WO2002089854A1 - Transfert de genes et facteur angiogenique pour maladie de la peau - Google Patents
Transfert de genes et facteur angiogenique pour maladie de la peau Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002089854A1 WO2002089854A1 PCT/JP2002/004529 JP0204529W WO02089854A1 WO 2002089854 A1 WO2002089854 A1 WO 2002089854A1 JP 0204529 W JP0204529 W JP 0204529W WO 02089854 A1 WO02089854 A1 WO 02089854A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
- A61K38/1825—Fibroblast growth factor [FGF]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
- A61K38/1833—Hepatocyte growth factor; Scatter factor; Tumor cytotoxic factor II
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
- A61K38/1858—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
- A61K38/1866—Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
- A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
- A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
- A61P17/14—Drugs for dermatological disorders for baldness or alopecia
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of an angiogenic factor gene for skin diseases. More specifically, the present invention relates to a therapeutic or prophylactic agent containing an angiogenesis factor gene as an active ingredient, and a method characterized by administering an angiogenesis factor gene to a target site.
- Angiogenic factors include hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF).
- HGF hepatocyte growth factor
- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- HIF hypoxia inducible factor
- Skin disorders include wounds, baldness, skin ulcers, pressure sores (bedsores), scars (keloids), atopic dermatitis, skin damage after skin transplantation, including autotransplantation and allogeneic transplantation. Background art
- Angiogenesis factor refers to not only stimulating in vivo the development of new blood vessels and angiogenesis initiated with the activation of parental endothelial cells, but also mitojek of endothelial cells in vitro. Are the growth factors indicated. Examples of angiogenic factors include HGF, VEGF, FGF and HIF. The therapeutic application of angiogenic factors was first published in Folkman et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 285, 1182-1186 (1971)).
- angiogenic factors such as the FGF family (Science 257, 1401-1403 (1992), Nature 362, 844-846 (1993)) and VEGF, can be used to produce myocardial and lower limb ischemia. It has been identified that it can promote and / or enhance collateral circulation development in animal models of disease (Circulation 90, II-228-II-234 (1994)). Furthermore, the present inventors have found that HGF acts as an endothelial-specific growth factor similarly to VEGF (J. Hypertens. 14, 1067-1072 (1996)). HGF is a cytokine that was discovered as a potent growth-promoting factor for mature stem cells, and its gene has been cloned [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
- HGF is a plasminogen-related and mesenchymal-derived pleiotropic growth factor, and is known to regulate cell growth and cell motility in various types of cells [Nature 342: 440-443 (1989); Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comniun. 239: 639-644 (1997); J. Biochem. Tokyo 119: 591-600 (1996)].
- HGF is an important factor regulating the morphogenetic process during embryogenesis and regeneration of some organs.
- HGF is a potent mitogen of hepatocytes and other epidermal cells, including keratinocytes [Exp. Cell Res. 196: 114-120 (1991)].
- HGF As the name implies, it is a substance found in the liver, but actually present in the body. This HGF has the effect of proliferating cells. When injured, cell division occurs rapidly around the wound and the wound is repaired, which is also due to the action of HGF.
- the dermatology team at Juntendo University has identified this substance as one of the hair growth factors. HGF promotes hair cell division and promotes hair growth Have. The administration of HGF to hair matrix cells of the scalp, which has undergone softening by male hormones, is thought to regenerate thick hair.
- HGF has various functions including the function of an angiogenic factor, and various attempts have been made to utilize it as a pharmaceutical.
- the issue here has been the half-life of HGF in the blood.
- the half-life of HGF was as short as about 10 minutes, it was difficult to maintain the blood concentration, and the transfer of an effective amount of HGF to the affected area became a problem.
- VEGF is a dimeric glycoprotein that is mitogenic to endothelial cells and has the ability to increase vascular permeability. VEGF is a directly on endothelial cells, have specific My Tojienikku effects (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ., 161, 851-858 (1989)) 0
- HIF promotes erythrocyte production, increases erythropoietin to increase systemic oxygen supply, VEGF and its receptor to promote angiogenesis and increase local oxygen supply, and synthesizes ATP in anoxic condition It is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the transcriptional activation of genes for glycolytic enzymes that confer resistance to cells.
- HIF-1 is a heterodimer consisting of HIF-1 and HIF-liS, and HIF-lj3 (also called Arnt) is involved in the metabolism of foreign foreign substances such as dioxin, and both Ah receptor and heterodimer. It has already been found that it functions to regulate the transcription of drug metabolizing enzyme genes.
- gene therapy can be used in the treatment of a variety of ambulation disorders [ence 256: 808-813 (1992); Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159 (1987)].
- vectors for gene transfer are viruses such as adenovirus One.
- virus / sbetater is potentially dangerous.
- Alternatives include HVJ-liposome-mediated gene transfer, which uses ribosomes, which have been reported as an effective in vivo gene transfer method, with the viral outer membrane and has little toxicity [Science 243: 375-378]. (1989); Anal.
- Wound healing consists of a series of events, including inflammation, angiogenesis, matrix synthesis and collagen deposition, leading to reendothelialization, angiogenesis and the formation of granular tissue [Clark RAF Ed.] Overview and general cons ideration of wound repair. Moleular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. "Plenum Press. New York (1996) 3-50; An nu. Rev. Med. 46: 467-481 (1995); J. Pathol. 178: 5-10 (1996) ].
