Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
  • C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
  • C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
  • C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/78—Details relating to ozone treatment devices
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
  • C02F2303/04—Disinfection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
  • C02F2303/18—Removal of treatment agents after treatment
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
  • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
  • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
  • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

• the present invention relates to systems and ⁇ method for improving water quality, and, more particularly; to such systems and methods for bioremediating water with an attached algal colony, and, most particularly, to treating water against undesired toxins, microorganisms, and other water-borne pollutants in concert with an attached algal colony.
• Algae comprise a group of plants, existing in approximately 18,000 different species, whose primary nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as a suite of micronutrients essential to plant growth. The removal of contaminants from wastewater and ground water has become an important problem in restoring ecological balance to polluted areas. It is known that some algal species are capable of absorbing heavy metals into their cell walls, thus reducing their toxic effects on the environment. Algae can also take up nutrients and micronutrients that may be present in overabundance, such as phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, iron, aluminum, and calcium, and can thus be utilized to remediate an ecosystem.
• overabundance such as phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, iron, aluminum, and calcium
• Such remediation can occur when water flows over stationary algae, also absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen in the process as a result of respiration and photosynthesis. Further, the water passing over the PF experiences an increase in pH owing to the removal of carbon The filtration can occur through adsorption, absorption, physical trapping, and other more complex means.
• a system used to effect this uptake is known as a periphyton filter; the periphyton comprising a culture of a family of fresh, brackish, and/or salt-water aquatic plants known as attached microalgae.
• benthos or attached algae is stationary community of epiphytes that will grow on a wide variety of surfaces
• the stationary algae remove nutrients and other compounds from the passing water, while absorbing C0 2 and releasing 0 2 as a result of respiration and photosynthesis
• roots or holdfasts cover the culture surface. If the plant bodies are harvested, leaving the roots behind, the nutrients and other pollutants contained in the plant bodies are removed from the water, causing a natural filtration effect.
• a further advantage to this technique is that the enriched algae can be harvested and used as fish or animal feed, which serves to return the nutrients to the food chain.
• Periphyton filters have the potential for use in a variety of applications.
• the turf can be used to replace biological or bacteriological filters in aquaria.
• natural periphyton can be used to remove nutrients and other contaminants from polluted waters.
• various processes can be used to produce a biomass energy source such as methane or ethanol, fertilizer, a human or animal food additive or supplement, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals.
• the high productivity of the algae in a fibrous form has also yielded uses in the paper and paper products industry, as the harvested algae are stronger and easier to process than wood fiber. This capability has resulted in a sustainable method of managing human impact on aquatic ecosystems.
• Periphyton filters behave differently in water with varying location, speciation, chemical characteristics, and other parameters.
• Experience in situ has in some cases resulted in weak or poor productivity owing to low concentrations of available nutrients .
• the presence of microinvertebrates and their eggs can compromise the success of a periphyton filtration system by consuming desirable periphyton and by eating the root or holdfast of the algal filament.
• Toxic cyanobacteria pose a particularly daunting set of filtration challenges in that the toxins are very persistent in the environment and can exist both inside and outside the algal cell. It is known to treat toxin-containing water with ozone because of its strong oxidizing effect when mixed in water; however, the nutrients in ozonated water become available and are reconsumed by the toxic algae.
• Algal turf techniques have been disclosed in Adey's U.S. Patent No.4,333,263, and the present inventor's U.S. Patent Nos. 5,131,820, 5,527,456, 5,573,669, 5,591,341, 5,846,423, and 5,985,147, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the system comprises means for adding a strong oxidizer to the influent, and, in some cases, to the effluent.
• a particular embodiment comprises ozonating the water.
• the method of treating water comprises the steps of exposing water desired to be treated to ozone in sufficient quantity to reduce a concentration of undesired microorganisms therein and flowing the water over a colony of attached algae to remove undesired matter therefrom, such as, but not intended to be limited to, nutrients.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a first embodiment of the invention.
• FIG.2 is a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• FIGS. 1 and 2 A description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be presented with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
• Ozone is typically generated, for example, by ultraviolet radiation or corona discharge. Since ozone is a gas, it must be dissolved or broken into small bubbles to optimize contact with the target microorganisms in the influent and, in some cases, the effluent. An optimal residence time should be achieved in the water to be treated to maximize particle contact. This may be achieved, for example, with a mixing chamber or a mixing pump.
• mixing may occur, for example, downstream and generally adjacent a supply pump or pipe entrance, with a single or multiple static mixers agitating the water/ozone combination.
• the residence time is then equal to the travel time to the periphyton filter, which can be tested for sufficiency of contact time.
