Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/002—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof amorphous or microcrystalline
  • B22F9/008—Rapid solidification processing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0018—Inorganic elements or compounds, e.g. oxides, nitrides, borohydrides or zeolites; Solutions thereof
  • C01B3/0031—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0018—Inorganic elements or compounds, e.g. oxides, nitrides, borohydrides or zeolites; Solutions thereof
  • C01B3/0031—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys
  • C01B3/0047—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys containing a rare earth metal
  • C01B3/0057—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys containing a rare earth metal and nickel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0084—Solid storage media characterised by their shape, e.g. porous compacts or hollow particles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
  • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air
  • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
  • C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C22/00—Alloys based on manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C23/00—Alloys based on magnesium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C23/00—Alloys based on magnesium
  • C22C23/02—Alloys based on magnesium with aluminium as the next major constituent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C23/00—Alloys based on magnesium
  • C22C23/06—Alloys based on magnesium with a rare earth metal as the next major constituent
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
  • F17C11/005—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for hydrogen
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
  • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/065—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by dissolution of metals or alloys; by dehydriding metallic substances
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
  • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
  • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
  • C01B2203/0261—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step containing a catalytic partial oxidation step [CPO]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
  • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
  • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
  • C01B2203/085—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by electric heating
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
  • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
  • F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
  • F17C2260/04—Reducing risks and environmental impact
  • F17C2260/046—Enhancing energy recovery
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
  • F17C2270/0184—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S420/00—Alloys or metallic compositions
  • Y10S420/90—Hydrogen storage

