WO2002029947A1 - Procede de pose dans une chaussee routiere de fourreaux pour fibres optiques, et chaussee ainsi obtenue - Google Patents
Procede de pose dans une chaussee routiere de fourreaux pour fibres optiques, et chaussee ainsi obtenue Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002029947A1 WO2002029947A1 PCT/FR2001/002861 FR0102861W WO0229947A1 WO 2002029947 A1 WO2002029947 A1 WO 2002029947A1 FR 0102861 W FR0102861 W FR 0102861W WO 0229947 A1 WO0229947 A1 WO 0229947A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sleeves
- groove
- roadway
- concrete
- space
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G9/00—Installations of electric cables or lines in or on the ground or water
- H02G9/02—Installations of electric cables or lines in or on the ground or water laid directly in or on the ground, river-bed or sea-bottom; Coverings therefor, e.g. tile
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F11/00—Road engineering aspects of Embedding pads or other sensitive devices in paving or other road surfaces, e.g. traffic detectors, vehicle-operated pressure-sensitive actuators, devices for monitoring atmospheric or road conditions
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
- E01F9/20—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre-optic devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
- F16L1/024—Laying or reclaiming pipes on land, e.g. above the ground
- F16L1/028—Laying or reclaiming pipes on land, e.g. above the ground in the ground
- F16L1/032—Laying or reclaiming pipes on land, e.g. above the ground in the ground the pipes being continuous
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
- F16L1/024—Laying or reclaiming pipes on land, e.g. above the ground
- F16L1/06—Accessories therefor, e.g. anchors
- F16L1/11—Accessories therefor, e.g. anchors for the detection or protection of pipes in the ground
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/46—Processes or apparatus adapted for installing or repairing optical fibres or optical cables
- G02B6/50—Underground or underwater installation; Installation through tubing, conduits or ducts
- G02B6/504—Installation in solid material, e.g. underground
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G1/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines
- H02G1/06—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle
Definitions
- the present invention has for ob and a method of laying in a roadway, sheaths intended to receive fiber optic cables.
- the sheaths for fiber optic cables are, in the case of motorways, placed either on the emergency stop strip (BAU), or on the left flared strip (BDG) of a motorway, or even on the ber e.
- BAU emergency stop strip
- BDG left flared strip
- a first known method for laying on the emergency stop band or the left flared band consists in making a trench, using a trencher, over a width of about ten centimeters and a depth of around 30 cm. Then, we evacuate the rubble, we vacuum it to clean the trench, we put the sheaths in clusters at the bottom of the trench, and we fill the trench with concrete and we perform a repair of the tread.
- Another known technique consists in placing the sheaths in the ground in the berm by digging down to 70 or 80 cm deep with a mechanical shovel or manually, and by implementing a bed of sand at the bottom of the excavation on which the sheaths are deposited in several layers. It is then filled up to a height of -30 cm with the extracted earth, after which a warning grid is put in place and the backfilling is finished with the extracted earth.
- the present invention relates to a laying process which is more economical than the aforementioned processes, and which allows easy crossing of at least a major part of single structures.
- the invention thus relates to a method of laying sheaths intended for receiving optical fiber cables in a road pavement, characterized in that it implements: a) planing of at least part of the thickness of the wearing course of the roadway and possibly of a part of the base layer of said roadway, to make a continuous groove or groove, b) placing the sleeves flat at the bottom of said groove, at least some of these sleeves being non-contiguous to create at least one space between the sleeves, c) at least partially filling the groove with a concrete to cover the sleeves, d) producing above said concrete a surface surface layer.
- the depth of the groove obtained by planing can be between 6 cm and 12 cm and preferably between 8 cm and 10 cm.
- the thickness of the concrete filling layer, taken above the upper generatrix of the sleeves, is advantageously at least equal to 3 cm.
- the surface surface layer can be produced by a cold-cast mix or by depositing an emulsion and graveling, or even using bituminous concrete.
- the method can implement the installation of jumpers to maintain the space or spaces between the sleeves, and to keep the sleeves at the bottom of the groove.
- the method implements, before c, the passage of a sheath for placing the sleeves with a desired space e between the sleeves.
- said space e between the sleeves prefferably has a value of between 0.5 and 2 times the diameter D of the sleeves.