• further static mixers and ozone injection points may be positioned along the pathway to the periphyton filter to increase effectiveness and efficiency.
• a covered pond may be used, such a pond cover having an ozone destruct port at the highest location to catch ozone prior to escaping into the atmosphere.
• a subsurface ⁇ tank may be used to increase contact time, such a tank having a high-pressure ozone injection at its bottom for optimal dispersion of ozone into the water column.
• Ozone breaks up planktonic algae, bacteria, and other organically bound particles in lake water, thereby making nutrients available for use and concurrent growth of the periphyton.
• the water can be returned to the water body from which it came, or to another water body, in a state that will limit the ability of toxic algae to regrow, thereby effecting remediation.
• Ozone destroys certain toxic compounds found in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) recently found to be dangerous to humans and other animals. These toxic compounds, as well as nontoxic compounds, are then available to be taken up by filamentous algae grown for industrial use, such as in the paper products industry.
• Ozone destroys both microinvertebrates and their eggs, which often settle, hatch, and grow as they consume desirable periphyton, thus reducing the effectiveness of filtration.
• plasma sparker s and ultraviolet light treatment systems such as are known in the art.
• FIG. 1 and 2 Two embodiments of the present invention are illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 and 2.
• water is shown being taken in from deep water 11, shallow water 12, or a tributary 13 by way of pipes 14 and pumps 15-17, respectively.
• An ozone generator 18 provides ozone to an ozone injection apparatus 19 so that the water desired to be treated can be contacted with ozone in chamber 20.
• a submersible plasma sparker may be used.
• Ozonated water is carried via transfer piping 21 to a distribution manifold 22, which distributes the water to the inlet end 23 of a periphyton bed 24, which is tilted to permit the water to flow downward to the outlet end 25.
• the treated water is then collected into a transfer pipe system 26, and is then either returned to a waterway 27 or transferred to a drinking water treatment system 28 of ground water aquifers 29.
• inflowing water 31 is pumped into ozone distribution piping 32, into which is also injected ozone from an ozone generator 33.
• the water Prior to exposure to ozone, the water may be exposed to at least one of ultraviolet radiation and acoustic energy 43.
• the water proceeds via transfer piping 35 into multiple ozone contact chambers 36. Three are shown here, but this is not intended as a limitation. When fully ozonated, the water exits via discharge piping 37.
• an additional step may be taken of adding a pesticide to the algal colony for controlling insects.
• the pesticide may be selected, for example, from a group consisting of an insecticide, a pyrethroid, or a natural pyrethrum, although these are not intended as limitations.
• the pesticide may comprise bacillus therengensus isralioans (BTI).
• BTI Bacillus therengensus isralioans
• a further element of either of the systems 10,30, shown in FIG. 1, comprises a BTI culturing system 40, wherein BTI is substantially continuously cultured, or cultured as needed, and a continuous drip of BTI is provided via line 41 leading to drip hose 42 adjacent the inlet 23 of the periphyton bed 24.
• further systems and methods are envisioned for detoxifying one or more elements of the system 10,30.
• the algal colony 24 may be harvested by means known in the art from its base 44, and a pesticide P may be added to the harvested algae to form a mixture 24'.
• This mixture 24' is exposed to sunlight or other means to provide detoxification and then ground to form a mulch 24" .
• a mulch may then be used atop the base 44 to form a subsequent algal colony 24.
• the pesticide may be selected from a group consisting of natural pyrethrum, natural pepper, garlic, elder, and lemon sage, although these are not intended as limitations.
• the algal colony 24 may be harvested by means known in the art, and 20 pesticide P may be added to the base 44 wherein water is not flowing, and allowed to detoxify the base 44. Following sufficient time for detoxification, an agonist may be added, such as an alkaline solution, to detoxify the pesticide prior to restarting water flow over the algal colony 24.
• the pesticide may comprise at least one of a synthetic pyrethroid or a natural pyrethrum.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
• Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
• Microbiology (AREA)
• Botany (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
• Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
• Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
• Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
• Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)

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Publications (1)

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Citations (6)

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• 2001
  • 2001-08-28 US US09/940,977 patent/US6723243B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2002
  • 2002-04-19 AU AU2002256330A patent/AU2002256330B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2002-04-19 JP JP2002583338A patent/JP2004532109A/ja active Pending
  • 2002-04-19 NZ NZ528628A patent/NZ528628A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-04-19 NZ NZ538312A patent/NZ538312A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-04-19 CN CNB028083814A patent/CN1250460C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-04-19 WO PCT/US2002/012808 patent/WO2002085801A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2002-04-19 SK SK1278-2003A patent/SK12782003A3/sk unknown
  • 2002-04-19 MX MXPA03009449A patent/MXPA03009449A/es active IP Right Grant
  • 2002-04-19 EP EP02725783A patent/EP1387815A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-04-19 BR BRPI0209003-1A patent/BR0209003B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-04-19 RU RU2003130647A patent/RU2293068C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-04-19 CA CA 2443008 patent/CA2443008C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2004
  • 2004-04-19 US US10/827,116 patent/US6860995B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2005
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