Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/001—Austenite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/002—Bainite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/008—Martensite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0226—Hot rolling

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability, aiming at the application for automobiles, such as passenger cars and trucks, etc., for industrial machines, or the like, and a method of producing the same.
• a multiphase steel sheet comprising retained austenite and/or martensite is widely known.
• a steel sheet having an excellent balance between strength and elongation (a total elongation is 33.8 to 40.5% when a tensile strength is 60 to 69 kgf/mm 2 ) is obtained by containing retained austenite in an appropriate quantity therein.
• a technology regarding the balance between strength and hole expandability has not been sufficiently considered and, in particular, technological requirements for ultra-low P, the control of the maximum length of.
• a microstructure and inclusions and the control of the hardness of a microstructure are not, in the least, taken into consideration. Therefore, the properties of the steel sheet have been inferior (a hole expansion ratio d/dO is 1.46 to 1.68, namely 46 to 68% in terms of a net hole expansion rate, when a tensile strength is 60 to 69 kgf/mm 2 ) and the application has been limited.
• a hole expansion ratio d/dO is 1.46 to 1.68, namely 46 to 68% in terms of a net hole expansion rate, when a tensile strength is 60 to 69 kgf/mm 2
• Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H3-180426 discloses a bainite sheet steel excellent in the balance between strength and hole expandability (a hole expansion ratio d/dO is 1.72 to 2.02, namely 72 to 102% in terms of a net hole expansion rate, when a tensile strength is 60 to 67 kgf/mm 2 ).
• a hole expansion ratio d/dO is 1.72 to 2.02, namely 72 to 102% in terms of a net hole expansion rate, when a tensile strength is 60 to 67 kgf/mm 2 ).
• this technology provides not a multi-phase structure but the equalization of a structure (a bainite single phase structure), as a means of improving the net hole expansion rate, the balance between strength and elongation is rather insufficient (a total elongation is 27 to 30% when a tensile strength is 60 to 67 kgf/mm 2 ) and the application is again limited.
• punch stretch formability represented by the balance between strength and elongation and stretch flange formability represented by the balance between strength and hole expandability are two major components of forming, such a technology, satisfying both the components simultaneously, has not been available and the excellence in both has been the key to the expansion of the application.
• the object of the present invention is, by solving the problems of the conventional steel sheets, to provide a steel sheet having both the excellent balance between strength and hole expandability (not less than 35,000 MPa%, preferably not less than 46,000 MPa%, in terms of the value obtained by multiplying a tensile strength by a net hole expansion rate) and the excellent balance between strength and elongation (not less than 18,500 MPa%, preferably not less than 20,000 MPa%, in terms of the value obtained by multiplying a tensile strength by a total elongation), that is, a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability, and a method of producing the same.
• both of the balance between strength and hole expandability (MPa*%), and the balance between strength and elongation (MPa «%) are indexes of press-formability. If these values are large, the resultant products exhibit excellent properties.
• the balance between strength and hole expandability is represented by the product of the value of strength (MPa) obtained by tensile test and the value of hole expansion ratio (%) obtained by hole expansion test. Further, the balance between strength and elongation is represented by the product of the value strength (MPa) obtained by tensile test and the value of total elongation obtained by tensile test.
• both of hole expansion ratio and elongation decrease and, as a result, both of the balance between strength and hole expandability (MPa «%), and the balance between strength and elongation (MPa*%) exhibit low values.
• lowering the value both of hole expansion ratio and elongation can be restrained and it is possible to obtain the high values of the balance between strength and hole expandability (MPa «%), and the balance between strength and elongation (MPa «%).
• the present inventors have earnestly studied, from the viewpoint of integrated manufacturing from steelmaking to hot rolling, and have finally invented a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability and a method of producing the same.
• the gist of the present inventions is as follows :
• a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability characterized in that: the steel sheet contains, as chemical components in mass, C: 0.03 to 0.15%,
• the microstructure at a section of the steel sheet is composed of either one or both of retained austenite and martensite which account(s) for 3 to 30% in total in area percentage and the balance consisting of either one or both of ferrite and bainite;
• the maximum length of the crystal grains in the microstructure is not more than 10 microns; and the number of inclusions 20 microns or larger in size at a section of the steel sheet is not more than 0.3 pieces per square millimeter.
• a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability characterized in that: the steel sheet contains, as chemical components in mass,
• the microstructure at a section of the steel sheet is composed of either one or both of retained austenite and martensite which account(s) for 3 to 30% in total in area percentage, pearlite which accounts for more than 0% to not more than 3% in area percentage, and the balance consisting of either one or both of ferrite and bainite;
• the maximum length of the crystal grains in the microstructure is not more than 10 microns; and the number of inclusions 20 microns or larger in size at a section of the steel sheet is not more than 0.3 pieces per square millimeter.
