WO2003064627A2 - Oiseau chimerique forme a partir de cellules souches embryonnaires - Google Patents

Oiseau chimerique forme a partir de cellules souches embryonnaires Download PDF

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WO2003064627A2
WO2003064627A2 PCT/US2003/003235 US0303235W WO03064627A2 WO 2003064627 A2 WO2003064627 A2 WO 2003064627A2 US 0303235 W US0303235 W US 0303235W WO 03064627 A2 WO03064627 A2 WO 03064627A2
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cells
transgene
chicken
embryonic stem
stem cells
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WO2003064627A3 (fr
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Robert J. Etches
Marie-Cecile Van De Lavoir
Babette Heyer
Jennifer Diamond
Christine Mather
Kathleen Beemer
Heather Myers
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Origen Therapeutics
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Priority to EP03710832A priority Critical patent/EP1476538A4/fr
Priority to CA002480012A priority patent/CA2480012A1/fr
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Publication of WO2003064627A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003064627A3/fr

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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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    • A01K2217/05—Animals comprising random inserted nucleic acids (transgenic)
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    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of transgenic and chimeric animals and avian embryonic stem cells sustained in long-term cultures to produce chimeras when injected into recipient embryos.
  • the cells may contain engineered genetic constructs that introduce genetic modification into birds, including transgenes encoding exogenous proteins that may be expressed in the somatic tissue.
  • embryonic stem cells contribute to the permanent DNA of an animal, the characteristics of an embryonic stem cell donor animal may be transferred by incorporating these cells into a recipient animal in an embryonic state. This offers two advantages: the phenotype of the donor animal can be selectively transferred to a recipient embryo. Second, uniquely stable embryonic stem cell cultures can be genetically modified to introduce modifications into the recipient embryo.
  • the embryonic stem cells can be engineered with a transgene that encodes an exogenous protein and incorporated into genetically engineered animals to produce exogenous proteins, particularly when tissue specific expression is obtained.
  • a transgene integrated in a sufficiently stable embryonic stem cell culture will encode the protein in a new chimeric or transgenic organism.
  • whole genomes can be transferred by cell hybridization, intact chromosomes by microcells, subchromosomal segments by chromosome mediated gene transfer, and DNA fragments in the kilobase range by DNA mediated gene transfer (Klobutcher, L.A. and F.H. Ruddle, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 50: 533-554, 1981).
  • Intact chromosomes may be transferred by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) (Fournier, R.E. and F.H. Ruddle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 74: 319-323, 1977).
  • MMCT microcell-mediated chromosome transfer
  • embryonic stem cells Genetic modifications of embryonic stem cells to produce transgenic animals has been demonstrated in only a very few species. In mice, homologous recombination followed by chromosome transfer to embryonic stem (ES) cells produces chimeric and transgenic offspring.
  • ES embryonic stem
  • Embryonic stem cell lines suitable for use in transgenesis must be stable and maintain pluripotency when the ES cell is transfected with a genetic construct, when the cell is selected for transformation, and when injected embryos to form chimeras.
  • the ES cells incorporate transgene and the resulting chimeric animal would selectively express the transgene in selected tissue types.
  • transgenes encoding DNA derived from the lymphoid elements of the immune system might be targeted to be expressed in B lymphocytes of a chimeric or transgenic animal.
  • the ES cell culture must facilitate transformation with DNA encoding an exogenous protein, and the ES cell must contribute significantly to the genome of the resulting animal.
  • Avian biological systems offer many advantages for exogenous protein expression, including efficient farm cultivation, rapid growth, and economical production. Globally, chickens and turkeys are grown in larger numbers for the human diet. Further, the avian egg offers an ideal biological design, both for massive synthesis of a few proteins and ease of isolation of protein product.
  • application of the full range of mammalian transgenic techniques to avian species has been unsuccessful. Most notably, the transmission to a mature, living animal of a genetic modification introduced into an avian ES cell has not been demonstrated. To achieve the success already seen in mice, avian transgenesis requires long-term avian ES cells cultures that maintain pluripotency.
  • pluripotent ES cells are transfected to modify the DNA of the ES cell with a transgene encoding an exogenous protein.
  • compositions comprising long-term cultures of chicken ES cells that can be genetically modified to contribute to the somatic tissues of recipient embryos.
  • FIGURES Figure 1 shows the characteristic morphology of chicken ES cells where the small cells grow in a single layer with little cytoplasm and a prominent nucleolus.
  • Figure 2 is a karyotype of chicken ES cells that have been in culture for 189 days.
  • the cells are diploid, carry 38 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of Z chromosomes.
  • Figure 3 is two Barred Rock chicks and two chimeras formed by injecting Barred Rock ES cells into a White Leghorn recipient embryo. The chimeras and the Barred Rocks are indistinguishable indicating that the contributions of the ES cells to the melanocyte lineage is extensive.
