefficient between Fy and V c + U ! V ⁇ + u 2 V 2 .
- three components Fx, Fy, Fz are estimated from three measurements of circumferential extension. This first simple configuration may not prove to be sufficient to allow an estimate of the maximum grip.
- the determination of the three components of a result of forces exerted by the roadway on the contact patch of a tire and of the self-alignment torque generated by the tire is deduced from at least five circumferential distance variation measurements (extension or contraction) carried out in at least one sidewall of the tire, at five fixed points in space, located at different azimuths along the circumference, then said coefficient of adhesion ⁇ is deduced from the determination of the three components of a result of forces exerted by the roadway on the contact area of a tire and of the self-alignment torque generated by the tire.
- the measurement azimuths are chosen as follows:
- Vi and V be the values measured at these azimuths on the first flank, and Vj and V the values measured at these azimuths on the second flank.
- V ⁇ 1 + V ⁇ 2 - (V 2 '+ V 2 2 ) gives the odd component in azimuth and even in flank. This combination is therefore directly linked to Fx.
- An estimate of Fx is given by f ⁇ (c ⁇ V ⁇ 1 -c 2 V 2 l + d ⁇ V ⁇ 2 -d 2 V2 2 ) where ci, c 2 , di and d 2 are positive reals and f x a continuous function.
- the coefficients ci, c 2 , di and d 2 are for example determined from
- Vi -Vi + (V 2 -V 2 ) gives the even component in azimuth and odd in flank. This combination is therefore directly linked to Fy.
- An estimate of Fy is given by f y (e ⁇ V ⁇ 1 + e 2 V 2 1 -f ⁇ V ⁇ 2 -f 2 V2 2 ) where ej, e 2 , fi and f 2 are positive reals and f y a continuous function.
- the coefficients ej, e 2 , fi and f 2 are for example determined so as to optimize the correlation coefficient between Fy and e ⁇ V ⁇ 1 + e V 2 -f ⁇ V ⁇ 2 -f V 2 2 2
- the processing is similar to that of determination 3.
- the values V c and V c allow a certain redundancy of the information but above all a better estimate of the component Fz.
- the method described uses more advanced transfer functions to link the measurements to the estimates of the forces.
- Any interpolation function allowing a link to be established between the measured quantities and the values of the components of the applied stress can be used in this context.
- the neural networks seem well adapted to establish a transfer function between the measurements carried out and the components of the efforts Fx, Fy, Fz and N.
- these Hidden neurons use a sigmoid transfer function.
- the output neurons use a linear transfer function ( Figure 15).
- Figure 15 The parsimony property of this type of network used as an approximator is very interesting here. It is possible to use a network by component to be estimated or a network allowing, thanks to several outputs, to estimate all the components.
- the first step consists after having determined the azimuths of measurement to collect the values of the circumferential extension of the sidewall (s) during various stresses of the tire chosen so as to cover the whole area in which effort evaluation will be permitted in normal use.
- the stresses chosen must also implement all the couplings likely to be encountered during normal use.
- the set of measured values and associated forces constitutes the learning base.
- the second step consists in learning the weights of the network on the base thus constituted. At the end of this phase, the transfer functions are available.
- a third step consists in testing the transfer functions by comparing the estimates of the effort components with the efforts indicated by another means of measurement.
- a first way of proceeding consists in correcting the forces estimated at the output of the transfer function as a function of the pressure. It is thus possible to carry out a first order correction. Indeed, either a stress applied to the tire in the case of a transfer function which does not take the pressure into account. If the pressure is twice the reference pressure (at which the transfer function has been established), the transfer function will see approximately half the deformation measured at the input than for the reference pressure. It will therefore assess efforts that are half the effort actually applied. The estimated efforts should be doubled.
- the first consists in using a pressure measurement given by a pressure sensor different from the specific sensors of the invention.
- the measured pressure value is then supplied to the system, in addition to the azimuth deformation values to the transfer function (s).
- Figure 17a shows schematically the associated architecture.
- the second approach consists in estimating the inflation pressure from measurements of the circumferential flanks.