• a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability according to any one of the items (1) to (3), characterized by further containing, as chemical components in mass, one or more of Nb, V and Ti in a total amount of 0.3% or less.
• a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability according to any one of the items (1) to (4), characterized by further containing, as a chemical component in mass, B of 0.01% or less.
• a multi-phase steel sheet excellent in hole expandability according to any one of the items (1) to (5), characterized by further containing, as chemical components in mass, either one or both of Ca of 0.01% or less and REM of 0.05% or less.
• Fig. 1 is a graph showing the effect of the chemical component P on a net hole expansion rate.
• Fig. 2 is a graph showing the effect of the maximum length of a microstructure on a net hole expansion rate.
• Fig. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the number of inclusions on a net hole expansion rate.
• Fig. 4 is a schematic drawing showing the refining of molten steel when an RH is used.
• Fig. 5 is a graph showing the effect of the frequency of the reflux of molten steel after flux addition for desulfurization on the number of inclusions.
• Fig. 6 is a graph showing the effect of finish- rolling entry and exit temperatures at the finishing mill in hot rolling on the maximum length of a microstructure.
• C is an important element for stabilizing austenite and obtaining a multi-phase structure
• C is added at not less than 0.03 mass % in order to stabilize austenite and to obtain either one or both of retained austenite and martensite in the total amount of not less than 3% in area percentage.
• the upper limit of C content is set at not more than 0.15 mass %, preferably not more than 0.11 mass %, in order to avoid the deterioration of weldability and an adverse influence on a net hole expansion rate.
• FIG. 1 shows the result of the investigation on the relationship between the P content and the net hole expansion rate of a steel sheet, using the steel sheets having the chemical components of Steel No. 1 in Table 1.
• a net hole expansion rate is calculated based on the Japan Iron and Steel Federation Standard JFS T 1001-1996. From Fig. 1, the net hole expansion rate improves remarkably and exponentially by controlling the P content to not more than 0.010 mass % and its effect on the net hole expansion rate, which has not yet been assumed within the range of conventional concepts, is recognized. By so doing, press cracking can be avoided.
• the reduction of P content improves the properties of the edge of a punched hole (for instance: the minimization of facet size, the reduction of roughness and the reduction of microcracks on a fractured plane; the suppression of the deterioration of workability in a microstructure on a sheared plane; and the like), and leads to the improvement of a net hole expansion rate.
• Si and Al are elements useful for obtaining a multiphase structure. They make either one or both of retained austenite and martensite account for not less than 3% in total in area percentage and have the function of improving a net hole expansion rate, by promoting the formation of ferrite and suppressing the formation of carbide, and further by strengthening ferrite, thus reducing the hardness difference between ferrite and hard phases (such as bainite and martensite) and contributing to the uniformity of a structure. Moreover, they act also as deoxidizing elements.
• the lower limit of the total addition amount of either one or both of Si and Al should be not less than 0.5 mass %.
• the upper limit of the total addition amount is set at not more than 4 mass %.
• each of Si and Al the following may be taken into consideration.
• Al may be limited to not more than 0.2 mass %, preferably not more than 0.1 mass %, considering the drawbacks in steelmaking, such as the erosion of refractory materials, nozzle clogging and the like, and the material properties.
• Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, and Cu are elements useful for obtaining a multi-phase structure, and also are elements which strengthen ferrite.
• the lower limit of the total addition amount of one or more of them should be not less than 0.5 mass %.
• the upper limit of the total addition amount is set at not more than 4 mass %.
• Nb, V, Ti, B, Ca and REM may be added as selective elements.
• Nb, V and Ti are elements effective for a higher strength. However, considering the balance between the cost and the effect, the total addition amount of one or more of those elements is set at not more than 0.3 mass %.
• B has a function as a strengthening element, and may be added by not more than 0.01 mass %. In addition, B also has the effect of mitigating the adverse effect of P.
• Ca may be added by not more than 0.01 mass % since Ca further improves a net hole expansion rate by controlling the shape of sulfide-system inclusions (spheroidizing) .
• REM may also be added by not more than 0.05 mass % for the same reason.
• N may be added by not more than 0.02 mass %, if required, aiming at the stabilization of austenite and the strengthening of a steel sheet.
• the control of the maximum length of crystal grains in a microstructure and the control of the amount and size of inclusions are especially important. Therefore, that is explained first.
• the crystal grain size of a microstructure affects the fractured surface size at the edge of a punched hole, it affects a net hole expansion rate remarkably. Even in the case where the average size of crystal grains in a microstructure is fine, if the maximum grain size is large, it adversely affects a net hole expansion rate.