  • Figure 4 are chimeras made by injecting Barred Rock ES cells into White Leghorn recipients. The pair of chimeras in the left panel exhibit minor contributions to the melanocyte lineage whereas the pair in the left panel show more extensive contributions.
  • Figure 5 is a diagram of the pCX/GFP/Puro plasmid construct used for transfection of ES cells.
  • Figure 6 is a FACS analysis of non-transfected chicken ES cells (upper panel) and chicken ES cells that have been transfected with the pCX/GFP/Puro construct and grown in the presence of puromycin. The analysis shows that substantially all of the transfected cells are expressing the transgene.
  • Figure 7 is a Southern analysis of ES cells that have been transfected with the pCX/GFP/Puro construct. The difference in the location of the probe in preparations of DNA digested with BamHl, EcoRl and a combination of the two endonucelases indicates that the transgene in incorporated into the genome at different sites in the cell lines TB01 and TB09.
  • Figures 8 A and 8B (A) A diagrammatic representation of a transgene designated Ov7.5MAbdns (upper panel); (B) A diagrammatic representation of a transgene designated Ovl5Mabdns (lower panel).
  • Figure 9 is the genomic PCR analysis of BAC-A transfected cES cells.
  • Figure 10 is a Southern analysis of chimeras made with cES cells transfected with
  • Figure 11 shows the correlation between estimates of chimerism derived by scoring the level of fluorescence in skin and comb tissues and derived by scoring the extent of black pigmentation of the chick at hatch.
  • Figure 12 is a summary of FACS data from chimeras made with non-transfected cells
  • control chimeras made with ES cells that were transfected with CX/GFP/Puro and estimated to contain ⁇ l-5% donor-derived cells by feather pigmentation
  • Figure 13 is an example of a FACS analysis of cells prepared from the brain of a chimera made with non-transfected ES cells (upper panel) and chimeras that were made with cells transfected with CX/GFP/Puro (lower panel). Substantially all of the cells from the chimera made with transfected cells display a level of fluorescence that is above that of the cells from the control bird indicating that the contribution of the donor ES cells to the brain tissue of the chimera is extensive.
  • Figure 14 is an example of a FACS analysis of cells prepared from leg muscles of a chimera that was made with cells transfected with CX/GFP/Puro. The right leg of this chimera was green to the naked eye indicating substantial contribution to this tissue. A preparation of cells from the fluorescent leg muscle was shown to contain primarily fluorescing cells by
  • Long-term cES cultures also enable selection of desirable phenotypes in chimeric animals and modifications to the genome of cES cell to introduce exogenous DNA into a chimeric offspring.
  • extended avian cES cultures are engineered to contain transgene derived DNA to produce chimeras containing transgene-derived DNA in the somatic tissues.
  • exogenous proteins encoded by the transgene are expressed in all tissue types, or in tissue types selected according to the regulatory elements encoded by the transgene.
  • cES cell lines derived from stage X embryos have a large nucleus and contain a prominent nucleolus ( Figure 1) and are confirmed to be cES cells by morphology after long-term culturing and yield chimeras when injected into recipient embryos.
  • the cES cells contribute to somatic tissues in a high degree as determined by extensive feather chimerism.
  • these cES cells can be transfected with transgenes carrying DNA encoding an exogenous protein.
  • the ES cells stably integrate the transgene, express the transgene for selection, and form chimeras that may express the exogenous protein in somatic tissue of the chimera or may express the transgene in selected somatic tissue.
  • cES cell progeny are those that differentiate into non-ES cell phenotypes after introduction of the ES cells into recipient embryos and the formation of a chimera.
  • Expression of the transgene in somatic tissue is demonstrated in extraembryonic and somatic tissues including the allantois, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm of the chimeric animal and may be broadly expressed in all tissues and organ types.
  • Example 1 Derivation of chicken embryonic stem cells (cES cells)
  • Chicken ES cells were derived from one of two crosses: Barred Rock X Barred Rock or Barred Rock X Rhode Island Red. These breeds yield a feather marker for testing the developmental potential of cES cells.
  • the cES cells are injected into White Leghorn embryos, which are homozygous dominant at the dominant, white locus. Chimeric chickens resulting from injection display black feathers from the donor cES cells and white feathers from the recipient embryo.
  • the cES cell culture was initiatially established according to J. Petitte USP 5,565,479.
  • stage X the embryo is a small round disk, consisting of approximately 40,000-60,000 cells, situated on the surface of the yolk.
  • To retrieve the embryo a paper ring is put on the yolk membrane, exposing the embryo in the middle. The yolk membrane is cut around the ring, which is then lifted off the yolk.
  • the embryo, attached to the ventral side of the ring is placed under the microscope and the area pellucida isolated from the area opaca using a fine
  • Table 1 cES cell lines derived on either STO feeder cells or a polyester insert in CES-80 medium initiated from either single or pooled embryos.