- the deformation signals have a structural component and a pneumatic component which allows, by their analysis, to capture information on the inflation pressure.
- This way of proceeding requires determining a transfer function taking as input the deformation measurements at the desired azimuths and giving, on the desired operating range, an estimate of the inflation pressure.
- the number of measurement points can be greater than the minimum configurations presented in the examples and allow a more precise or more reliable result due to the redundancy of the information available.
- the measurement of the circumferential extension of the sidewall (s) of the tire can be done in any way, by an external device or a device internal to the tire.
- an external device or a device internal to the tire For example, here to describe the measurement of the circumferential extension, the use of one or more sensors placed in the tire and therefore driven in rotation by the tire is described.
- This or these sensors integrated into the tire, for example in a sidewall of the tire, and locally measuring the circumferential extension of the sidewall (s) can use any physical principle of measurement. It may for example be dielectric sensors measuring a variation in capacitance linked to the distance which separates two electrodes.
- the electrodes may consist of a conductive wire placed radially in the sidewall. This arrangement allows a measurement of the "wire gap" by measuring the capacitance between the electrodes.
- the senor can be powered either by the vehicle by remote power supply or by a battery on the wheel or in the tire or by any other means. Everything is also possible with regard to the transmission of information to the vehicle, by radio or other means.
- the sensor itself must be able to supply information continuously or with a sufficiently rapid refresh rate with respect to the period of rotation of the wheel.
- This approach using a sensor integrated into the tire has the advantage of allowing knowledge of the circumferential extension of the sidewall (s) to all azimuths of the tire since a sensor, driven by the tire, explores all the azimuths during a wheel rotation.
- the sensor is interrogated at a constant and known frequency. It therefore delivers a time signal of the variation of the local circumferential extension.
- a measured signal is presented in FIG. 18.
- On this temporal signal it is easy to recognize the signature of a turn of the wheel that we observed previously (FIGS. 10a, 10b, l ia, 11b, 12a, 12b).
- this signal is noisy.
- the first operation consists in reducing this noise by applying a low-pass filter, the cut-off frequency of which can be linked to the speed of rotation of the wheel.
- the invention proposes to use the sensor signal to estimate the angular position of the wheel.
- Each passage of the sensor in the contact area has as signature a very strong circumferential extension of the sidewalls of the tire. Using this observation, it is possible to find the instants when the sensor passes through the center of the contact area.
- the simplest method to carry out this operation consists in carrying out a thresholding of the filtered signal and in seeking the maxima among the values higher than this threshold (figure 19). This approach makes it possible not to detect the maxima which do not correspond to the passage through the contact area.
- a first approach consists in using only one sensor on each side for which one wishes to have measurements. At each passage to a required position, the value given by the sensor is taken into account to refresh the measurement at the azimuth considered.
- Figure 20 shows this type of operation with a model (transfer function) which requires measurements at three azimuths (0 °, 120 ° and 240 °).
- a second approach consists in placing several sensors on the circumference so that at least once per revolution the sensors are simultaneously at the azimuths at which it is desired to make a measurement. It is thus possible to obtain an image of the deformation of the tire in different azimuths at a given instant, which no longer requires that the forces vary slowly with respect to the rotation of the wheel.
- a variant of this approach consists in placing the sensors evenly distributed around the tire. Thus, in the case where N sensors have been placed, the situation where the sensors are correctly positioned occurs at least N times per revolution. Figure 21 shows this type of operation with three sensors which fall three times per revolution on the azimuths where the measurement must be made (0 °, 120 ° and 240 °).
- the increase in the number of sensors makes it possible in particular: to increase the refresh frequency of the estimation of the forces,
- Figure 22 gives an example in which three sensors are used. Two transfer functions are determined. The first uses measurements at 0 °, 120 ° and 240 °, the second at 60 °, 180 ° and 300 °. When the sensors fall on the desired measurement positions, the transfer function can be applied. By managing the sensors properly, it is even possible in this type of arrangement to estimate the forces 6 times per wheel revolution. These estimates by several models can be averaged or compared to increase the precision and reduce the noise in the estimation of the forces.