- the healing process involves fibroblasts (FGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-a), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) It is regulated by a number of mitodins and chemotactic factors, including growth factors such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF).
- FGF fibroblasts
- TGF-a transforming growth factor
- TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor- ⁇
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- VEGF vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- HGF promotes wound sealing by epithelium in the T84 intestinal monolayer by enhancing cell turnover [J. Clin. Invest. 93: 2056-2065 (1994). ] 0
- in vivo administration of recombinant HGF promotes the regeneration of epithelial cells in rat kidney damaged by antitumor agents [Gene Therapy 7: 417-427 (2000)] 0
- Subcutaneous administration of recombinant HGF to gastric ulcers caused by rat frostbite increased serum HGF concentration, but had no effect on the rate of gastric ulcer healing. 8 to 15 days after frostbite induction
- Epithelial cell proliferation increased in [Gastroenterology 113: 1858-1872 (1997)] 0
- TGF- ⁇ expression is a key event in wound healing.
- TGF- stimulates fibroblasts to produce matrix proteins, matrix protease inhibitors, and integrin receptors, thereby modulating matritosis formation and cell-cell interactions at the wound site
- Rokerts AB, Aporn MB ". Transform ing growth factor- j3 the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair” second edition, Clark RAF ed. (. Plenum Press New York, 1996 years, pp. 275-308).
- TGF-j81 dysregulation and sustained overexpression have been reported to increase TGF-mRNA expression in tissues of patients with dermal fibrosis (eg, hypertrophic scars and keloids) [Am. J. Pathol.
- TGF - / 3 neutralizing antibodies not only to reduce the cells in the wound granulation tissue in adults wounds were improved structure of new dermis [Lancet 339: 213-214 (199 2 )] 0
- intravenous administration is a common sense for proteinaceous preparations, and examples of administration of HGF to ischemic disease models include intravenous and intraarterial administration [Circulation 97: 381-390 (1998)].
- Intravenous or arterial administration in such animal models demonstrates the efficacy of HGF against ischemic or arterial disease
- no specific conclusion has been made yet regarding the specific effective administration method and dosage of HGF.
- HGF protein there is a problem of half-life as described above, and there is also a problem of transferability to the affected area, and no conclusion has yet been reached as to an effective administration method or dosage. Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention relates to a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for a skin disease using an angiogenic factor gene, and to use of the agent.
- HGF one of the angiogenic factors, may promote epithelial repair and angiogenesis during wound healing.i) After gene transfer, human HGF mRNA and Ii) whether the genetically transferred protein is biologically active, and iii) whether the transferred protein is pathological (eg, complete). Mitogenic activity, including some cells in wounds of various thicknesses, and whether they have any biological effects on re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition in granular tissue.
- the present inventors have clarified that extremely effective results can be obtained by directly administering an angiogenic factor gene to an affected area for skin diseases. Specifically, by administering an angiogenic factor gene to skin wounds, effective effects can be obtained. Fruit was obtained.
- the treatment with such an angiogenic factor gene is a non-invasive treatment, it has a feature that the gene can be administered any number of times depending on the disease state. That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- a therapeutic or preventive agent for skin diseases comprising an angiogenic factor gene as an active ingredient.
- angiogenesis factor gene is an HGF gene, VEGF gene, FGF gene or HIF gene.
- the skin disease is a wound, bald, skin ulcer, decubitus (bedsore), scar (keloid), or skin damage after skin transplantation including autograft and allograft.
- the therapeutic or prophylactic agent is in the form of a tablet, pill, dragee, capsule, liquid, gel, ointment, syrup, slurry, suspension.
- a therapeutic or prophylactic agent is in the form of a tablet, pill, dragee, capsule, liquid, gel, ointment, syrup, slurry, suspension.
- Genes are encapsulated ribosome method, electrostatic ribosome method, HVJ-ribosome method, improved HVJ-ribosome method, virus envelope vector method, receptor-mediated gene transfer method, particle gun (gene gun) and DNA with carrier Transfer of molecules into cells, direct transfer of nake d-DNA, transfer of DNA molecules to cells with ultrasonic irradiation, electoral poration, or transfer with positively charged polymer An agent according to any one of the above (1) to (3).
- a method for treating or preventing a skin disease which comprises introducing an angiogenic factor gene into a mammal.
- an angiogenic factor gene for production of a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for a skin disease.
- the “angiogenic factor gene” used in the present invention refers to a gene capable of expressing an angiogenic growth factor.
- the term “angiogenesis factor” is used not only to stimulate the generation of new blood vessels and angiogenesis that are initiated with the activation of endothelial cells in the parent blood vessel, but also to stimulate in vivo
- it refers to a growth factor that has been shown to be mitogenic to endothelial cells in vitro, and includes HGF, VEGF, FGF, HIF, and the like described below.
- the “HGF gene” used in the present invention refers to a gene capable of expressing HGF (HGF protein). Specifically, ature 342, 440 (1989), Patent No. 2777678, Koyuki Uchimo, Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun. 163: 967 (1989), Biochem. Biophys. Res.Co.Thigh un. 172: 321 (1990) And the like, in which the cDNA of HGF described in the above is incorporated into an appropriate expression vector (non-viral vector, viral vector) as described below.
- an appropriate expression vector non-viral vector, viral vector
- the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding HGF is described in the above-mentioned literature, and is also registered in databases such as Genbank.
