Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/44—Iso-indoles; Hydrogenated iso-indoles
  • C07D209/48—Iso-indoles; Hydrogenated iso-indoles with oxygen atoms in positions 1 and 3, e.g. phthalimide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/4035—Isoindoles, e.g. phthalimide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• the present invention concerns anti-angiogenesis compositions and methods, and particularly thalidomide analogs that actively inhibit angiogenesis in humans and animals.
• Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis is prominent in solid tumor formation and metastasis. A tumor requires formation of a network of blood vessels to sustain the nutrient and oxygen supply for continued growth. Some tumors in which angiogenesis is important include most solid tumors and benign tumors, such as acoustic neuroma, neurofibroma, trachoma, and pyogenic granulomas. Prevention of angiogenesis could halt the growth of these tumors and the resultant damage due to the presence of the tumor.
• tumor microvessel density there is a direct correlation between tumor microvessel density and the incidence of metastasis.
• Tumor cells themselves can produce factors that stimulate the proliferation of endothelial cells and new capillary growth.
• Angiogenesis is important in two stages of tumor metastasis. The first stage where angiogenesis stimulation is important is in the vascularization of the tumor, which allows tumor cells to enter the blood stream and to circulate throughout the body. After the tumor cells have left the primary site, and have settled into the secondary, metastasis site, angiogenesis must occur before the new tumor can grow and expand. Therefore, prevention of angiogenesis could lead to the prevention of metastasis of tumors and possibly contain the neoplastic growth at the primary site.
• thalidomide was marketed as a sedative in Europe but was withdrawn from the market when it was found to be a potent teratogen. Recently, thalidomide has been promoted as a possible inhibitor of angiogenesis. Studies have indicated, however, that thalidomide itself is not sufficiently active to inhibit angiogenesis. Instead, the anti-angiogenic activity or effects previously attributed to thalidomide are the resulting effects of compounds that are only present following metabolic activation of thalidomide (i.e., "active" thalidomide metabolites). D'Amato, R.; Loughman Flynn, E.; Folkman, J., Thalidomide as an Inhibitor of Angiogenesis. Proc.
• active thalidomide analogs may be synthesized to provide exceptionally effective compounds inhibiting angiogenic effects. This is especially true when comparing thalidomide to "active" thalidomide analogs. To obtain such active compounds from thalidomide, thalidomide must first be activated via metabolism; only a very small amount of thalidomide would actually be metabolized to one or more "active" metabolites. Further, it may be possible to administer such "active" thalidomide analogs in lower amounts and still achieve the desired anti- angiogenic effects.
• thalidomide analogs could be safer than thalidomide in avoiding undesirable side effects, e.g., teratogenicity or neurotoxicity, and may be more specific to tumor angiogenesis than thalidomide-thalidomide has a host of undesirable biological activities.
• the present invention provides compounds having superior anti- angiogenic properties. More specifically, a number of thalidomide metabolites having superior anti-angiogenic properties have now been isolated and identified. Accordingly, the present invention provides active thalidomide analogs that mimic the effects of the isolated and identified active thalidomide metabolites, and variations of such thalidomide analogs. Such thalidomide analog compounds of the present invention show enhanced potency in the inhibition of undesirable angiogenesis.
• the present method further provides for inhibiting unwanted angiogenesis in a human or animal by administering to the human or animal with the undesired angiogenesis a composition comprising an effective amount of active thalidomide analog of the present invention.
• the invention includes a method of inhibiting angiogenesis by exposing the mass having the undesirable angiogenesis to an angiogenesis inhibiting amount of one or more of the present invention thalidomide analogs (and variations of the same) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds, wherein such thalidomide analogs (and variations of the same) have the following general formula (Formula A): (A)
• RI is a hydrogen when R2 is methyl alcohol, a branched or unbranched alkyl alcohol, alkyl acid or amino acid, alkylamine, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alcylphenyl, or phenylalkyl or RI is a hydroxyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl aryl or heteroaryl when R2 is a hydrogen, methyl alcohol, a branched alkylalcohol, .alkyl acid, amino acid, alkylamino, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted phenylalkyl or alkylphenyl.
• the phthalimid moiety may be replaced by bicyclo [2,2,1] hepten-icarboxylicimid.
• thalidomide analogs (and variations of the same) have the following general formula (Formula B): (B)
• R4 through R7 are fluoride or are another halogen
• R4 through R7 may comprise the same or different halogens or R5 and R6 are hydrogen and R4 and R7 are methyl groups.