  • Embryos are dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension and seeded on a confluent feeder layer of mitotically inactivated STO cells at a concentration of 3 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
  • the cES culture medium consists of DMEM (20% fresh medium and 80% conditioned medium) supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% pen/strep; 2mM glutamine, lmM pyruvate, IX nucleosides, IX non-essential amino acids and O.lmM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol. Before use, the DMEM medium is conditioned on Buffalo Rat Liver (BRL) cells.
  • DMEM containing 5% serum is added and conditioned for three days.
  • the medium is removed and a new batch of medium conditioned for three days and repeated.
  • the three batches are combined and used to make the cES medium.
  • Chicken ES cells become visible 3-7 days after seeding of the blastodermal cells. These cES cells were morphologically similar to mES cells; the cells were small with a large nucleus and a pronounced nucleolus (See Figure 1).
  • cES cells The growth characteristics of cES cells are different from murine (mES) cells, which grow in tight round colonies with smooth edges and individual cells that are difficult to distinguish. cES cells grow in single layer colonies with clearly visible individual cells. Tight colonies are often the first sign of differentiation in a cES culture.
  • mES murine
  • Table 2 Passage number and time in culture of embryonic stem cell lines derived from single or pooled embryos. Frequency and extent of somatic chimerism after injection of these cES cells into stage X recipients.
  • avian embryonic stem cells which are sometimes referred to as embryonic germ cells, are derived on a variety of feeder layers including STO, STO-snl and others that are readily available.
  • cES cell cultures are initiated on a STO feeder layer. STO cells are grown to confluency, treated with lO ⁇ g/ml mitomycin for 3-4 hours, washed, trypsinized and seeded on gelatin coated dishes at 4xl0 4 cells/cm 2 . cES cells appear to grow more rapidly when the feeder of STO cells are sparser.
  • Reducing the STO feeder cell concentration to between 10 3 and 10 5 , and preferably below 10 4 cells/cm 2 facilitates the derivation and propagation of cES cells.
  • STO feeder cell concentration 10 3 and 10 5 , and preferably below 10 4 cells/cm 2
  • Reducing the STO feeder cell concentration to between 10 3 and 10 5 , and preferably below 10 4 cells/cm 2 facilitates the derivation and propagation of cES cells.
  • chicken embryonic fibroblasts and mouse primary fibroblasts are used as feeders, no cES cells were derived.
  • previously established cES cells were plated on these feeders, all of them differentiated within 1 week.
  • Table 4 Establishment of cES cells from pooled embryos on either a STO feeder or a synthetic insert.
  • STO feeder 73 7 (9.5%) insert 17 2 (12%)
  • the data in Tables 3 and 4 show that chicken embryonic feeder cells and mouse primary fetal fibroblasts do not support cES cells.
  • a feeder of STO cells supports derivation and growth but only in a limited concentration of between 10 and 10 STO cells, but preferably in the present embodiment at a concentration of less than or appropriately 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
  • a dense STO feeder layer impairs the growth of cES cells, while the specified concentration of STO cells provides factor(s) necessary for ES cell proliferation.
  • the cells are sustained over an extended culture period, continue to express an ES cell phenotype, and differentiate into non-embryonic stem cell phenotypes in vivo, they are referred to as "ES cell progeny.”
  • the cES cell culture medium consists of 80% conditioned medium and preferably contains certain BRL-conditioned medium with factors necessary for the derivation and growth of cES cells. At a concentration of 50%, growth of the cES cells is not as reliable as in 80% conditioned medium. When the percentage of conditioned medium is reduced to less than 50%), the growth of the cES cells is affected, as evidenced by an increase in differentiated cells and, at a concentration of 30% or less, the cES cells differentiate within 1 week. This conditioned medium, found necessary for the derivation and maintenance of cES cells, does not maintain mES, but causes their differentiation.
  • Fetal bovine serum is a preferred component of the ES cell medium and contains factors that keep cES cells in an undifferentiated state. However, serum is also known to contain factors that induce differentiation. Commercially available serum lots are routinely tested by users for their potential to keep ES cells in an undifferentiated state. Serum used for cES cell cultures are known to differ from serum used for mES cell cultures. For example, serum used for the culture of mES cells that is low in cyto toxin and hemoglobin concentration, which is known to maintain mouse ES cells in an undifferentiated state, did not support the sustained growth of cES cells. Preferably, cell cultures are divided into two and used to test each new batch of serum. The new batch tested must clearly support the growth of chicken ES cells when empirically tested.
  • Chicken chromosomal spreads require special evaluation techniques different than mice because the complex karyotype consisting of 10 macrochromosomes, 66 micro-chromosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes (ZZ in males and ZW in females).