- HGF cDNA can be cloned by using an appropriate DNA portion as a primer for PCR based on these sequence information, for example, by performing an RT-PCR reaction on mRNA derived from liver or leukocytes. Can be. These clonings are described, for example, in Molecular Cloning Second Edition (Cold
- VEGF gene used in the present invention refers to a gene capable of expressing VEGF (VEGF protein). That is, a vector in which VEGF cDNA is incorporated into an appropriate expression vector (a non-viral vector or a viral vector) as described below is exemplified. In humans, the presence of four subtypes (VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189, VEGF206) has been reported in humans due to selective splinting during transcription.
- VEGF genes any of these VEGF genes can be used, but the biologically most active VEGF165 gene is more preferable.
- the VEGF gene can be easily cloned by a person skilled in the art based on the sequence described in the literature (Science, 246, 1306 (1989)) and the sequence information registered in the database. It can be done easily.
- FGF gene and “HIF gene” used in the present invention each refer to FGF And a gene capable of expressing HIF.
- HGF and VEGF those which are incorporated into an appropriate expression vector (non-viral vector, viral vector) as described later are exemplified.
- Those skilled in the art can easily clone the gene based on the sequence described in a known document and the sequence information registered in a database, and can also easily perform the modification and the like.
- the angiogenesis factor gene of the present invention is not limited to those described above, and can be used as the angiogenesis factor gene of the present invention as long as the expressed protein has a function as an angiogenic factor. That is, 1) a DNA that hybridizes with the cDNA under stringent conditions, and 2) one or more (preferably several) amino acids with respect to the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the cDNA.
- the angiogenesis of the present invention Included in the category of factor genes.
- the DNAs of the above 1) and 2) can be obtained by, for example, site-directed mutagenesis, PCR [Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et a ⁇ . (1987) Publish. John Wiley & Sons Section 6.1- 6.4] or the usual hybridization method [Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et a ⁇ . (1987) Publish. John Wiley & Sons Section 6.3.6.4] Can be.
- DNA can be isolated.
- the stringent conditions for hybridization to isolate DNA that encodes a protein that is functionally equivalent to an angiogenic factor are typically more stringent, typically around 1X SSC, 37 ° (:). The condition is about 0.5 X SSC, 0.1% SDS, 42 ° C, and the more severe condition is about 0.1 X SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65 ° C.
- a protein encoded by a gene isolated by such a hybridization method or a PCR method usually has a higher homology in its amino acid sequence than conventionally known angiogenic factors.
- High homology refers to sequence homology of at least 50% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more (eg, 95% or more).
- the identity of amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences can be determined by the algorithm BLAST by Karlin and Altschul (Pro Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5877, 1993). Based on this algorithm, programs such as BLASTN and BLA STX have been developed (Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410, 1990).
- non-viral vectors When a gene therapy agent containing the HGF gene as an active ingredient is administered to a patient, there are two major modes of administration: non-viral vectors and viral vectors.
- the preparation method and administration method are described in detail in [Separate volume experimental medicine, basic technology of gene therapy, Yodosha (1996); Separate volume experimental medicine, gene transfer & expression analysis experiment method, Yodosha (1997) ; Japanese Society of Gene Therapy, Gene Therapy Development Institute Ultimate Handbook, N'T'S (1999)].
- a specific description will be given.
- the target gene can be introduced into cells and tissues by the following method using a recombinant expression vector in which the target gene is incorporated into a conventional gene expression vector.
- Examples of a method for introducing a gene into cells include a lipofection method, a monocalcium phosphate coprecipitation method, a DAE-dextran method, a direct injection method of DNA using a micro glass tube, an electoral port poration method, and the like.
- Examples of the method of gene transfer into tissues include gene transfer using internal type liposomes, gene transfer method using electrostatic liposomes, HVJ-ribosome method, and improved HVJ-ribosome method.
- HVJ-AVE ribosome method virus envelope vector method
- receptor-mediated gene transfer method method of transferring DNA molecules into cells with a carrier (metal particles) using a particle gun (gene gun), naked—direct DNA
- the recombinant expression vector can be incorporated into cells by subjecting it to any of the following methods: introduction, introduction with a positively charged polymer, and transfer of DNA molecules into cells along with ultrasonic irradiation. You.
- HVJ-liposome encapsulates DNA in ribosomes made of lipid bilayer membrane, and fuses the ribosomes with inactivated Sendai virus (Hemaggulutinanting virus of Japan: HVJ).
- the HVJ-ribosome method is characterized by having a very high fusion activity with the cell membrane as compared with the conventional liposome method, and is a preferable introduction form.
- the method of preparing HVJ-ribosomes refer to Separate Volume Experimental Medicine, Basic Technology of Gene Therapy, Yodosha (1996); Separate Volume Experimental Medicine, Gene Transfer & Expression Analysis Experimental Method, Yodosha (1997); J Clin. Invest. 93: 1458-1464 (1994); Am. J. Physiol.
- HVJ ribosome method is described in, for example, Molecular Medicine 30: 1440-1448 (1993); Experimental Medicine 12: 1822-1826 (1994); protein, nucleic acid, enzyme 42, 1806- 1813 (1997), etc., preferably Circulation 92 (Suppl. II): 479-482 (1995) The method described above can be used.
- the HVJ is preferably a Z strain (available from ATCC), but basically other HVJ strains (eg, ATCC VR-907 and ATCC VR-105) can also be used.