- FIG. 23 summarizes the approach of the invention which chains the estimation of the components of forces applied to the tire from measurements of circumferential extension and the estimation of the level of grip from these data.
- the displacement of the point of application of the forces in the contact area can take place in the direction X of a value dx or the direction Y of a value dy. Measuring only Fx, Fy, Fz and N does not allow independent determination of dx and dy. This results in an indeterminacy on the position, which can create the problem of non-invertibility.
- the self-alignment torque N can be broken down as follows:
- N x and N y instead of N makes it possible to find a function defined over the whole of the stress domain creating a partial slip giving an estimate of ⁇ . There is in this case no ambiguity on the values of ⁇ in all the field. Knowing both N x , N y and the forces makes it possible to locate the point of application of the forces in the contact area (the values dx and dy above) and to deduce therefrom.
- Fx, Fy, Fz and N are estimated using the circumferential extension measurement.
- Fx, Fy and Fz, allow Nadh to be determined.
- a confidence index is estimated by choosing a threshold and comparing N and N adh as follows:
- a threshold value of the order of 1 da.Nm on a tourism envelope makes it possible to determine with sufficient reliability whether the model is usable. This value corresponds to using the model from a percentage of maximum potential use of the order of 50%.
- FIG. 19 shows an example of reconstruction of the maximum adhesion potential and the percentage of potential used.
- the engine or brake torque (slip linked to Fx) and the transverse force (drift linked to Fy) vary over time, as does the ground on which the vehicle travels.
- the load Fz is imposed.
- the tire stress is low (Fx and Fy low simultaneously) by example at time 4 s, the quality of the estimate of the maximum adhesion potential drops.
- the estimate of the percentage of potential used remains entirely correct.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
- Control Of Driving Devices And Active Controlling Of Vehicle (AREA)
- Regulating Braking Force (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03706442A EP1476339B1 (fr) | 2002-02-08 | 2003-02-06 | Estimation du coefficient d'adherence maximal a partir de la connaissance des efforts et du couple d'autoalignement generes dans l'aire de contact d'un pneu |
JP2003565797A JP2005516836A (ja) | 2002-02-08 | 2003-02-06 | 荷重とタイヤの接地面で生じるセルフアライニングトルクとの測定値から最大グリップ係数を推定する方法 |
AU2003208805A AU2003208805A1 (en) | 2002-02-08 | 2003-02-06 | Estimating maximum friction coefficient based on knowledge of loads and self-alignment torque generated in a tyre contact zone |
DE60306340T DE60306340T2 (de) | 2002-02-08 | 2003-02-06 | Schätzung des maximalen haftungskoeffizienten anhand der kräfte und des moments der selbstausrichtung in der aufstandsfläche eines reifens |
KR10-2004-7012052A KR20040081180A (ko) | 2002-02-08 | 2003-02-06 | 타이어의 접촉 영역에서 생성되는 하중 및 자기-정렬 토크의 지식에 기초하여 최대 마찰 계수를 추정하는 방법 |
US10/911,048 US7069135B2 (en) | 2002-02-08 | 2004-08-04 | Estimating maximum friction coefficient based on knowledge of the loads and self-alignment torque generated in a tire contact zone |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0201597A FR2835919A1 (fr) | 2002-02-08 | 2002-02-08 | Mesure de coefficient d'adherence maximal a partir de la connaissance des efforts et du couple d'autoalignement generes dans l'air de contact d'un pneu |
FR02/01597 | 2002-02-08 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/911,048 Continuation US7069135B2 (en) | 2002-02-08 | 2004-08-04 | Estimating maximum friction coefficient based on knowledge of the loads and self-alignment torque generated in a tire contact zone |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003066400A1 true WO2003066400A1 (fr) | 2003-08-14 |
Family
ID=27620047
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2003/001176 WO2003066400A1 (fr) | 2002-02-08 | 2003-02-06 | Estimation du coefficient d'adherence maximal a partir de la connaissance des efforts et du couple d'autoalignement generes dans l'aire de contact d'un pneu |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7069135B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1476339B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2005516836A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20040081180A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE330829T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2003208805A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60306340T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2835919A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2003066400A1 (fr) |