- the invention also relates to a roadway comprising sheaths intended to receive optical fiber cables, which are housed in at least one groove filled with cement and covered with a surface surface layer, characterized in that the sheaths are arranged in a single layer at the bottom of a said groove which is situated in a wearing course of the roadway or else in a surface region of a base layer of said roadway, and in that at least some of said sleeves are non-contiguous to create at least one space between the sleeves, the filling cement also filling the inter-sleeve space (s) to form one or more bearing regions on the bottom of the groove.
- the groove has a depth of, for example, between 6 cm and 12 cm and preferably between 8 cm and 10 cm.
- the thickness h ′ of the concrete filling layer, taken above the upper generatrix of the sleeves is advantageously at least equal to 3 cm.
- Said space e between the sleeves advantageously has a value between 0.5 times and 2 times the diameter D of the sleeves. Riders for maintaining the spaces between the sleeves are advantageously arranged at regular intervals along the groove.
- the roadway can be characterized in that at least one said groove is formed in a region of the roadway located outside the area where the traffic takes place, in particular the emergency stop lane, or else the leveled strip d 'a highway.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of a roadway in which is formed a groove according to the invention.
- Figures 4 and 5 show in section a floor made by the method according to the invention and according to two different embodiments;
- Figure 6 illustrates a hoop for maintaining the spaces between the sleeves.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the first method of the prior art mentioned above, in which a slitting with a width of about ten centimeters and a depth of the order is carried out using a slicer about thirty centimeters on the emergency stop band (BAU) or on the left flared band (BDG) of a highway.
- This trench crosses the wearing course 7 of the roadway (whose thickness is of the order of 8 cm) and almost all or even all of the base layer 8 based on asphalt in general bituminous whose height is generally of the order of 25 to 30 cm and below which is the foundation layer 9 which consists of treated gravel.
- the sleeves 5 are placed in a cluster at the bottom of the trench and the trench is then filled in with concrete, either completely with subsequent laying of an emulsion and gravel or a cold-cast mix 11 as shown on the left side of FIG. 1, or else by a concrete filling up to '' at a height of approximately -2.5 cm with implementation over bituminous concrete 12 as shown on the right side of Figure 1. If this technique ensures good positioning of the sleeves, the depth of the trench made and its subsequent filling with concrete makes it expensive. In particular, the concrete layer must have a sufficient thickness to avoid degradation by rolling vehicles of the integrity of the sheath clusters 5, which are intended to receive fiber optic cables.
- Figure 2 illustrates an installation in the open ground with earthworks up to 70-80 cm deep with a mechanical shovel or manually, the implementation of a sand bed 22 at the bottom of the excavation, sand bed 22 on which the sleeves are placed in several superimposed layers, after which, the trench is filled up to a height of -30 cm with the earth extracted to allow the implementation of a warning grid 21 and after which the backfilling is finished with the extracted land.
- This known technique can be improved by carrying out a mechanized installation with the plow with simultaneous placement of the sleeves and the warning mesh.
- the plow used then makes a trench of a depth such that the generator of the sleeves placed above is located approximately 70 cm from the surface of the ground.
- FIG. 3 diagrammatically represents a motorway lane 1 of which the emergency stop strip 3 is delimited by a continuous line 2.
- this emergency stop strip 3 a trench 4 of width L and depth h at the bottom 6 of which there are flat and on a single layer sleeves 5 of diameter D, which are spaced by a distance e.
- the process involves planing at a shallow depth (6 to 12 cm, preferably 8 to 10 cm) over a width L, for example of 60 cm, removal of the cuttings, cleaning of the bottom and of the edge of the groove 4 , placing the sleeves 5 flat in the groove.
- the groove 4 is then at least partially filled with concrete 14.
- the spacing between the sleeves can be obtained by raking the bottom of the groove immediately before depositing the filling concrete.
- Two types of filling can be implemented, namely a total filling with concrete 14 and an implementation of an emulsion and a gravel, or else a cold-cast mix 11 (FIG. 4); an alternative solution is filling in concrete 14 up to a height of, for example, 2.5 cm and using bituminous concrete 12 ( Figure 5).
- maintaining a spacing e between the sleeves, which is advantageously comprised, between 0.5 times and 2 times the diameter D of the sleeves makes it possible to strengthen the protection of the sleeves since, when filling with cement 14 , these intervals of width e are filled with cement, which forms arches in the manner of a bridge to transmit the mechanical stresses due to rolling from the surface to the bottom 6 of the grooves 4.