• substitutions on the isoindole ring e.g., R4 through R7 may comprise different groups on the isoindole ring to obtain 4- chloro; 4-nitro; 5,6-dichloro; 4-methyl; 5-methyl; 5,6-dimethyl; and 4,5,6,7- tetrachloro.
• the isoindole ring may be replaced with succinimides or maleimides.
• other halogens may be substituents at the phenyl ring.
• the following groups may be substituents on the phenyl ring: 2,3-difluoro; 2,5-difluoro; 2,6-difluoro; 3,4-difluoro; 3,5-difluoro; 2,3- dichloro; 2,4-dichloro; 2,4-dichloro; 2,6-dichloro; 2,4-dibromo; 2,5-dibromo; 2,6- dibromo; 2-fluoro; 3-fluoro; 4-fluoro; 2-chloro; 3-chloro; 4-chloro; 2-bromo; 3- bromo; 4-bromo; 2,3,4-trifluoro.
• the phthalimid moiety may be replaced by bicyclo [2,2,1] hepten-icarboxylicimid.
• thalidomide analogs (and variations of the same) have the following general formula (Formula C): (C)
• R8 through RI 1 are hydrogen
• R12 is an alkyl residue
• R13 is a double- bonded oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen
• R14 is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted phenyl, or a cyclic alkyl, such as cyclo-hexane or wherein R8 through RI 1 are fluoride or are one or more other halogens
• R12 is an alkyl residue
• R13 is a double- bonded oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen
• R14 is benzene or wherein R8 through RI 1 are fluoride or are one or more other halogens
• R12 through R14 are hydrogen.
• N-H may be substituted by R15, wherein R15 is an alkylamine, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alcylphenyl or phenylalkyl, methyl alcohol, branched or unbranched alkyl alcohol, alkyl acid or amino acid.
• R15 is an alkylamine, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted alcylphenyl or phenylalkyl, methyl alcohol, branched or unbranched alkyl alcohol, alkyl acid or amino acid.
• the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more of the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more of the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Examples of some specific thalidomide analog compounds (having superior anti-angiogenic activity) that are members of the genus of Formula B of the present invention are (CPS42)
• Examples of specific thalidomide analog compounds (having superior anti-angiogenic activity) that are members of the genus of Formula C of the present invention are:
• the invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more of the above-described compounds.
• Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph of a control comprising a rat aorta ring treated with DMSO.
• Fig. 2 is a photomicrograph of a rat aorta ring treated with CPS3.
• Fig. 3 is a photomicrograph of a rat aorta ring treated with about lOO ⁇ M of CPSl l.
• Fig. 4 is a photomicrograph of another rat aorta ring treated with about 100 ⁇ M of CPS11.
• Fig. 5 is a photomicrograph of another rat aorta ring treated with about 100 ⁇ M of CPS11.
• Fig. 6 is a photomicrograph of a rat aorta ring treated with about 100 ⁇ M ofCPS44.
• Fig. 7 is a photomicrograph of a rat aorta ring treated with about 100 ⁇ M of CPS45.
• Fig. 8 is a photomicrograph of another rat aorta ring treated with about 100 ⁇ M of CPS48.
• Fig. 9 is a photomicrograph of another rat aorta ring treated with about 100 ⁇ M of CPS49. Detailed Description of Particular Examples
• halogen refers to fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo substituents.
• a “pharmaceutical agent” or “drug” refers to a chemical compound or composition capable of inducing a desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect when properly administered to a subject.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, and from bases such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glutamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N'- dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N- benzylphenethylamine, diethylamine, piperazine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
• bases such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glutamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N'- dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N- benzylphenethylamine, diethylamine, piperazine, tris(hydroxymethyl)
• a thalidomide "analog” as used herein is a synthetic chemical compound using the thalidomide structure as a backbone (i.e., side groups have been added or such groups have been deleted from the parent structure).
• the analog differs in structure from thalidomide and its metabolite compounds such as by a difference in the length of an alkyl chain, a molecular fragment, by one or more functional groups, or a change in ionization.
• Thalidomide analogs generally are not naturally occurring compounds. That is, thalidomide analogs generally cannot be enzymatically or nonenzymatically formed in the body by administration of thalidomide.
• a thalidomide "metabolite” is a thalidomide derivative that is formed by enzymatic action, i.e., metabolism of thalidomide in the body.
