WO2002020862A2 - Alliages de decolletage a l'aluminium, leur procede de fabrication et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Alliages de decolletage a l'aluminium, leur procede de fabrication et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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WO2002020862A2
WO2002020862A2 PCT/SI2001/000023 SI0100023W WO0220862A2 WO 2002020862 A2 WO2002020862 A2 WO 2002020862A2 SI 0100023 W SI0100023 W SI 0100023W WO 0220862 A2 WO0220862 A2 WO 0220862A2
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working
alloy
temperature
extrusion
recited
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PCT/SI2001/000023
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WO2002020862A3 (fr
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Anton Smolej
Miro Skrlj
Edvard Slacek
Vukasin Dragojevic
Marina Jelen
Tomaz Smolar
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Impol, Industrija Metalnih Polizdelkov, D.D.
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Priority to AU2001280422A priority Critical patent/AU2001280422A1/en
Publication of WO2002020862A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002020862A2/fr
Publication of WO2002020862A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002020862A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/003—Alloys based on aluminium containing at least 2.6% of one or more of the elements: tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and titanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the fields of metallurgy and ecology. More specifically, it relates to aluminum free cutting alloys of the AICuMg group containing lead, bismuth and tin, to the manufacture thereof from recycled material of standard AICuMgPb (AA2030), AlCu ⁇ PbBi (AA2011), AIMgSiCuPbBi (AA6262) and AIMgSiPb (6012) alloys, as well as to the use of these novel alloys.
  • Aluminum free cutting alloys were developed from standard heat treatable alloys, to which supplemental elements were added for the formation of new phases in the matrix. These phases improve the machinability of the material at cutting by achieving a smooth turned surface, lesser cutting forces, lesser tool wear and especially easier breaking of chips. These phases are formed by means of alloying elements, which are not soluble in aluminum, do not form intermetallic phases with aluminum and have low melting points. These properties are provided by lead, bismuth, tin, cadmium, indium and some others, which are not applicable for practical reasons. The cited elements, which are added individually or in combinations, are after casting precipitated during the solidification of the melt in the form of globulite inclusions of the size from some ⁇ m to some tens of ⁇ m.
  • the most important aluminum free cutting alloys are: Al - Cu with 0.2 to 0.6 wt. % Pb and 0.2 to 0.6 wt. % Bi (AA2011), Al - Cu - Mg with 0.8 to 1.5 wt. % Pb and up to 0.2 wt. % Bi (AA2030), Al - Mg - Si with 0.4 to 0.7 wt. % Pb and 0.4 - 0.7 wt. % Bi (AA6262), Al-Mg-Si with 0.4 to 2 wt. % Pb (AA6012).
  • Standard free cutting alloys containing lead, or lead and bismuth have been manufactured and in use for more than 50 years. Enormous quantities of this material pose major environmental problems. It will be impossible to ignore this problem after the prohibition of lead, and the substitution of lead by tin respectively. According to some Directives there will be a gradual transition to free cutting alloys that will be lead-free.
  • This alloy is manufactured by recycling standard lead containing alloys, by optimizing the energy consumed and minimizing the environmental hazard.
  • the lead content is gradually decreasing in the claimed recycled alloys, and simultaneously the tin content is increasing in the recycled material.
  • Recycled alloys with decreasing lead and bismuth contents, and simultaneously an increasing tin content must be equivalent to standard alloys with respect to the microstructure, workability, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and formability.
  • the formation of corresponding chips during the machining of alloys containing lead, bismuth and tin is - in analogy with the alloys containing lead and bismuth - depending upon the influence of their phases on the material breaking mechanism during the cutting operation.
  • the graph represents the dynamic composition of the novel alloys at constant and uniform characteristics, such as the chemical composition of other alloy constituents, mechanical properties and cutting machinability.
  • Table 1 and the enclosed FIG 1 represent combinations of (Pb + Bi) and Sn for alloys having increasing Sn contents and simultaneously decreasing (Pb + Bi) contents.
  • the first object of this invention is an aluminum free cutting alloy containing: a) constitutional elements: 0.5 to 1.0 wt. % Mn
  • the claimed alloys excel by their adequate strength characteristics, good formability, and good cutting machinability and especially by their environment- friendly manufacture and utilization.
  • the claimed alloys are applicable as free cutting alloys during the transition period of substituting standard alloys with environmentally preferable alloys containing no lead, which is in AICuMgPb (AA2030) alloys substituted by tin.
  • Another object of this invention is the manufacture of the above mentioned alloys by means of a recycling process comprising the use of a charge consisting of an optional ratio of secondary free cutting alloys and similar alloys. This leads to the gradual decrease of the lead and bismuth contents in the alloy, in conformance with potential legislative requirements.
  • the novel process comprises the first step of organized collecting of waste material resulting from the dismounting/disassembling of transportation means and other constructions. Sorting or separation follows, which is performed during the dismounting or before the utilization or recycling respectively. This enables the separation of the components made of free cutting alloys from the components resulting from other technological processes such as casting, forging, rolling, deep drawing and the like.
  • the novel process comprises the composition of the charge from the collected secondary raw material.
  • the source of the secondary raw material consists of disassembled transportation means and other elements having incorporated parts mashined by free cutting. Free cut pieces are as a rule made of standarized alloys (2011, 2030, 2007, 6012, 6262), which contain Pb, Bi and Sn. Exceptionally they consist of the alloys 6082, 6061 in 6060, which are also applicable in the process for the manufacture of the claimed novel alloy designated D 90.
  • the charge will thus show an optional ratio of free cutting and similar alloys or wastes/scrap thereof.
  • the charge is then re-melted in suitable aggregates. After a basic purification according to standard methods the melt is chemically analyzed.