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to hydrogen storage units and alloys. More specifically this invention relates to hydrogen storage alloys which have been atomically engineered to include a spectrum of hydrogen bonding energies and multiple hydride phases which extend and enhance their storage capacity at high pressures.
• the invention also includes high pressure hydrogen storage units which contain a variable amount of the hydrogen storage alloy therein to enhance the storage capacity of the unit beyond that obtainable by pressurized hydrogen gas alone.
• Hydrogen has the highest density of energy per unit weight of any chemical fuel and is essentially non-polluting since the main by-product of "burning" hydrogen is water.
• hydrogen can be a means of solving many of the world's energy related problems, such as climate change, pollution, strategic dependancy on oil, etc., as well as providing a means of helping developing nations.
• Multiorbital modifiers for example transition elements, provided a greatly increased number of storage sites due to various bonding configurations available, thus resulting in an increase in energy density.
• the technique of modification especially provides non-equilibrium materials having varying degrees of disorder provided unique bonding configurations, orbital overlap and hence a spectrum of bonding sites. Due to the different degrees of orbital overlap and the disordered structure, an insignificant amount of structural rearrangement occurs during charge/discharge cycles or rest periods therebetween resulting in long cycle and shelf life.
• the improved battery of the '597 patent included electrode materials having tailor-made local chemical environments which were designed to yield high electrochemical charging and discharging efficiency and high electrical charge output.
• the manipulation of the local chemical environment of the materials was made possible by utilization of a host matrix which could, in accordance with the '597 patent, be chemically modified with other elements to create a greatly increased density of catalytically active sites for hydrogen dissociation and also of hydrogen storage sites.
• the disordered materials of the '597 patent were designed to have unusual electronic configurations, which resulted from the varying 3-dimensional interactions of constituent atoms and their various orbitals.
• the disorder came from compositional, positional and translational relationships of atoms. Selected elements were utilized to further modify the disorder by their interaction with these orbitals so as to create the desired local chemical environments.
• the disorder described in the '597 patent can be of an atomic nature in the form of compositional or configu rational disorder provided throughout the bulk of the material or in numerous regions of the material.
• the disorder also can be introduced into the host matrix by creating microscopic phases within the material which mimic the compositional or configu rational disorder at the atomic level by virtue of the relationship of one phase to another.
• disordered materials can be created by introducing microscopic regions of a different kind or kinds of crystalline phases, or by introducing regions of an amorphous phase or phases, or by introducing regions of an amorphous phase or phases in addition to regions of a crystalline phase or phases.
• the interfaces between these various phases can provide surfaces which are rich in local chemical environments which provide numerous desirable sites for electrochemical hydrogen storage.
• compositional disorder is introduced into the material which can radically alter the material in a planned manner to achieve important improved and unique results, using the Ovshinsky principles of disorder on an atomic or microscopic scale.
• disordered materials of the '597 patent were their resistance to poisoning.
• Another advantage was their ability to be modified in a substantially continuous range of varying percentages of modifier elements. This ability allows the host matrix to be manipulated by modifiers to tailor-make or engineer hydrogen storage materials with all the desirable characteristics, i.e., high charging/discharging efficiency, high degree of reversibility, high electrical efficiency, long cycle life, high density energy storage, no poisoning and minimal structural change.
• the objects of the instant invention include a solid state hydrogen storage unit which includes a pressure containment vessel having at least one hydrogen inlet/outlet port for transferring hydrogen into and out of the vessel and a hydrogen storage alloy disposed with the containment vessel.
• the hydrogen storage alloy being in sufficient quantity to provide for bulk storage of hydrogen and having a storage capacity at ambient temperatures and at a pressure of at least two times the plateau endpoint pressure of at least 10% higher than the storage capacity of said alloy at the same temperature and at the plateau endpoint pressure.
• the hydrogen storage alloy has a storage capacity at ambient temperatures and at a pressure of at least three times the plateau endpoint pressure of at least 15% higher than the storage capacity of the alloy at the same temperature and at the plateau endpoint pressure.
• hydrogen storage alloy has a high pressure extended storage capacity slope of less than 5 at ambient temperature but greater than the slope of the plateau pressure capacity at the same temperature. More preferred alloys have a high pressure extended storage capacity curve slope of less than 4.5 at ambient temperature but greater than the slope of the plateau pressure capacity curve at the same temperature. Even more preferred alloys have a high pressure extended storage capacity curve slope of less than 4 at ambient temperature but greater than the slope of the plateau pressure capacity curve at the same temperature. Yet further preferred alloys are those which have a high pressure extended storage capacity curve slope of less than 3.5 at ambient temperature but greater than the slope of the plateau pressure capacity curve at the same temperature. Finally, most preferred alloys are those which have a high pressure extended storage capacity curve slope of less than 3 at ambient temperature but greater than the slope of the plateau pressure capacity curve at the same temperature.
• the hydrogen storage alloy is an alloy is an AB 2 alloy, such as a modified Ti-Mn 2 alloy comprising, in atomic percent 2-5% Zr, 26-33% Ti, 7-13% V, 8- 20% Cr, 36-42% Mn; and at least one element selected from the group consisting of 1-6% Ni, 2-6% Fe and 0.1-2% Al.
• the alloy may further contain up to 1 atomic percent Misch metal.
• Examples of such alloys include in atomic percent: 1 ) 3.63% Zr, 29.8% Ti, 8.82% V, 9.85% Cr, 39.5% Mn,2.0% Ni, 5.0% Fe, 1.0% Al, and 0.4% Misch metal; 2) 3.6% Zr, 29.0% Ti, 8.9% V, 10.1% Cr, 40.1% Mn,2.0% Ni, 5.1% Fe, and 1.2% Al; 3) 3.6% Zr, 28.3% Ti, 8.8% V, 10.0% Cr, 40.7% Mn,1.9% Ni, 5.1 % Fe, and 1.6% Al; and 4) 1% Zr, 33% Ti, 12.54% V, 15% Cr, 36% Mn, 2.25% Fe, and 0.21 % Al.
• the storage unit may further include a thermal management system for alternately cooling and heating said hydrogen storage alloy during charge and discharge thereof, respectively.
• the storage unity may also include means to divide the interior of the pressure vessel into compartments.
• the means to divide the interior of the pressure vessel into compartments may be selected from honeycomb structures, metal foam, disk dividers, screens, pinwheel dividers and combinations thereof.
• Figure 1 is a stylistic depiction of the solid state hydrogen storage unit of the instant invention
• Figure 2 is a pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) plot at 0°C and 25°C of an alloy useful in the storage unit of the instant invention
• Figure 3 is the same PCT plot of Figure 2 specifically showing the linear relationship between the natural log of pressure versus extended capacity for an alloy useful in the storage unit of the instant invention
• Figure 3 is a pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) plot at 0°C of another alloy useful in the storage unit of the instant invention
• Figure 4 is the same PCT plot of Figure 3 specifically showing the linear relationship between the natural log of pressure versus extended capacity for another alloy useful in the storage unit of the instant invention
• Hydrogen is supplied to the combustor 30 via unused hydrogen from the fuel cell 28, and via fresh hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen storage unit 51 via hydrogen supply line 34. Heated thermal transfer medium is supplied to the hydrogen storage unit 51 via supply line 33.
• the system also includes a return passage 36 for returning any fuel cell aqueous electrolyte used to heat the hydrogen storage material back to the fuel cell 28 and an exhaust gas vent 35 for releasing used combustor gas.
• the system further includes a hydrogen gas supply passage 31 which leads hydrogen gas from the hydrogen gas storage unit 51 to the fuel cell 28.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Fuel Cell (AREA)
• Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
• Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)

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• 2001
  • 2001-07-10 US US09/901,816 patent/US6536487B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2002
  • 2002-07-09 DE DE60219166T patent/DE60219166T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-07-09 EP EP02761050A patent/EP1404578B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2002-07-09 TW TW91115111A patent/TW573107B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-07-09 KR KR10-2004-7000400A patent/KR20040022220A/ko not_active Ceased
  • 2002-07-09 WO PCT/US2002/021575 patent/WO2003006319A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2002-07-09 JP JP2003512103A patent/JP2004534926A/ja active Pending

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