• the metabolite is formed by phase-one reactions (e.g., oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis) or by phase-two reactions (e.g., conjugations).
• Thalidomide metabolites require an enzyme reaction to be produced.
• Angiogenesis refers to the development of blood vessels. Accordingly, “anti-angiogenic activity” refers to the inhibition and/or complete cessation of angiogenesis.
• Tumor refers to a mass of cells resulting from excessive cellular multiplication.
• halogen refers to fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo substituents.
• alcohol refers to any member of a class of organic compounds in which a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon has been replaced by a hydroxy (-OH) group. Unless otherwise mentioned, such an alcohol contains one to twelve carbon atoms.
• the term "acid” refers to a compound capable of transferring a hydrogen atom in solution.
• alkyl refers to a cyclic, branched, or straight chain alkyl group containing only carbon and hydrogen, and unless otherwise mentioned contains one to twelve carbon atoms. This term is further exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, pivalyl, heptyl, adamantyl, and cyclopentyl.
• Alkyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality.
• amino acid refers to any of the organic compounds that contain one or more basic amino groups (-NH 2 ) and one or more acidic carboxyl groups (-COOH) and that are polymerized to form peptides and proteins.
• aryl refers to a monovalent unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl), which can optionally be unsubstituted or substituted with, e.g., halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, mercapto (-SH), alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, acyloxy, hydroxy, mercapto, carboxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, or other functionality.
• alkyl residue refers to a branched or straight chain alkyl group containing only carbon and hydrogen, and unless otherwise mentioned contains one to twelve carbon atoms.
• the term is further exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, pentyl, pivalyl and heptyl. Alkyl groups can either be substituted or unsubstituted.
• a “mammal” includes both human and non-human mammals. Similarly, the term “subject” includes both human and veterinary subjects.
• An “animal” is a living multicellular vertebrate organism, a category that includes, for example, mammals and birds.
• Thalidomide or N-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)phthalimide has the following chemical structure:
• This example illustrates the preparation and analysis of 2-(l- hydroxymethyl-2,6-dioxo-piperidin-3-yl)-l,3-dihydro-2H-isoindole-l,3-dione having a molecular weight of about 288.25.
• a suspension of about 12.9 g (about 50 mmol) of rac-thalidomide in about 100 mL of an about 35% aqueous formaldehyde solution was refluxed until dissolved. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature. After about 24 hours, the precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with about 3% aqueous formaldehyde solution and was then dried with Na 2 SO 4 .
• a yield of about 10.1 g (about a 70% yield) of 2-(l-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dioxo-piperidin-3-yl)-l,3- dihydro-2H-isoindole-l,3-dione having a melting point of about 165° C resulted.
• This example illustrates the preparation and analysis of 2-(2,4- difluorophenyl)-4J-dimethyl-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione having an exact mass of 287.08, a molecular weight of about 287.6 (carbon about 66.90%, hydrogen about 3.86%, fluoride about 13.23%, nitrogen about 4.88%, and oxygen about 11.14%).
• the solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure of from about 200 to about 15 mbar.
• the residue was dissolved in about 150 mL of CH Cj 2 .
• the solution was washed three times with about 50 mL of about 0.1 M HCl and twice with about 50 mL of H O and was then dried with Na 2 SO 4 .
• the residue was recrystalhzed from ethyl alcohol to yield about 1.27 g (32%) 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4J-dimethyl-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione having a melting point of about 212° to about 212.5° C.
• This example illustrates the preparation and analysis of 1-cyclohexyl- 5-ethyl-5-phthalimidobarbituric acid (C oH 1 N O 5 ) having an exact mass of 283.15 and a molecular weight of about 383.4 (carbon about 62.65%, hydrogen about
• the precipitate was next washed with ⁇ O and dried to give about 470 mg of l-cyclohexyl-5-ethyl-5- phthalimidobarbituric acid (a yield of about 61 %) .
• the 1 -cyclohexyl-5 -ethyl-5 - phthalimidobarbituric acid had a melting point of about 248 to about 253 °C.
• the 13 C NMR spectral analysis results were as follows: (OMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ 9.10, 24.83, 25.62, 25.71, 27.23, 27.92, 29.05, 54.66, 67.83, 123.74, 130.32, 135.56, 149.24, 167.20, 167.79, 168.28.
• the mass spectral (El) analysis results were as follows: m/z (relative intensity) 383 (M + , 5), 302 (M 1" , 100), 105 (52).