  • the long-term cES cells of the invention shown in Figure 2 analyzed after 189 days in culture and after being cyopreserved twice, exhibited a normal karyotype with 10 macro chromosomes; 2 Z- chromosomes and 66 microchromosomes.
  • Chicken ES cells are cryopreserved in 10%> DMSO medium. After thawing and injecting several cell lines into recipient embryos, somatic chimeras are obtained, indicating that the cES cells maintain their developmental potential during the cryopreservation process.
  • Example 2 Injection of chicken embryonic stem cells into recipient embryos.
  • the mean hatch rate is approximately 41%> (range 23-70%) with 191 chicks hatched from 469 cES-cell injected embryos.
  • System A covers the first three days of post-oviposition development. Fertile eggs containing the recipient embryos are matched with eggs 3 to 5 grams heavier. A 32mm diameter window is cut at the pointed pole, the contents removed and the recipient embryo on the yolk, together with the surrounding albumen, is carefully transferred into the surrogate shell.
  • Cells are taken up in a sterile, finely tapered glass pipette connected to a mouth aspirator fitted with a 2 micron filter.
  • the opening of the pipette can be from 50 to 120 microns in diameter and possesses a 30° spiked bevel.
  • the embryo is visualized under low magnification and with blue light.
  • Chicken ES cells are trypsinized into a single cell suspension and 4,000 to 26,000 cells are injected into an embryo. The cells are gently expelled into the space either below or above the embryo, i.e. into the sub-embryonic cavity or between the apical surface of the area pellucida and the perivitelline layer (yolk membrane). Extra albumen collected from fresh fertile eggs is added and the shell sealed with Saran Wrap plastic film.
  • System B covers the period from day three to hatching.
  • the embryo has reached around stage 17 (H&H).
  • H&H stage 17
  • Water has been transported from the albumen to the sub-embryonic cavity, causing the yolk to enlarge and become very fragile.
  • the contents of the System A shell are very carefully transfened to a second surrogate shell (usually a turkey egg) 30 to 35 grams heavier than the original egg.
  • Penicillin and streptomycin are added to prevent bacterial contamination and the 38 to 42mm window in the blunt pole is sealed with plastic film. This larger shell allows for an artificial airspace.
  • the embryo cultures are transferred to tabletop hatchers for close observation.
  • As lung ventilation becomes established holes are periodically made in the plastic film to allow ambient air into the airspace. Approximately 6-12 hours before hatching the film is replaced with a small petri dish, which the chick can easily push aside during hatching.
  • cES cells The contribution of cES cells to chimeras is improved if the recipient embryo is prepared by (1) irradiated by exposure to 660 rads of gamma irradiation (2) altered by mechanically removing approximately 1000 cells from the center of the embryo, or by combining (1) and (2) above before the injection of the cES cells.
  • contribution of cES cells to the somatic tissues increased substantially when recipient embryos were compromised, either by removing cells from the center of the recipient embryo or by exposure to irradiation.
  • the contribution of the ES cells is increased further, even though the cES cells had been in culture for longer periods of time.
  • Recipient embryos substantially younger than stage X may also be used to produce chimeras using ES cell as the donor.
  • Early stage recipient embryos are retrieved by injecting the hens with oxytocin to induce premature oviposition and fertile eggs are retrieved at stages VII to IX.
  • the retrieval of embryos from the magnum region of the oviduct provides access to stage I to VI embryos, consisting of approximately 4-250 cells, and enables the development of chimeras from all embryonic stages as potential recipient embryos.
  • Example 3 Somatic chimeras from chicken embryonic stem cells.
  • cES cells are injected into White Leghorn recipient embryos.
  • stage X recipient embryos See Table 2.
  • the cES cells have been propagated in culture between 4 and 106 days and some lines had been cryopreserved.
  • Chicken ES cells are lightly trypsinized, resulting in small clumps of cES cells, and resuspended in DMEM supplemented with 25mM HEPES + 10% fetal calf serum.
  • Three to 5 ⁇ l of the cell suspension, containing between 2000- 5000 cells, are injected into the subgerminal cavity of the recipient embryos.
  • an appropriate amount of DNA compatible with the size of the well being transfected is diluted in media absent of serum or antibiotics.
  • the appropriate volume of Superfect (Stratagene) is added and mixed with the DNA, and the reaction is allowed to occur for 5-10 minutes.
  • the media is removed and the wells to be transfected are washed with a Ca/Mg free salt solution.
  • the appropriate volume of media which can contain serum and antibiotics, is added to the DNA/superfect mixture.
  • the plates are incubated for 2-3 hours at 37C. When the incubation is completed, the Superfect is removed by washing the cells l-2x and fresh culture media is added.
  • a petri-pulser is used to electroporate cES cells that are attached to the plate in a 35 mm diameter well.
  • the media is removed and the well is washed with a salt solution without Ca** and Mg ++ .