- the “virus envelope vector” in the present specification is a vector in which a foreign gene is encapsulated in a virus envelope.
- the virus envelope vector is a gene transfer vector in which the virus genome is inactivated, and is safe, has low cytotoxicity, and has low antigenicity because there is no replication of viral proteins.
- a virus envelope vector can be prepared, for example, according to the method described in PCT / JP01Z0782.
- Viruses used for the preparation of the gene transfer vector include both wild-type viruses and recombinant viruses, such as retroviridae, togaviridae, coronawinores, flaviwinores, paramyxoviridae, and orthomyxovirus.
- Family Bunyaviridae family, Rabdowinoreaceae family, Boxwinores family, Henoles pinolaceae family, Nokurouinoresu family, and Hepadnaviridae family.
- a virus envelope vector using HVJ is preferable.
- Hasa ⁇ , ⁇ . ⁇ . Et al. Journal of General Virology, 78, 2813-2820 (1997)), or Yonemitsusu, Y. et al.
- a gene transfer vector can also be prepared using the recombinant Sendai virus.
- the direct introduction method of naked-DNA is the simplest method among the above methods, and is also a preferable introduction method from this viewpoint.
- the expression vector used here may be any expression vector as long as it can express the target gene in vivo.
- Expression vectors such as CAGGS [Gene 108: 193-200 (1991)], pBK-CMV ⁇ pcDNA3.1, pZeoSV (Invitrogen, Stratagene) and the like.
- CAGGS Gene 108: 193-200 (1991)
- pBK-CMV ⁇ pcDNA3.1 pZeoSV (Invitrogen, Stratagene) and the like.
- pZeoSV Invitrogen, Stratagene
- virus vector a method using a virus vector such as a recombinant adenovirus or a retrovirus is typical. More specifically, for example, detoxified retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, vaccinia virus, box virus / less, polio virus, symbis virus, Sendai virus, SV40, immunodeficiency It is possible to introduce a gene into a cell by introducing the gene of interest into a DNA virus or RNA virus such as a virus (HIV) and infecting the cell with the recombinant virus.
- a virus vector such as a recombinant adenovirus or a retrovirus
- the efficiency of adenovirus infection is much higher than when other virus vectors are used. From this viewpoint, it is preferable to use an adenovirus vector system.
- the gene therapy agent of the present invention can be introduced into a patient by an in vivo method in which the gene therapy agent is directly introduced into the body, or by extracting certain cells from humans and introducing the gene therapy agent into the cells outside the body.
- an ex vivo method to return the cells to the body There is an ex vivo method to return the cells to the body [Nikkei Science, April 1994, pp. 20-45; Monthly Pharmaceutical Affairs 36 (1): 23-48 (1994); ): (1994); Japan Society of Genetics Therapy, Gene Therapy Development Research Handbook, N.T.S. (1999)].
- the in vivo method is preferred.
- various preparation forms for example, liquid preparations suitable for each of the above-mentioned administration forms can be taken.
- the injection in the case of an injection containing a gene as an active ingredient, the injection can be prepared by a conventional method, for example, dissolved in an appropriate solvent (buffer such as PBS, physiological saline, sterilized water, etc.). Thereafter, if necessary, it can be prepared by sterilizing by filtration with a filter or the like, and then filling in a sterile container. A conventional carrier or the like may be added to the injection as required.
- ribosome preparations such as suspensions, cryogens, and centrifugal concentrated cryogens are used. It can be in the form.
- the therapeutic or prophylactic agent of the present invention can be preferably administered topically to an affected part of the skin in the form of an ointment.
- This ointment is a semi-solid external preparation of appropriate consistency that can be easily applied to the skin, and is usually a fat, fatty oil, lanolin, vaseline, noraffin, ⁇ , plaster, resin, plastic, darcols , Higher alcohols, glycerin, water or emulsifiers, and suspending agents, in which the decoy compound is evenly mixed based on these.
- it may be in the form of an oily ointment, an emulsion ointment, or a water-soluble ointment.
- Oil-based ointments are based on animal and vegetable oils and fats, or cellulose, liquid paraffin, etc. Emulsion-based ointments emulsify oil-based substances and water with an emulsifier, oil-in-water (0 / W) Or water-in-oil (W / 0).
- the oil-in-water type (oZw) can be a hydrophilic ointment, the water-in-oil type (w / o) lacks an aqueous phase from the beginning, and can contain hydrophilic vaseline, purified lanolin or a water-absorbing ointment containing an aqueous phase , Hydrated lanolin.
- a water-soluble ointment may contain a McGall base that is completely soluble in water as a major component.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is Vaseline containing 5% stearyl alcohol or Vaseline alone or Vaseline containing liquid paraffin.
- Such carriers allow the pharmaceutical composition to be formulated into tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, solutions, gels, ointments, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc., suitable for ingestion by the patient. .
- the therapeutic or prophylactic agent of the present invention may contain a synthetic or natural hydrophilic polymer as a carrier.
- hydrophilic polymers include hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, and the compound of the present invention is mixed with such a hydrophilic polymer in a suitable solvent. Thereafter, the solvent can be removed by a method such as air-drying or the like, molded into a desired form, for example, a sheet, and then applied to a target site.
- Formulations containing such hydrophilic polymers have a low water content and are therefore preserved. It excels in preservation, and absorbs moisture when used to form a gel, and has excellent storage properties.