• Analytically calculated values for the compound C 2 oH 21 N 3 O 5 were carbon 62.65%, hydrogen 5.52%, and nitrogen 10.96%.
• values for the compound C 2 QH 21 N 3 O 5 were carbon about 62.30%, hydrogen about 5.85%, nitrogen about 10.89%), and oxygen about 20.87%o.
• This example illustrates the preparation and analysis of 5-ethyl-l- phenyl-5-(tetrafluorophthalimido)barbituric acid (C 2 oHnN 3 O 5 F 4 ) having an exact mass of 377.10 and a molecular weight of about 377.4 (carbon about 63.66%, hydrogen about 4.0P/o, nitrogen about 11.14%, and oxygen about 21.20%>).
• Analytically calculated values for the compound C 2 oH ⁇ ⁇ N 3 OsF were carbon 53.46%, hydrogen 2.41%, and nitrogen 9.35%.
• values for the compound C 20 H ⁇ N 3 O 5 F 4 were carbon about 53.26%, hydrogen about 2.78%, oxygen about 21.20%, and nitrogen about 9.04%.
• 5-(tetrafluorophthalimido)pyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione (C 12 ⁇ F 4 N 3 O 4 ) having an exact mass of 329.01 and a molecular weight of about 329.2 (carbon about 43J9%>, hydrogen about 0.92%, fluoride about 23.09%, nitrogen about 12.1%, and oxygen about 19.44%).
• the same compound might alternatively be named, e.g., 2-(2,4- dioxo-l,2,3,4-tefrahydro-pyrirnidin-5-yl)-4 3 5,6,7-tetrafluoro-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)- dione.
• the 19 F NMR spectral analysis results were as follows: (DMSO-d6/CFC13) -142.0 (m, 2F), -136.5 (m, 2F).
• the mass spectral (El) analysis results were as follows: m/z (relative intensity), 329 (M+, 50), 176 (100).
• Analytically calculated values for the compound C 12 H 3 F 4 N 3 O 4 were carbon about A3.19%, hydrogen about 0.92%>, and nitrogen about 12.77%.
• As determined from the NMR and mass spectrometry analysis result values for the compound C 12 H F 4 N O 4 were carbon about 43.60%, hydrogen about 1.16%, nitrogen about 12.50%>.
• This example illustrates the preparation and analysis of 2-(2,4- difluoro-phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-lH-isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione (C 1 H 3 F 6 NO 2 ) having an exact mass of 331.01 and a molecular weight of about 331.2 (carbon about 50.77%), hydrogen about 0.91 %, fluoride about 34.42%, nitrogen about 4.23%, and oxygen about 9.66%).
• a mixture of about 1 g (about 7.75 mmol) of 2,4-difluoroaniline, about 1.54 g (about 7 mmol) of tetrafluorophthalic anhydride and about 50 mL of glacial acetic acid was refluxed for about 3.5 hours.
• the solvent was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure of from about 200 to about 15 mbar.
• the residue was dissolved in about 75 mL of CH 2 2 .
• the solution was washed three times with about 25 mL of about 0.1 M HCl and twice with about 25 mL of water. The residue was then dried with Na 2 SO 4 .
• HUNEC MTT assays were performed for the selected thalidomide analogs of the present invention to determine a rough estimate of the efficacy of such compounds in the inhibition of angiogenesis.
• MTT assay 1.0 to 2.5 x 10 3 cells per well were plated in 96-well plates in 0.1 ml medium, in triplicate. After 24 hours, the cells were exposed to treatment for 5 days. One plate was analyzed every 24 hours by the addition of 20 ⁇ L of 5 mg/ml MTT solution (available from Sigma of St. Louis, MO) in PBS, to each well for 4 hours. The MTT solution was aspirated and 170 ⁇ L DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the formazan crystals.
• the absorbance at 540 nm was measured using a Biokinetics plate reader (available from Bio-Tek Instruments of Winooski, NT). Triplicate wells were assayed for each condition.
• the assay protocol described herein stems from Kruger et al., a protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenic hypoxic response, Invasion and Metastasis, 18(4): 209-218 (incorporated herein by reference). The following results for the selected compounds were determined measured utilizing growth curves comparing control wells to treated wells using the MTT assays.
• CPS42 An inhibition of about 44% was found at 100 ⁇ M but no such activity was found at a level of about 10 ⁇ M.