  • One ml of electroporation solution is added to the well.
  • DNA is added and the media is gently mixed.
  • the petri-pulser is lowered onto the bottom of the well and an electrical current is delivered. (Voltage preferably varies from 100-500 V/cm and the pulse length can be from 12-16 msec).
  • the petri-pulser is removed and the electroporated well is allowed to stand for 10 minutes at room temperature. After 10 minutes, 2 mis of media is added and the dish is returned to the incubator.
  • Selection of antibiotic resistant cells may also be started by including an antibiotic such as puromycin in the culture medium.
  • the concentration of puromycin required for selecting transfected cells is calculated as a titration kill curve.
  • Titration kill curves for cES cells are
  • Table 7 Morphology of cES cells after exposure of various concentrations of puromycin and 20 different lengths of time (days after addition of puromycin).
  • ES ES cells are present, diff: ES cells are differentiated, gone: no morphologically recognizable cells are present
  • Table 8 Morphology of cES cells after exposure of various concentrations of neomycin and 5 different lengths of time (days after addition of neomycin). Neomycin Time under selection (days) cone. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
  • transfected cES cells and their identification in chimeras requires that the transgene confer a selective advantage to the cells in culture (e.g. resistance to puromycin in 5 the medium) and produce an identifiable gene product in the cells in the chimera which are derived from the ES cells. This can be accomplished using pCX/GFP/Puro which provides resistance to puromycin in cES cells and produces a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in most, if not all, donor-derived cells in chimeras.
  • pCX/GFP/Puro which provides resistance to puromycin in cES cells and produces a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in most, if not all, donor-derived cells in chimeras.
  • step 10 the PGK-driven Puromycin resistant gene cassette (1.5 Kb) was released from pKO SelectPuro (Stratagene) by Asc I digestion. The fragment was then blunted and Kpn I linkers were added. The resulting fragment (GFP/Puro) was inserted into the corresponding Kpn I site of pMIEM (courtesy of Jim Petitte (NCSU), a GFP expression version derived from LacZ expression pMIWZ, see
  • the Cx promoter including 384 bp CMV-IE enhancer, 1.3 kb chicken beta-actin promoter and portion of 1 st intron was released from pCX-EGFP (Masahito, I. et al., FEBS Letters 375: 125-128, 1995) by Sal I and EcoR I digestion.
  • a 3' EcoR I (null)-Xmn I-BamH I linker was attached to the fragment and it was inserted into the Sal I and BamH I sites of ⁇ UC18/GFP/Puro.
  • the plasmid pCX/GFP/Puro was verified by a BamH I and Pst I double digestion.
  • pCX/GFP/Puro DNA can be linearized by Sea I digestion for transfection into cES cells. Transfection and selection of ES cells using the procedures described above produced a population of cells that would grow in the presence of 0.5 ug of puromycin. These cells exhibited green fluorescence when examined by conventional fluorescence microscopy.
  • the CX/GFP/Puro construct demonstrates that transgenes of at least 4.5kb can be inserted into chimeric chickens.
  • chicken ES cells can be transfected with different or larger constructs.
  • the transgene is comprised of DNA encoding an exogenous protein that is present and widely distributed in somatic cells of the resulting chimeric or transgenic animal.
  • the transgene is present and expressed in any or all of the endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, and extra embryonic tissue.
  • the DNA encoding the exogenous protein is preferably expressed in the tissue types such that the exogenous protein is detectable in the specific cell types.
  • ovalbumin constructs designed to express significant levels of rearranged immunoglobulin molecules in the tubular gland cells of the magnum region of the oviduct are inserted into cES cells and used to make chimeras.
  • Ovalbumin-derived monoclonal antibody expression constructs containing 42 to 49 kb of DNA are designed from a chicken genomic BAC library (Crooijmans, R. P. Mamm. Genome 11 : 360 (2000), (Texas A & M BAC Center) and are screened to isolate a 40 Kb region in the ovalbumin locus.
  • Ov7.5MAbdns A 42 Kb expression vector contains 9.2 Kb 5'sequences from the ovalbumin gene (including 7.5 Kb promoter) and 15.5 Kb 3' flanking sequences ( Figure 8 A). This 42 kb expression vector contains 9.2 kb of 5' sequence from the ovalbumin gene
  • a bicistronic monoclonal antibody cassette encodes the light chain, an IRES and the heavy chain of an anti-dansyl antibody.
  • a 49 Kb expression vector contains 16.8 Kb 5'sequences from the ovalbumin gene (including 15 Kb promoter) and 15.5 Kb 3' flanking sequences ( Figure 8B).
  • the 49 kb expression vector contains 16.8 kb of 5' sequence from the ovalalbumin gene (including 15 kb promoter) and 15.5 kb3' flanking sequences.
  • the monoclonal antibody cassette is identical to the above.