- a hydrophilic sheet formed by adjusting the hardness by mixing a polyhydric alcohol with cellulose, starch and derivatives thereof, or a synthetic high molecular compound as a similar substance can also be used.
- a known factor having an angiogenic action other than these angiogenic factors alone or in combination with a plurality of genes selected from angiogenic factor genes such as HGF, VEGF, FGF and HIF used in the present invention. Can be used in combination or alone. For example, it has been reported that factors such as EGF have an angiogenic effect, and these genes can be used. It has been reported that growth factors such as EGF repair various cellular disorders of tissues, and these genes can also be used.
- the skin diseases referred to in the present invention include wounds, baldness, skin ulcers, pressure ulcers (bedsores), scars (keroids), atopic dermatitis, and skin damage after skin transplantation including autologous transplantation and allogeneic transplantation. Is included.
- a prophylactic agent refers to
- Affected refers to a drug that has the effect of preventing the disease in advance, or a drug that has the effect of reducing symptoms when the above-mentioned disease has developed, or a drug that has the effect of accelerating the recovery of symptoms.
- a prophylactic agent is also included in the present invention.
- the baldness here refers to the phenomenon of fluffiness, in which the hair cycle becomes extremely short and the hair grows out to the thick hairs during the growing period, resulting in only thin and short hairs.
- Skin ulcers are deep tissue defects that reach the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, and are classified into ischemic ulcers, congestive ulcers, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, radiation ulcers, and drip leaks.
- Pressure ulcer refers to a condition in which peripheral blood vessels in a tissue block and cause necrosis due to continuous pressure received from the contact surface of the body. It is a refractory ulcer with a well-defined, dry, necrotic mass attached to the site where it is present.
- Scars are hypertrophic hyperplasias of the connective tissue that appear after skin damage, with a flattened wound surface, sometimes resulting in crabfoot processes, proliferative, original wounds Some continue to expand beyond the site.
- Factors that cause the formation of keloids by trauma include genetic, age-related, systemic factors such as hormones, and local factors such as scarring due to body parts. It is classified into hypertrophic scars, scar keloids and intrinsic keloids.
- an appropriate administration method / administration site is selected according to the disease, symptom, and the like to be treated.
- Parenteral administration is preferred as an administration method.
- the “skin disease site” refers to a site including the skin disease site and its surroundings.
- administration to the site of skin disease can be performed intravascularly or intramuscularly, and can be applied to the surface of the skin with an ointment or the like.
- an ointment or the like apply to the affected area after skin transplantation including wounds, baldness, pressure ulcers (bed sores), keloids, atopic dermatitis, autologous transplantation and allogeneic transplantation.
- the angiogenesis of the diseased part can be promoted, blood flow can be improved, and the function of the diseased part can be restored to normal.
- wounds, baldness, skin ulcers, decubitus (bed sores), scars (keloids), atopic dermatitis, and skin damage after skin transplantation including autologous transplantation and allogeneic transplantation can be treated by aggressive gene transfer for patients, and the function can be restored in patients who have not been able to use appropriate treatment.
- the therapeutic or prophylactic agent of the present invention comprises an amount of an angiogenic gene in an amount sufficient to achieve the intended purpose of the agent, ie, a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “pharmacologically effective amount”.
- “Therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmacologically effective amount” is an amount of a drug effective to produce the intended pharmacological result, which reduces the symptoms of the patient to be treated. That is enough.
- Useful assays to determine the effective amount for a given application include those that measure the extent of recovery of the target disease.
- the actual amount to be administered depends on the individual to be treated, and is preferably the desired effect Is an amount optimized to be achieved without significant side effects.
- a therapeutically effective amount, a pharmacologically effective amount, and toxicity can be determined by cell culture assays or any appropriate animal model. Also, such animal models can be used to achieve a desired concentration range and route of administration, from which a skilled artisan can determine an effective amount in humans.
- the dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio ED50 / LD50. Large therapeutic index pharmaceutical compositions are preferred.
- the determined dose is appropriately selected depending on the dosage form to be used, the sensitivity of the patient, the age and other conditions of the patient, the type of the disease, the severity of the disease, and the like.
- the therapeutic agent of the present invention is preferably administered once every several days to several weeks, and the frequency of administration is appropriately selected according to the patient's condition. Since the therapeutic agent of the present invention is used for non-invasive administration, it has the characteristic that it can be administered any number of times depending on the disease state.
- the organism into which the angiogenic factor gene is introduced is not particularly limited, but is preferably a mammal. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, non-human mammals such as human monkeys, mice, rats, pigs, horses, and hidge. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
- Figure 2 is a photograph showing the distribution of HGF gene mR NA of human HGF metastasis in rats (to d) and protein (e to h).
- the bar scale in the figure is 1 for a and e 00 im and 200 ⁇ for bd, g and h.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the size of the wound area after gene transfer to the original wound area by percentage.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram ( ⁇ ) and a photograph ( ⁇ ) showing PCNA expression in the epidermis at the edge of a rat wound after gene transfer.
- ⁇ is a photograph showing the ratio of PCNA-positive cells in the epidermis after gene transfer
- B is a photograph showing PCNA expression.
- a ⁇ f The scale of the bar is 200 m.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram (A) and a photograph (B) showing the results of detecting the expression of PCNA in the granulation tissue of a rat after gene transfer.
- A shows the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the granulation tissue after gene transfer
- B shows the expression of PCNA.