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-
2002
- 2002-02-08 FR FR0201597A patent/FR2835919A1/fr active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-02-06 DE DE60306340T patent/DE60306340T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-06 EP EP03706442A patent/EP1476339B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-06 JP JP2003565797A patent/JP2005516836A/ja active Pending
- 2003-02-06 AT AT03706442T patent/ATE330829T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-06 AU AU2003208805A patent/AU2003208805A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-06 WO PCT/EP2003/001176 patent/WO2003066400A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 2003-02-06 KR KR10-2004-7012052A patent/KR20040081180A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2004-08-04 US US10/911,048 patent/US7069135B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2862571A1 (fr) * | 2003-11-11 | 2005-05-27 | Siemens Ag | Systeme pour surveiller un vehicule monte sur pneumatiques, procede d'analyse des signaux ainsi que pneumatique pour vehicule |
WO2006054745A1 (fr) * | 2004-11-19 | 2006-05-26 | The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. | Dispositif et procede de calcul de la quantite de deformation d’un pneu |
US7370523B2 (en) | 2004-11-19 | 2008-05-13 | The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. | Tire deformation calculating method and tire deformation calculating apparatus |
US7526951B2 (en) | 2006-09-06 | 2009-05-05 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. | Method of determining a maximum adhesion coefficient of a tire |
EP1932734A1 (fr) | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-18 | Societe de Technologie Michelin | Procédé d'estimation d'un risque de défaut de liaison au sol d'un véhicule automobile |
FR2909946A1 (fr) | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-20 | Michelin Soc Tech | Procede d'estimation d'un risque de defaut de liaison au sol d'un vehicule automobile |
EP1953052A1 (fr) | 2007-02-02 | 2008-08-06 | Societe de Technologie Michelin | Procédé de quantification d'une utilisation d'un potentiel d'adhérence maximal d'un pneumatique |
JP2008195389A (ja) * | 2007-02-02 | 2008-08-28 | Soc De Technol Michelin | タイヤの最大グリップ潜在能力の利用度を定量化する方法 |
WO2009003846A1 (fr) * | 2007-07-04 | 2009-01-08 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Procede de detection d'un glissement local d'un pain de sculpture et application à l'estimation de l'adherence maximale du pneumatique. |
FR2918455A1 (fr) * | 2007-07-04 | 2009-01-09 | Michelin Soc Tech | Procede de detection d'un glissement local d'un pain de sculpture d'un pneumatique au contact du sol. |
EP2379380B1 (fr) * | 2008-12-23 | 2016-10-19 | Pirelli Tyre S.p.A. | Procédé et système de détermination du frottement potentiel entre un pneu de véhicule et une surface de roulement |
WO2010106137A1 (fr) | 2009-03-19 | 2010-09-23 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Procédé de détermination d'un coefficient d'adhérence d'une roue par mise en pince simultanée |
FR2943417A1 (fr) * | 2009-03-19 | 2010-09-24 | Michelin Soc Tech | Procede de determination d'un coefficient d'adherence d'une roue par mise en pince simultanee |
CN102341283A (zh) * | 2009-03-19 | 2012-02-01 | 米其林技术公司 | 通过同时夹持而确定车轮的抓地力系数的方法 |
US8463497B2 (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2013-06-11 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Method for determining a wheel grip coefficient by simultaneous clamping |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60306340T2 (de) | 2007-05-24 |
US20050065699A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
JP2005516836A (ja) | 2005-06-09 |
EP1476339B1 (fr) | 2006-06-21 |
DE60306340D1 (de) | 2006-08-03 |
ATE330829T1 (de) | 2006-07-15 |
EP1476339A1 (fr) | 2004-11-17 |
KR20040081180A (ko) | 2004-09-20 |
US7069135B2 (en) | 2006-06-27 |
AU2003208805A1 (en) | 2003-09-02 |
FR2835919A1 (fr) | 2003-08-15 |
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