  • the expressed gene in both vectors is a mouse-human hybrid anti-dansyl monoclonal antibody (MAbdns).
  • a CxEGFP/CxPuro cassette is cloned in the most 3' end to allow selection with puromycin for stable transfection in cES cells and easy identification of transfected cells in chimeras. Both constructs are linearized and purified before transfection.
  • Transfection is performed with Ov7.5MAbdns and Ovl5MAb using either SuperFect (Stratagene) or petri-pulser electroporation. After selection with puromycin, 6 resistant clones are picked for molecular analysis. The presence of the transgene is evident by PCR with primers located in the MAbdns cassette, in the GFP gene, and in the Puro gene.
  • a very large transgene encoding part of the unrearranged human heavy chain immunoglobulin locus has been transfected into chicken ES cells.
  • a 139 kilobase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone was co-transfected with the pCX-EGFP-CX-puro selectable marker into cES cells by co-lipofection of circular BAC DNA and linear selectable marker DNA.
  • the BAC clone contains a human genomic DNA insert from an unrearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain locus and contains the most 3' variable region (VH6-1), all the diversity (D) segments, all the joining (J) segments, the Cmu and Cgamma constant regions, the J-intronic enhancer, and all the intervening DNA between these elements. It also includes the human gene KIAA0125, a gene that encodes a non-translated RNA of unknown function that is found between V H 6-1 and the D segment region.
  • pCX-EGFP-CX-puro is a plasmid that contains the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) gene driven by the CX promoter (consisting of a cytomegalovirus enhancer and the chicken ⁇ -actin promoter) and a puromycin resistance gene driven by the same promoter.
  • EGFP Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein
  • the cES cells transfected with this plasmid are green fluorescent and resistant to the antibiotic puromycin.
  • the presence of the unrearranged human heavy chain locus in the transfected ES cells that were growing in the presence of puromycin was examined by PCR analysis of transgenes spread throughout the 139 kb construct.
  • the primer sequences used in the PCR analysis were:
  • V6-1 F AGTGTCAGGGAGATGCCGTATTCA
  • cES cells are co-transfected with the selectable marker pCX-EGFP-CX-puro and the BAC CTD-2005N2, resulting in a cES cell line designated BAC-A.
  • Genomic DNA is prepared and PCR performed using 5 different primer sets corresponding to markers along the length of the BAC clone. These markers are: V H 6-1 (24 kb from the 5' end — relative to the human heavy chain locus — of the human genomic insert), Dl-26 (83 kb from the end), Dl-20 (73 kb from the end), C ⁇ (-108 kb from the end), and C ⁇ (-120 kb from the end). Only V H 6-1, C ⁇ , and Dl-26 are shown but all gave similar results.
  • a chicken ⁇ -actin PCR is also run.
  • the samples are: (1) BAC-A cells; (2) mouse STO cells used as a feeder layer for the cES cells (negative control); (3) barred rock embryo DNA (the same strain a the parental cES cell line, negative control); (4) human genomic DNA (positive control); and (5) cES cell medium (negative control).
  • Transfected donor derived cells are detected in chimeras by a number of methods.
  • the transgene is detected by Southern analysis of tissue taken from chimeras that are identified by the presence of black pigmentation in their feathers.
  • DNA is harvested from embryos or from comb tissue and digested with BamHl, EcoRl or a combination of these endonucleases.
  • Illumination of the bird with fluorescent light is used to score the birds on a scale of 1 to 4 where 4 indicates that all of the visible skin, eyes and comb are fluorescent.
  • the fluorescent score was determined by screening several areas of the skin with a fluorescent lamp and scoring the chicks on a scale of 0 to 4.
  • a similar score is used to rate the extent of chimerism estimated by feather pigmentation.
  • Feather chimerism was estimated as % of black down compared to down at hatch. Approximately 25% of the down of a Baned Rock chick is white. The maximum score that is possible in a chimera derived completely from Barred Rock derived ES cells is, therefore, 75%>.
  • cES cells also contributed to the extraembryonic tissues. These data indicate that the pluripotentiality of cES cells may be greater than murine ES cells, which do not contribute to the trophectoderm.
  • tissue samples were prepared from a variety of tissues and the proportion of cES-cell derived fluorescing cells was determined.
  • Tissue (muscle, liver or brain) was removed from chickens post-mortem, then rinsed with PBS to remove blood or other fluids. The outer membrane of the tissue was dissected away and the remaining sample was minced. Each tissue sample was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube containing 1 ml of 1 mg/ml collagenase (Type TV, Sigma) in either DMEM (muscle and liver) or Liebovitz LI 5 medium (brain) without serum.