- a to c are photographs of HGF gene-transferred rats on days 3, 7, and 14, respectively
- d to f are photographs of control rats on days 3, 7, and 14, respectively.
- the scale of the bars in a to f is 200 m.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram (A) and a photograph (B) showing the results of counting the number of microvessels using immunohistochemistry for factor VIII in granulation tissue of rats after gene transfer.
- A shows the number of microvessels in granulation tissue
- B shows the results of immunohistochemistry for factor VIII.
- a to c are photographs of HGF gene-transferred rats on days 3, 7, and 14, respectively
- d to f are photographs of control rats on days 3, 7, and 14, respectively.
- the scale of the bars in a to f is 200 ⁇ .
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the result of 1 ⁇ -? 0 ⁇ on 1111 ⁇ of ⁇ 01 ⁇ 2 (1).
- ⁇ is an immediate amplification plot of Col ⁇ 2 (I) selected using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR method
- B is a standard curve of RT-PCR threshold cycle.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram and a photograph showing the results of RT-PCR for mRNA of TGF-j81, Col2 (1), ⁇ -actin, desmin and Col ⁇ 1 (III).
- A shows the detection of PCR products
- B shows the results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
- Figure 9 shows the detection of hydroxyproline concentration in rat wounds after gene transfer. It is a figure showing a result.
- HGF expression vector Human HGF cDNA (2.2 kb) was inserted into the EcoRI / Notl site of pUC-SRa expression vector plasmid. In the plasmid, transcription of the HGF cDNA is under the control of the SRa promoter (Nature 342: 440-443 (1989)).
- HVJ - was purified from the ribosome calf thymus (HMG) - 1 (50 ⁇ 1) and in plasmid D ⁇ (200 g) to 20 ° C, 200 1 become as isotonic solution the total amount (137 mM NaCl, 5 After mixing for 1 hour with 4 mM KC1, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6), add 10 mg of dried lipid (1: 4.8: 2 mixture of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidinorecolin, and cholesterol) to the mixture.
- the ribosome-DNA-HMG-1 complex suspension was stirred, sonicated for 3 seconds, and shaken for 30 minutes to form liposomes.
- purified Sendai virus (HVJ) Z strain
- Liposome suspension 0.5 ml,
- HVJ hemagglutination units
- 10 mg of lipid) and HVJ (30000 hemagglutination units) were mixed in a total volume of 3 ml of isotonic solution. After mixing, the mixture was incubated at 4 ° C for 10 minutes, and then heated at 37 ° C for 30 minutes with gentle shaking. Free HVJ was removed by sucrose density centrifugation. The HVJ liposome-DNA complex was recovered from the top layer and used immediately. 4. Wound Tissue and Blood Samples Forty-one rats were divided into two groups (HGF gene transfer group and control vector group) for wound biochemistry and histology studies.
- Rats were anesthetized with a peritoneal injection of bentobarbital sodium (0.5 ml / kg), the back was shaved, the skin was washed, and a 14 mm thick wound was made on the back of each animal.
- the same rats under pentoparbital anesthesia
- HVJ-ribosome 500 / ⁇ 1 containing HGF cDNA or a control vector. It was introduced into the wound edge using a 27G needle.
- the animals were decapitated under anesthesia 3, 7 and 14 days after injection and blood samples were taken for HGF measurement.
- Blood samples were placed in cryotubes containing EDTA (2 mg / ml) and then centrifuged. The plasma was immediately frozen and stored at 180 ° C until analysis. At the time of dissection, the skin was removed, and the tissue of 5 rats from each group was quantified and then bisected. One was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 180 ° C until use.
- ELISA test Five tissue samples from each group were treated with 4 volumes of 20 mM Tris-HC 1 buffer containing 0.1% 2M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-80, ImM PMSF and ImM EDTA (pH 7. In 5), homogenization was performed for 1 minute using a polytron homogenizer (24000 rpm; Kinematics AG, Lucerne, Switzerland). The homogenate was centrifuged at 15000 ⁇ g for 30 minutes at 4 ° C., and the supernatant and the pellet were stored at 180 ° C. until enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HGF protein.
- ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Human HGF protein concentration was measured by ELISA using an anti-human-HGF monoclonal antibody, and rat HGF was also measured by ELISA using an anti-rat-HGF monoclonal antibody (Institute of Immunology, Tokyo, Japan). ).
- the human HGF ELISA system specifically detected human HGF but not rat HGF.
- the plasma concentration of HGF protein in 501 rat plasma was measured using the ELISA described above.
- wounds were created in rats, HVJ-ribosomes or control vector were administered, and wound tissues obtained by decapitation of the animals under anesthesia 3, 7 and 14 days after injection were used. It was fixed in a periodic acid-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) solution.
- PLP acid-lysine-paraformaldehyde
- the full-length human HGF cDNA inserted into the EcoRI and Notl sites of the pUC-SR expression vector plasmid was digested with a restriction enzyme that cleaves EcoRI, and the resulting HGF cDNA (848 bp) fragment was digested with pGEM-7Zf ( +) Ligation between EcoRI cloning sites of (Promega, Madison, WI).
- the antisense probe and the corresponding sense probe were labeled with digoxigenin using an RNA labeling kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Postfach, Germany) using SP6 and T7 polymerase, respectively.