- the sleeves 5 could be grouped in groups 2 contiguous sleeves (or more), separated by intervals e calculated accordingly, to maintain an arch structure of appropriate strength.
- An advantage of the method according to the invention is that it can be implemented with machines currently used for asphalt planing sites. As a result, the development of specific tools is not useful. In addition, in order to achieve high implementation yields, it is also possible to automate the site by continuously planing the groove 4, laying the sleeves 5, filling with concrete 14 and repairing (11, 12) of the roadway.
- At least some of the sleeves 5 can be pre-equipped with a fiber optic cable 16
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP01969891A EP1325541A1 (fr) | 2000-10-02 | 2001-09-14 | Procede de pose dans une chaussee routiere de fourreaux pour fibres optiques, et chaussee ainsi obtenue |
AU2001290024A AU2001290024A1 (en) | 2000-10-02 | 2001-09-14 | Method for embedding in a road surface optical fibre claddings, and resulting pavement |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0012506A FR2814793B1 (fr) | 2000-10-02 | 2000-10-02 | Procede de pose dans une chaussee routiere de fourreaux pour fibres optiques, et chaussee ainsi obtenue |
FR0012506 | 2000-10-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002029947A1 true WO2002029947A1 (fr) | 2002-04-11 |
Family
ID=8854875
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2001/002861 WO2002029947A1 (fr) | 2000-10-02 | 2001-09-14 | Procede de pose dans une chaussee routiere de fourreaux pour fibres optiques, et chaussee ainsi obtenue |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1325541A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2001290024A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2814793B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002029947A1 (fr) |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012064271A1 (fr) * | 2010-11-10 | 2012-05-18 | Dellcron Ab | Procédé pour poser au moins une conduite/un câble de communication dans une zone en-dessous d'une surface de chaussée |
EP2972542A4 (fr) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-11-16 | Centurylink Ip Llc | Technologie de fibre moulée en place |
US9531174B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2016-12-27 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit and methods of using same |
US9742172B2 (en) | 2015-01-30 | 2017-08-22 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | MediaLink interconnection box |
US9780433B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2017-10-03 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless distribution using cabinets, pedestals, and hand holes |
US9786997B2 (en) | 2013-08-01 | 2017-10-10 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless access point in pedestal or hand hole |
US10146024B2 (en) | 2017-01-10 | 2018-12-04 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit method and system |
US10154325B2 (en) | 2014-02-12 | 2018-12-11 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Point-to-point fiber insertion |
US10276921B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-04-30 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Radiating closures |
US10330882B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-06-25 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical radiator |
US10412172B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2019-09-10 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Internet of things (IOT) self-organizing network |
US10578825B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2020-03-03 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical radiator |
US10613284B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2020-04-07 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) methods and systems |
US10651883B2 (en) | 2016-08-24 | 2020-05-12 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wearable gesture control device and method |
US10687377B2 (en) | 2016-09-20 | 2020-06-16 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Universal wireless station for multiple simultaneous wireless services |
US10774948B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2020-09-15 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical filler layers |
US10838383B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2020-11-17 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | System, apparatus, and method for implementing one or more internet of things (IoT) capable devices embedded within a roadway structure for performing various tasks |
US10919523B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2021-02-16 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Smart vehicle apparatus, system, and method |
US11941120B2 (en) | 2016-08-02 | 2024-03-26 | Century-Link Intellectual Property LLC | System and method for implementing added services for OBD2 smart vehicle connection |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2851026B1 (fr) * | 2003-02-06 | 2008-06-27 | Graniou Ouest | Procede et dispositif d'enfouissement d'au moins un cable |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2003635A (en) * | 1977-07-16 | 1979-03-14 | Plessey Co Ltd | Vehicle presence detector |
FR2750717A1 (fr) * | 1996-07-05 | 1998-01-09 | Sanef | Procede et machine de pose de structures allongees, telles que des fibres optiques |
FR2773565A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-14 | 1999-07-16 | S D T O | Machine pour realiser des rainures dans le sol et ensemble mecanise incluant ladite machine pour deposer des objets allonges dans ladite rainure |
-
2000
- 2000-10-02 FR FR0012506A patent/FR2814793B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-09-14 EP EP01969891A patent/EP1325541A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-09-14 AU AU2001290024A patent/AU2001290024A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-09-14 WO PCT/FR2001/002861 patent/WO2002029947A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2003635A (en) * | 1977-07-16 | 1979-03-14 | Plessey Co Ltd | Vehicle presence detector |