• a net hole expansion rate cannot be governed by the average grain size: when a big crystal grain exists among many crystal grains, it adversely affects the net hole expansion rate even if the average grain size is fine.
• the size of a crystal grain not a circle-reduced diameter but the maximum length thereof affects a net hole expansion rate.
• Fig. 2 shows the result of the investigation on the relationship between the maximum length of a microstructure in a steel sheet and the net hole expansion rate of the steel sheet, using the steel sheets having the chemical components of Steel No. 2 in Table 1. As shown in Fig.
• the net hole expansion rate improves remarkably and exponentially when the maximum length of a microstructure is not larger than 10 microns, and its effect on the net hole expansion rate, which has not yet been assumed within the range of the conventional concept, is recognized. By so doing, press cracking can be avoided.
• the maximum length of a microstructure was calculated from an optical micrograph under the magnification of 400 taken at a section perpendicular to the rolling direction of a steel sheet after the section was etched with a nitral reagent and the reagent disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. S59-219473, averaging all over the section along the thickness direction.
• a net hole expansion rate can be improved by reducing the number of coarse inclusions.
• the number of coarse inclusions was obtained by observing a polish-finished section along the rolling direction of a steel sheet with a microscope (400 magnifications) and integrating the number of coarse inclusions 20 microns or larger in maximum length.
• Fig. 3 shows the result of the investigation on the relationship between the number of coarse inclusions (20 microns or larger in maximum length) in a steel sheet and the net hole expansion rate, using the steel sheets having the chemical components of Steel No. 2 in Table 1. It is understood that, when the number of coarse inclusions (20 microns or larger in maximum length) is not more than a specified number (not more than 0.3 piece per square millimeter), the net hole expansion rate can be improved remarkably and press cracking can be avoided.
• controlling the micro Vickers hardness of bainite to less than 240 acts preferably on the improvement of hole expandability.
• the reduction of the hardness of bainite lowers the hardness difference between ferrite and bainite and thus contributes to the improvement of the uniformity of a structure.
• the micro Vickers hardness of bainite exceeds 240, the hardness difference between ferrite and bainite deviates from the range desirable for hole expandability and further the deterioration of hole expandability is caused by the deterioration of workability of the bainite itself.
• the reduction of P (not more than 0.01%) largely contributes to enhancing the effect, but details are not known.
• the micro Vickers hardness of bainite is obtained by identifying bainite by etching a section perpendicular to the rolling direction of a steel sheet with the reagent disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. S59-219473, and by averaging the values measured at five points (averaging the values excluding the maximum and minimum values from among the values measured at seven points) under a load of 1 to 10 gr. Furthermore, in order to obtain an excellent balance between strength and elongation as well as an excellent balance between strength and hole expandability, it is essential to control the kind and the area percentage of a multi-phase structure.
• An excellent balance between strength and elongation (not less than 18,500 MPa% in terms of the value obtained by multiplying a tensile strength by a total elongation) and an excellent balance between strength and hole expandability (not less than 35,000 MPa% in terms of the value obtained by multiplying a tensile strength by a net hole expansion rate) are obtained by controlling the total area percentage of either one or both of retained austenite and martensite to 3 to 30%.
• the upper limit of the total area percentage is set at 30%.
• the area percentage of pearlite is determined to be not more than 3% at most, preferably not more than 1%.
• the area percentage of retained austenite is set at not less than 3%.
• the area percentage of martensite is set at not more than 3%.
• the area percentage of martensite is set at not less than 3%.
• the maximum length of the microstructure of retained austenite and/or martensite increases yet further.
• the remainder structure of a microstructure consists of either one or both of ferrite and bainite, and by controlling the total area percentage of ferrite and bainite to not less than 80%, the deterioration of press formability, which is caused by hard structures other than ferrite and bainite combining with each other in the form of a network, can be suppressed.
• both an excellent balance between strength and hole expandability (not less than 35,000 MPa%, preferably not less than 46,000 MPa%, in terms of the value obtained by multiplying a tensile strength by a net hole expansion rate) and an excellent balance between strength and elongation (not less than 18,500 MPa%, preferably not less than 20,000 MPa%, in terms of the value obtained by multiplying a tensile strength by a total elongation) can be obtained simultaneously, and press formability improves markedly.
• the identification of the constitution of a microstructure, the measurement of an area percentage, and the measurement of the maximum length of retained austenite and/or martensite were carried out with an optical micrograph under the magnification of 1,000 taken at a section perpendicular to the rolling direction of a steel sheet after the section was etched with a nitral reagent and the reagent disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. S59-219473, and by X-ray analysis. Next, the production method is explained hereunder.