- HGF mRNA was expressed in squamous epithelial cells in the epithelium at the edge of the wound, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, and fibrils in granulocytes and tissues 3 days after the gene transfection. It was detected in blast cells (FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2e and 2f). In contrast, it was not detected in all control rats.
- human HGF protein is detected in the same cell type of SGF transfected rats (squamous epithelial cells in epithelium, endothelial cells in blood vessels and smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts in granulation tissue) was not performed ( Figures 2c and 2g). Thereafter, this expression was maintained until 14 days after gene transfer (the last day of the test) (FIGS. 2d and 2h).
- wounds were created in rats, HVJ-ribosomes or control vectors were administered, and wound tissues obtained by decapitation of the animals under anesthesia 3, 7, and 14 days after injection were used. Fixed during PLP.
- PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- angiogenesis The number of microvessels in the wound was evaluated by light microscopy on the area containing the largest number of blood vessels. was measured by; the number of blood vessels continuous 200 X field (ad hoc 0.0925 ⁇ 2 20 X objective lens and 1 0 X eyepiece). Angiogenesis was carried out in the same manner as in the method described in 1. above, by using a polyclonal antibody against factor VIII (1: 100, Dako Inc., Glostrup, Denmark) to detect factor VIII in the epithelial cells of granulation tissue. It was measured by examining it.
- RNA in skin tissue was isolated using guanidium isothiocyanate-phenol mouth-oral form extraction and ethanol precipitation (Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159 (1987) )).
- RT-PCR was performed using an amplification reagent kit (TaqMan EZRT-PCR kit; Applied Biosystems, Alameda, CA) and a plurality of primers.
- the following primers were prepared on an automatic DNA synthesizer: TGF- ⁇ 1, Cola2 (I), Cola1 (III), desmin, ⁇ -sm-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH).
- Table 1 Hepatology 24: 636-642 (1996).
- the 5 'end of the TaqMan probe was linked to the reporter dye molecule FAM (6-carboxyfuran). Resin) and the 3 ′ end were labeled with a quencher monodye TAMRA (6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine).
- IX reaction buffer 300 iM dATP, 300 ⁇ M dCTP, 300 dGTP, 600 dUTP, 3 mM Mg (0Ac) 2 , 0.1 U / ⁇ 1 rTth DNA polymerase, O. OlU / ⁇ AmpErase UNG, 900 nM primer And a final concentration of 200 nM TaqMan probe to prepare a raw mixture for the reaction according to the manufacturer's protocol.
- the RT reaction was incubated at 60 ° C for 30 minutes, then at 95 ° C for 5 minutes to inactivate AmpErase UNG.
- PCR was performed using ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence detector (Applied Biosystems).
- the TaqMan probe was cleaved by the 5 ′ ⁇ 3 ′ exonuclease activity of rTth DNA polymerase, and the fluorescence of the reporter dye at an appropriate wavelength was amplified.
- the increase in fluorescence was proportional to the concentration of template during PCR (FIG. 7A).
- the threshold fluorescence level was 6.965 times the standard deviation of the mean obtained with the no template control (following the protocol of the TaqMan RT-PCR kit). 4 pills for each amount of RNA A standard curve was obtained using the threshold cycle established for this (Figure 7B).
- the PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide ( Figure 8).
- GAPD rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase TGF- ⁇ , rat transforming growth factor-1; Col Qf 2 (I), rat-21 type: gen, t segment 2: Coi Of l (ni), Rat collagen ST type-1; desmin, rat desmin;-sm-actin, rat vascular smooth muscle-actin.
- wounds were created in rats, HVJ-ribosomes or control vector were administered, and animals were decapitated under anesthesia 3, 7, and 14 days after injection.
- a tissue sample was prepared. .
- ELISA test Polytron homogenate in 20 mM Tris-HC1 buffer (pH 7.5) containing 4 volumes of 0.1% 2M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-80, IraM PMSF and 1 mM EDTA It was homogenized for 1 minute using a Nizer (24000 rpm; Kinematica AG, Lucerne, Switzerland). The homogenate was centrifuged at 15000 ⁇ g for 30 minutes at 4 ° C., and the pellet was hydrolyzed in 6N HCl at 110 ° C. for 16 hours. Hydroxyproline content was measured using an amino acid analyzer (Model 835; HitacM Ltd. Tokyo, Japan).
- the macroscopic and histological facts obtained by the present invention indicate that the HGF transgenic rats showed a more rapid reduction of the wound lesion area than the control rats, and that the basal cells in the epithelium at the edge of the wound Hyperproliferation was observed.
- this model showed that increased expression of HGF mRNA and protein could amplify epithelial cell division and proliferation in and across the wound by paracrine and / or autocrine activity .
- an increase in the number of blood vessels and a PCNA-positive staining of endothelial cells in granulation tissue are also observed in the HGF gene-transferred rats, confirming that HGF has a strong angiogenic activity.
- angiogenesis factor gene transfer has a beneficial effect in the early stages of wound healing, and that angiogenesis factors may play a role in regulating skin diseases.