FR2750717A1 (fr) * | 1996-07-05 | 1998-01-09 | Sanef | Procede et machine de pose de structures allongees, telles que des fibres optiques |
FR2773565A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-14 | 1999-07-16 | S D T O | Machine pour realiser des rainures dans le sol et ensemble mecanise incluant ladite machine pour deposer des objets allonges dans ladite rainure |
Cited By (34)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9537292B2 (en) | 2010-11-10 | 2017-01-03 | Dellcron Ab | Method for placing at least one duct/communication cable below a road surface in an area |
US10385524B2 (en) | 2010-11-10 | 2019-08-20 | Dellcron Innovation Ab | Method for placing at least one duct/communication cable below a road surface in an area |
WO2012064271A1 (fr) * | 2010-11-10 | 2012-05-18 | Dellcron Ab | Procédé pour poser au moins une conduite/un câble de communication dans une zone en-dessous d'une surface de chaussée |
US10156691B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2018-12-18 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit and methods of using same |
US9531174B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2016-12-27 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit and methods of using same |
US9880369B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2018-01-30 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit and methods of using same |
EP2972542A4 (fr) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-11-16 | Centurylink Ip Llc | Technologie de fibre moulée en place |
US10749275B2 (en) | 2013-08-01 | 2020-08-18 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless access point in pedestal or hand hole |
US9786997B2 (en) | 2013-08-01 | 2017-10-10 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless access point in pedestal or hand hole |
US10249962B2 (en) | 2013-08-01 | 2019-04-02 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless access point in pedestal or hand hole |
US10330882B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-06-25 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical radiator |
US10193208B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-01-29 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless distribution using cabinets, pedestals, and hand holes |
US10276921B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-04-30 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Radiating closures |
US10700411B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2020-06-30 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Radiating closures |
US9780433B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2017-10-03 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless distribution using cabinets, pedestals, and hand holes |
US10892543B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2021-01-12 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Radiating closures |
US10578825B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2020-03-03 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical radiator |
US10629980B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2020-04-21 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wireless distribution using cabinets, pedestals, and hand holes |
US10774948B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2020-09-15 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical filler layers |
US10613284B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2020-04-07 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) methods and systems |
US10154325B2 (en) | 2014-02-12 | 2018-12-11 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Point-to-point fiber insertion |
US10536759B2 (en) | 2014-02-12 | 2020-01-14 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Point-to-point fiber insertion |
US10103532B2 (en) | 2015-01-30 | 2018-10-16 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | MediaLink interconnection box |
US9742172B2 (en) | 2015-01-30 | 2017-08-22 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | MediaLink interconnection box |
US11941120B2 (en) | 2016-08-02 | 2024-03-26 | Century-Link Intellectual Property LLC | System and method for implementing added services for OBD2 smart vehicle connection |
US11989295B2 (en) | 2016-08-02 | 2024-05-21 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | System and method for implementing added services for OBD2 smart vehicle connection |
US10651883B2 (en) | 2016-08-24 | 2020-05-12 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Wearable gesture control device and method |
US10687377B2 (en) | 2016-09-20 | 2020-06-16 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Universal wireless station for multiple simultaneous wireless services |
US10412172B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2019-09-10 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Internet of things (IOT) self-organizing network |
US10838383B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2020-11-17 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | System, apparatus, and method for implementing one or more internet of things (IoT) capable devices embedded within a roadway structure for performing various tasks |
US10911544B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2021-02-02 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Internet of things (IOT) self-organizing network |
US10919523B2 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2021-02-16 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Smart vehicle apparatus, system, and method |
US10656363B2 (en) | 2017-01-10 | 2020-05-19 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit method and system |
US10146024B2 (en) | 2017-01-10 | 2018-12-04 | Centurylink Intellectual Property Llc | Apical conduit method and system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2001290024A1 (en) | 2002-04-15 |
FR2814793A1 (fr) | 2002-04-05 |
EP1325541A1 (fr) | 2003-07-09 |
FR2814793B1 (fr) | 2002-11-22 |
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