• CPS44 l-cyclohexyl-5-ethyl-5-phthalimidobarbituric acid
• CPS45 5-ethyl-l-phenyl-5-(tetrafluorophthalimido)barbituric acid
• thalidomide analogs of the present invention were studied by five-day treatment of rat aortic rings (utilizing Sprague-Dawley rats available from Charles River Labs) with varied doses of the analogs.
• a DMSO control was utilized (Fig. 1).
• the results, determined using image analysis comparing control rings versus the treated rings (using NDVI Image software), of the studies are as follows:
• CPS45 5-ethyl-l-phenyl-5-(tetrafluorophthalimido)barbituric acid
• CPSl 1 2-(l-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dioxo-piperidin-3-yl)-l,3- dihydro-2H-isoindole-l,3-dione
• CPS45 A dose of 200 mg/kg, i.p., single dose, was a lethal dose. Animals treated with such dosage died within 2.5 hours of treatment.
• the present invention includes a treatment for undesirable angiogenesis and angiogenesis dependent or associated diseases, in a subject such as an animal, for example a rat or human.
• the method includes administering one or more of the compounds of the present invention, or a combination of one or more of the compounds and one or more other pharmaceutical agents, to the subject in a pharmaceutically compatible carrier.
• the administration is made in an amount effective to inhibit the development or progression of angiogenesis and diseases associated with the same.
• the treatment can be used prophylactically in any patient in a demographic group at significant risk for such diseases, subjects can also be selected using more specific criteria, such as a definitive diagnosis of the condition.
• the vehicle in which the drug is delivered can include pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of the drugs, using methods well known to those with skill in the art. Any of the common carriers, such as sterile saline or glucose solution, can be utilized with the drugs provided by the invention.
• Routes of administration include but are not limited to oral and parenteral routes, such as intravenous (iv), intraperitoneal (ip), rectal, topical, ophthalmic, nasal, and transdermal.
• the drugs may be administered in a suitable manner now known or later developed, e.g., orally or intravenously, in any conventional medium.
• intravenous injection may be by an aqueous saline medium.
• the medium may also contain conventional pharmaceutical adjunct materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, lipid carriers such as cyclodextrins, proteins such as serum albumin, hydrophihc agents such as methyl cellulose, detergents, buffers, preservatives and the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure
• lipid carriers such as cyclodextrins, proteins such as serum albumin
• hydrophihc agents such as methyl cellulose
• detergents such as buffers, preservatives and the like.
• compositions can be prepared with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and counterions as would be known to those of skill in the art.
• the compositions are preferably in the form of a unit dose in solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions or suspensions.
• the compounds of the present invention are ideally administered as soon as possible after detected unwanted angiogenesis. For example, once unwanted angiogenesis has been confirmed or the presence of a tumor has been identified, a therapeutically effective amount of the drug is administered.
• the dose can be given orally or by frequent bolus administration.
• Therapeutically effective doses of the compounds of the present invention can be determined by one of skill in the art, with a goal of achieving a desired level of anti-angiogenesis as illustrated in the foregoing examples.
• the relative toxicities of the compounds make it possible to administer in various dosage ranges.
• An example of such a dosage range is from about 0.5 to about 50 mg/kg body weight orally in single or divided doses.
• Another example of a dosage range is from about 0.5 to about 50 mg/kg body weight orally in single or divided doses.
• the compositions are, for example, provided in the form of a tablet containing from about 25 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, particularly 100 mg of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the subject being treated.
• the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound, the extent of existing angiogenic activity, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the condition of the host undergoing therapy.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be used in the treatment of a variety of diseases mediated by angiogenesis.
• diseases include all types of cancer, ocular neo vascular disease, solid tumor formation and metastasis in solid tumors such as rhabdomyosarcomas, retinoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, colon, prostate, head and neck, breast, bladder, liver, pancreatic, lung, CNS, and blood-born tumors such as leukemia, also diseases such as hemangioma, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus ery
• the present invention also includes combinations of the thalidomide analogs of the present invention and/or combination of the same with various other angiogenesis inhibitor compounds.
• the compounds of this invention may be administered in combination with effective doses of other anti-angiogenic agents.
• administration refers to both concurrent and sequential administration of the active agents.
• anti-angiogenic agents that can be used in combination with the thalidomide analogs of the present invention are TNP- 470, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, endostatin, angiostatin, 2-methoxyestradiol, IMiD (hnmune-modulating inhibitor drug) CC5013, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and COL-3.
• the thalidomide analogs of this invention may be used in combination with other forms of cancer therapy, e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy).

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