- the manipulation of re-epithelialization and angiogenesis by overexpression of factors provides a new therapeutic option in the area of wound healing.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA002446946A CA2446946A1 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2002-05-09 | Gene transfer of angiogenic factor for skin disease |
US10/477,166 US7247620B2 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2002-05-09 | Method of treating skin wounds with vectors encoding hepatocyte growth factor |
JP2002586986A JPWO2002089854A1 (ja) | 2001-05-09 | 2002-05-09 | 血管新生因子の皮膚疾患への遺伝子導入 |
EP02724748A EP1391214A4 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2002-05-09 | GM TRANSFER OF ANGIOGENIC FACTOR IN SKIN DISEASES |
US11/763,361 US7939504B2 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2007-06-14 | Method of treating skin ulcers with vectors encoding hepatocyte growth factor |
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JP2001-139373 | 2001-05-09 |
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US11/763,361 Division US7939504B2 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2007-06-14 | Method of treating skin ulcers with vectors encoding hepatocyte growth factor |
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PCT/JP2002/004529 WO2002089854A1 (fr) | 2001-05-09 | 2002-05-09 | Transfert de genes et facteur angiogenique pour maladie de la peau |
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US (2) | US7247620B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1391214A4 (ja) |
JP (2) | JPWO2002089854A1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2446946A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002089854A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
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WO2005021045A1 (ja) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-10 | Anges Mg, Inc. | 針無注射器を用いた皮膚疾患の遺伝子治療 |
WO2015133852A1 (ko) * | 2014-03-07 | 2015-09-11 | 주식회사 퍼시픽시스템 | 초음파를 이용하는 유전자 패키징 방법 및 이를 수행하는 장치 |
Families Citing this family (7)
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EP1142590B8 (en) * | 1999-10-29 | 2008-11-26 | AnGes MG, Inc. | Gene therapy for diabetic ischemic disease |
US20080213348A1 (en) * | 2002-06-06 | 2008-09-04 | Anges Mg, Inc. | Agents for gene therapy of cerebrovascular disorders |
WO2005023287A1 (ja) * | 2003-09-03 | 2005-03-17 | Kringle Pharma Inc. | ヒト組換えhgfを含有する皮膚潰瘍予防治癒剤 |
JP2011508770A (ja) | 2008-01-02 | 2011-03-17 | クリングルファーマ株式会社 | タンパク質及びペプチドの制御的投与のための局所投与用組成物 |
WO2011103382A2 (en) * | 2010-02-22 | 2011-08-25 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital | Compositions and methods for inducing angiogenesis |
US10279007B2 (en) | 2010-11-15 | 2019-05-07 | Oxygenetix Institute, Inc. | Topical treatment method for healing wounds, disinfecting, covering and concealing the wound until healing occurs |
KR101337767B1 (ko) | 2011-07-26 | 2013-12-09 | 서울대학교산학협력단 | Vegf 발현을 증가시키는 신규한 펩타이드 및 이를 함유하는 약학적 조성물 |
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US5827703A (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 1998-10-27 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods and composition for in vivo gene therapy |
WO2000078259A1 (en) * | 1999-06-22 | 2000-12-28 | Research Development Foundation | Enhanced wound coverage to enhance wound healing |
WO2002044393A1 (es) * | 2000-11-28 | 2002-06-06 | Tgt Laboratories, S.A. De C.V. | Vectores recombinantes virales y no-virales conteniendo el gen humano del activador de plasminogeno derivado de urocinasa y su utilidad en el tratamiento de diversos tipos de fibrosis hepatica, renal, pulmonar, pancreatica, cardiaca y cicatrices hipertroficas |
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ES2183752T3 (es) | 1999-09-17 | 2005-07-16 | Tgt Laboratories, S.A. De C.V. | Vectores adenovirales recombinantes y su utilizacion en el tratamiento de la cirrosis de higado. |
CA2354029C (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2012-01-10 | Medgene Bioscience, Inc. | Gene therapy for cardiomyopathy |
EP1142590B8 (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2008-11-26 | AnGes MG, Inc. | Gene therapy for diabetic ischemic disease |
US20080213348A1 (en) | 2002-06-06 | 2008-09-04 | Anges Mg, Inc. | Agents for gene therapy of cerebrovascular disorders |
JPWO2003103721A1 (ja) | 2002-06-06 | 2005-10-06 | アンジェスMg株式会社 | 脳血管障害遺伝子治療剤 |
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- 2002-05-09 JP JP2002586986A patent/JPWO2002089854A1/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-05-09 CA CA002446946A patent/CA2446946A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-05-09 EP EP02724748A patent/EP1391214A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-05-09 US US10/477,166 patent/US7247620B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-09 WO PCT/JP2002/004529 patent/WO2002089854A1/ja active Application Filing
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2007
- 2007-06-14 US US11/763,361 patent/US7939504B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (3)
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WO2005021045A1 (ja) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-10 | Anges Mg, Inc. | 針無注射器を用いた皮膚疾患の遺伝子治療 |
JPWO2005021045A1 (ja) * | 2003-08-29 | 2006-10-26 | アンジェスMg株式会社 | 針無注射器を用いた皮膚疾患の遺伝子治療 |
WO2015133852A1 (ko) * | 2014-03-07 | 2015-09-11 | 주식회사 퍼시픽시스템 | 초음파를 이용하는 유전자 패키징 방법 및 이를 수행하는 장치 |
Also Published As
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CA2446946A1 (en) | 2002-11-14 |
US7939504B2 (en) | 2011-05-10 |
US7247620B2 (en) | 2007-07-24 |
EP1391214A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
JPWO2002089854A1 (ja) | 2004-08-19 |
JP2009138004A (ja) | 2009-06-25 |
US20070264321A1 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
EP1391214A4 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
US20040234481A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
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