  • the suspension was centrifuged for 5 min at 4000 rpm, the supernatant removed and replaced with 500 ul of DMEM containing 10%> heat inactivated horse serum. The pellet was resuspended, and the tube centrifuged for a further 60 seconds at 2600 rpm, the supernatant was then removed and filtered through 40 micron nylon mesh (sterile disposable, Falcon brand). A sample of the cell suspension was inspected by microscopy at this stage to ensure correct cell morphology and sufficient cell density for flow cytometry (sub optimal densities were corrected by dilution, or by pelleting and resuspension).
  • the suspension was filtered through 40-micron nylon mesh, transfened to a clean microcentrifuge tube and pelleted as for muscle.
  • the top layer of the pellet was carefully removed to a clean tube with complete DMEM (500 ul), taking care not to disturb the red blood cells which form a distinct and visible layer at the bottom of the pellet.
  • the cell suspension was inspected at this stage and the cell density adjusted. If red blood cells were present in the cell preparation they were removed with a lysis step (incubating the cells in 1 ml lysis buffer containing 130 mM Ammonium Chloride, 17 mM Tris, 10 mM Sodium Bicarbonate for 5 minutes at room temperature).
  • the suspension was filtered and pelleted as described above.
  • the pellet was resuspended in 250ul complete Liebowitz (L-15) medium containing 10% horse serum and 6g/l glucose, Percoll was added to produce a 50% solution (approx. 260 - 280 ul).
  • the suspension was centrifuged at 3.5k for 5 minutes, following which the top layer of cells was carefully removed into a clean microcentrifuge tube and diluted with at least 1 ml of L-15 medium.
  • the cells were pelleted by centrifuging at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes and then were resuspended in an appropriate volume of L- 15.
  • a flow cytometric analysis of GFP expression was conducted in liver, brain and muscle cells from chimeras. Single cell suspensions were transfened into polystyrene tubes and loaded into a flow cytometer, for which the operating parameters had been set to detect the particular cell type of the sample, and which was equipped to detect emitted light at a green wavelength in response to an excitory laser beam. At each analysis, at least one group of samples from a non-transgenic chimera was analyzed in order to set the baseline for fluorescence measurement (since the flow cytometer detects some autofluorescence from each cell). These are referred to as control samples in Figure 12.
  • the data produced by the flow cytometer included the number of cells detected (within the parameters specified) and summarized the fluorescence of the cells in that population. Examples of the data from analyses of brain and muscle tissue is shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively. Data was collected for the number of cells which exhibited a fluorescence intensity greater than the autofiuorescent level set by the non-transgenic sample for each tissue type (designated Ml). A susbset of these data was collected for cells which exhibited a fluorescence intensity at least ten times greater than the autofiuorescent level (designated M2).
  • Brain, liver and muscle (breast and leg) samples were removed from twenty six chickens, of which 18 were chimeras that had been produced by injecting transgenic chicken
  • ES cells canying the GFP transgene into non-transgenic White Leghorn recipient embryos, as described above.
  • the remaining 8 chickens were chimeras that were produced by injecting non-transfected cES cells into non-transgenic White Leghorn recipient embryos.
  • Male and female chickens were present in both the groups.
  • Green fluorescence was detected in brain- derived, liver-derived and muscle-derived cells from the transgenic chimeras.
  • the fluorescence intensity and the ratio of fluorescent to non-fluorescent cells varied between birds and between tissue type. The tabulated results are shown in Figure 12.
  • the number of fluorescent cells in the tissue samples was generally low or zero. Birds which scored well for these criteria (e.g. approximately 75% donor-derived feathers) were found to have fluorescent cells in all three tissue sample types, and this was the only group in which highly fluorescent (M2) cells were present in all three tissue types. Of the three tissue types, the number of fluorescent cells derived from the liver was the lowest. Brain and muscle-derived fluorescent cells were present in greater numbers and in a greater number of samples derived from the transgenic chimeras. The data is shown graphically in Figure 11.
  • transgenic cES cells when injected into recipient stage X embryos, can thrive in the host and differentiate into liver, muscle and brain cells.
  • Liver, muscle and brain are tissues that are derived from endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm, respectively; thus cES cells may differentiate into the three major somatic cell lineages, from which all other somatic cells are derived.
  • this experiment shows that transgenic cES-derived cells persist beyond the embryonic stages and can be seen in juvenile chickens, and that the transgene continues to express in these diverse cell types.
  • the transgene is also present in lymphocytes derived from cES cells.
  • the hemopeotic lineage which comprises the lymphoid and myeloid lineages, is of particular interest in transgenic chimeras derived from ES cells because B cells in the lymphoid lineage produce antibodies.
  • Lymphocytes are prepared either from blood samples taken from chimeric chickens at any time from hatching to adulthood or from the Bursa of Fabricius of chimeric embryos. Bursae are removed from chicks at day 20 of embryonic development (E20) and macerated by forcing through steel mesh in 10 ml of Hanks' Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) with the plunger of a 20 ml syringe.