• the reflux of molten steel is represented by the amount of molten steel that circulates the inside of a secondary refining apparatus, such as an RH, per unit time, and there are various formulas for the computation.
• Equation 1 the amount of refluxed molten steel Q expressed by the following Equation 1 is defined as the refluxed amount of one time:
• PI Pressure at injection port of refluxed gas (Pa)
• k Constant (a constant determined based on secondary refinement apparatus, 4 in this case).
• FIG. 4 The schematic drawing of the refining of molten steel using an RH is shown in Fig. 4.
• Two snorkels 3 of the degassing chamber 2 are dipped into the molten steel ladle 1, gas is blown from underneath one of these snorkels (in this case, Ar is blown from underneath one of the snorkels through the injection lance 4), then, the molten steel in the molten steel ladle 1 rises and enters the degassing chamber 2, and after the degassing process, the molten steel descends and returns from the other snorkel 3 to the molten-steel ladle.
• Fig. 5 shows the result of investigating the relationship between the frequency of the reflux of molten steel after flux for desulfurization is added when molten steel having the components of Steel No. 2 in Table 1 is refined and the number of inclusions 20 microns or larger in size per square mm at a section of a steel sheet obtained by hot-rolling a slab cast from the molten steel. As shown in Fig.
• Fig. 6 shows the result of summarizing the relation among finish-rolling entry and exit temperatures when a slab having the components of Steel No. 2 in Table 1 is hot-rolled, and the maximum length of crystal grains in the microstructure at a section of the steel sheet obtained.
• the maximum length of the microstructure is certainly controlled to not larger than 10 microns and, therefore, a net hole expansion rate can be improved and press cracking can be avoided.
• a finish-rolling exit temperature exceeds 920 °C, the whole microstructure coarsens, the drawbacks such as the deterioration of press formability and the generation of scale defects remarkably appear, and therefore the temperature is determined to be the upper limit.
• the multi-step control of a cooling rate (the combination of quenching, slow cooling and isothermal retention) or immediate quenching at the finish-rolling exit, which are generally known, may be employed, aiming at the control of the area percentage of a microstructure and the promotion of the fining of a microstructure and the formation of a multiphase structure.
• the upper limit of a coiling temperature is set at 500 °C in order for either one or both of retained austenite and martensite to account for 3% or more in total in area percentage. If a coiling temperature exceeds 500 °C, the total area percentage of 3% or more cannot be secured and thus an excellent balance between strength and elongation (tensile strength multiplied by total elongation) is not obtained.
• either air cooling or forced cooling may be employed for the cooling of a steel sheet after it is coiled.
• a slab may be subjected to rolling after once being cooled and then reheated, or rolling by HCR or HDR. Further, a slab may be produced by so-called thin slab continuous casting.
• a steel sheet according to the present invention may be plated with Zn or the like for improving corrosion resistance, or may be coated with a lubricant or the like for further improving press formability.
• Example 2 The chemical compositions other than Fe of the steels subjected to the test are shown in Table 2.
• the frequency of the reflux of molten steel can be calculated by, for example, the following equation.
• V Flow rate of refluxed gas (Nl/min.)
• D Sectional area of snorkel (m 2 )
• P0 Pressure in vacuum chamber (Pa)
• PI Pressure at injection port of refluxed gas (Pa).
• Microstructure F; ferrite, B; bainite, retained ⁇ ; retained austenite,
• a net hole expansion rate was calculated based on the Japan Iron and Steel Federation Standard JFS T1001- 1996.
• the maximum length of crystal grains in a microstructure was calculated from an optical micrograph under the magnification of 400 taken at a section perpendicular to the rolling direction of a steel sheet after the section was etched with a nitral reagent and the reagent disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. S59-219473.
• the number of coarse inclusions in a steel sheet was obtained by observing a polish-finished section perpendicular to the rolling direction of a steel sheet with a microscope (400 magnifications) and integrating the number of coarse inclusions 20 microns or larger in maximum length.
• the identification of the constitution of a microstructure, the measurement of an area percentage, and the measurement of the maximum length of retained austenite and/or martensite were carried out with an optical micrograph under a magnification of 1,000 x taken at a section perpendicular to the rolling direction of a steel sheet after the section was etched with a nitral reagent, the reagent disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. S59-219473 and the reagent disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H5-163590, and with X-ray analysis.
• F ⁇ (%) (2/3) ⁇ 100/(0.7 x ⁇ (211) / ⁇ (220)+l) ⁇ + (1/3) ⁇ 100/(0.78 x ⁇ (211) / ⁇ (311)+l) ⁇ , where, ⁇ (211), ⁇ (220), ⁇ (211), and ⁇ (311) represent the intensity on the respective planes.

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• 2002
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