  • E20 embryonic development
  • HBSS Hanks' Buffered Salt Solution
  • the resulting tissue fragments and cells are collected into a tube and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes to allow the large fragments to settle.
  • the cell supernatant is harvested and the cells are counted and then collected by centrifugation at 1500g for 10 minutes at 4°C and resuspended at a maximum of 1x10 cells per ml of HBSS in a 15 ml conical tube.
  • Blood is collected (0.5 ml) from chimeric chickens' wing veins using a heparinized syringe and deposited into a vacuum tube containing EDTA to prevent clotting.
  • Blood samples are mixed 1:1 with HBSS to give a final volume of 1 ml in a 15 ml conical tube. From this point on, blood samples and Bursa samples are treated the same way.
  • One ml of cell suspension is underlayed with 0.75 ml Fico/Lite-LM (Atlanta Biologicals catalog number 1406) by dispensing the Fico/Lite at the bottom of the tube, underneath the cell suspension.
  • the tubes are then centrifuged at 1500g for 15 minutes at 4°C, no brake. The interface between the Fico/Lite and the HBSS is carefully harvested to collect the mononuclear cells that have concentrated there in a discrete layer of material.
  • This material is transfened to a new tubem triturated to break up the compacted cells, and then mixed with 3 ml of HBSS/2%> heat inactivated fetal bovine serum.
  • the cells are collected by centrifugation at 1500 rpm in a Sorvall benchtop centrifuge, 10 minutes at 4°C, then washed two more times in HBSS/2%> FBS.
  • a small aliquot (25 ⁇ l) is mounted on a microscope slide for preliminary assessment of the extent of donor-derived GFP fluorescence under the microscope. The remainder of the cells are then ready for antibody staining or fixation.
  • the cells After incubation the cells are washed three times by centrifugation at 500g for 6 minutes, resuspending in 0.5 ml PBS/2% FBS/0.1%) azide each time. After the final wash the cells are stored in 0.5%> paraformaldehyde up to one week before analysis by flow cytometry. The paraformaldehyde is replaced with PBS/2% FBS on the day the cells are to be analyzed by flow cytometry; buffers without phenol red are used for flow cytometry.
  • FACS analysis is performed for both GFP fluorescence and R-phycoerythrin fluorescence simultaneously, to detect the total proportion of cells that are donor derived (GFP-positive), the proportion of cells (both donor and recipient derived) that are stained by the antibodies (R-phycoerythrin-positive), and the proportion of donor derived cells that are also stained with the antibodies (GFP, R-phycoerythrin double positive).
  • the eight chimeras in Table 8 contain cES cell-derived lymphocytes.
  • Peripheral blood lymphocytes or bursal lymphocytes in the case of chimera IG1-25) were prepared with Fico/Lite-LM as described above. Lymphocytes were then analyzed for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), the Bu-1 B cell associated alloantigen (Bu-1), and the CD3 member of the T cell receptor-associated CD3 complex (CD3).
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • Bu-1 Bu-1 B cell associated alloantigen
  • the numbers in the columns labeled with GFP, Bu-1 and CD3 indicate the percentage of cells in each sample that were positive for those markers by FACS analysis (except for OV-36 and 10821 in which the percentage of GFP fluorescing cells was determined by counting cells under the microscope).
  • the age of the chimeras when sampled is indicated in days, and the sex is indicated.
  • the column labeled "Feather” indicates the percentage estimate of black, cES cell derived feather pigmentation, with 75 being the highest amount of black possible (as pure Baned Rock chickens themselves have a plumage that is approximately 75% black).
  • Green score is a subjective evaluation of overall green fluorescence in the whole animal visualized by shining a handheld UV lamp on the live animal with a scale from 0 (no green) to 4 (the most green). This score is used as a further indication of the overall extent of cES cell contribution in each animal.
  • Cell line indicates the names of the different cES cell lines.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des cultures continues de cellules souches embryonnaires aviaires. Selon l'invention, l'injection de cellules souches embryonnaires dans des embryons récepteurs permet de produire des chimères avec une contribution importante du phénotype dérivé des cellules souches embryonnaires. Des transgènes codant de protéines exogènes sont intégrés de manière stable dans lesdites cellules souches embryonnaires et sont présents dans les tissus somatiques desdites chimères résultantes. Lesdits transgènes peuvent coder des protéines exogènes exprimées dans des tissus endodermiques, ectodermiques, mésodermiques ou extra-embryonnaires. La reproduction des chimères obtenues permet de produire des oiseaux transgéniques dont le génome comprend de l'ADN exogène.
PCT/US2003/003235 2002-02-01 2003-02-03 Oiseau chimerique forme a partir de cellules souches embryonnaires WO2003064627A2 (fr)

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US9157097B2 (en) 2008-09-25 2015-10-13 Proteovec Holding, L.L.C. Vectors for production of growth hormone

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