  • the melt is corrected in conformance with the graph in FIG 1 and the values in Table 1 , corresponding to the composition of the D 90 alloy comprising Sn, Pb in Bi.
  • the melt is corrected with the addition of alloy constituing elements Cu, Mn, Mg and particularly Sn.
  • An adequate alloy composition may be achieved by the addition of not more than 50 wt. % of lead- and bismuth-free aluminum.
  • the final purification of the melt and the casting of the melt into the desired shape take place.
  • the castings are homogenization annealed according to standarized technology for free cutting alloys.
  • this invention provides novel processes for the working and heat treatment of the above mentioned recovered aluminum alloys containing tin, lead and bismuth.
  • Semi-products made of standard free cutting alloys of the group AICuMgPb in the form of rods having a circular or hexagonal cross-section are usually manufactured according to the following processes:
  • Process 1 (the process carries the Aluminium Association designation of T3) Semi-continuous casting, homogenization annealing, cooling from the homogenization annealing temperature, heating to the working temperature of extrusion, extrusion, solution heat treatment in a salt bath, quenching, cold deformation with drawing, natural ageing.
  • Process 2 (the process carries the Aluminium Association designation of T4) Semi-continuous casting, homogenization annealing, cooling from the homogenization annealing temperature, heating to the working temperature of extrusion, extrusion, solution heat treatment in a salt bath, quenching, natural ageing.
  • Process 3 (the process carries the Aluminium Association designation of T6) Semi-continuous casting, homogenization annealing, cooling from the homogenization annealing temperature, heating to the working temperature of extrusion, extrusion, solution heat treatment in a salt bath, quenching, artificial ageing.
  • Process 4 (the process carries the Aluminium Association designation of T8) Semi-continuous casting, homogenization annealing, cooling from the homogenization annealing temperature, heating to the working temperature of extrusion, extrusion, solution heat treatment in a salt bath, quenching, cold deformation with drawing, artificial ageing.
  • Novel processes for the manufacture, working and thermomechanical treatment of the claimed alloy of the group AICuMg containing tin, lead and bismuth comprise: (1) the modification of working temperatures, which are higher than in conventional processes; (2) the introduction of indirect extrusion with higher extrusion rates; (3) the press-quenching directly after the extruded piece exits the die; (4) an increased degree of cold deformation during thermomechanical treatment; (5) optimal temperatures and time periods of artificial ageing, (6) operations for achieving a stress-free condition in extruded and thermomechanically treated semi-products in the shape of rods.
  • thermomechanical treatment steps cause various controlled mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield stress, elongation, hardness), and formability properties (cutting machinability, surface characterisics) of the semi-products.
  • the novel processes for the processing, working and thermomechanical treatment of extruded alloys has the following advantages in comparison with semi-products manufactured by standard processes 1 (T3), 2 (T4), 3 (T6) and 4
  • the invention comprises the following processes for the manufacture and heat treatment of the AICuMg alloy containing tin, lead and bismuth.
  • Process of manufacture of D 90 alloy The composition of the charge from secondary raw material utilizes secondary free cutting alloys. A charge is applied, which is combined from an optional ratio of the 2011 , 2030, 2007, 6012, 6262 and 6082, 6061 and 6060 alloys. The charge is melted in an induction furnace at a temperature of 740 +/- 10 °C. After the first purification operation a sample of the material is taken from the surface for testing by chemical analysis. After spectrometric analysis a correction is performed to achieve the prescribed composition. The graph in the enclosed FIG 1 representing the dynamic composition is utilized to establish the required addition of Sn. The correction of the composition includes the addition of not more than 50 % of the Pb- and Bi- free material, the addition of the remaining constituents, and Sn.
  • the casting of bars in sizes corresponding to working aggregates is performed according to the semi-continuous process.
  • the castings are subjected to ultrasonic testing. Before the working operation the castings are subjected to homogenization annealing to remove microsegregations, to achieve a uniform distribution of alloy elements, and to avoid intermetallic compounds on the grain interface. Homogenization parameters for the D90 alloy are:
  • Castings made of D90 alloy are applicable for semi-products machinable by free cutting.
  • Process I Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature with a cooling rate of 230°C/hour. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid nitrogen. The tool has to be cooled because of high working temperatures necessary for a successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press.
  • the quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C. Natural ageing takes 6 days.
  • Process II Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature with a cooling rate of 230°C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid nitrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for a successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press. The quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave. The maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds.
  • the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C. Artificial ageing takes place for 8 - 12 hours at temperatures from 130°C to 190°C.
  • Process III Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after the homogenization to ambient temperature with a cooling rate of 230°C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid hydrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for the successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press.
  • the quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C.
  • Extruded and quenched rods are drawn with a deformation rate of not more than 15 %. Natural ageing takes 6 days.
  • Process IV Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature with a cooling rate of 230°C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperaturo of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm do 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid nitrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for the successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press. The quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C.
  • Extruded and quenched rods are drawn with a deformation rate of up to 15 %.
  • Artificial ageing takes 8 - 12 hours at temperatures from 130°C to 190°C.
  • Process VI Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature with a cooling rate of 230°C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - in liquid nitrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for the successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press. The quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C.
  • Tension straightening of the extruded pieces is performed to achieve a stress-free condition. Natural ageing takes 6 days.
  • Process VII Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 230°C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid nitrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for the successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press. The quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C.
  • Tension straightening of the extruded pieces is performed to achieve a stress-free condition.
  • Artificial ageing takes 8 - 12 hours at temperatures from 130°C to 190°C.
  • Process VIII Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi-continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 230 ⁇ C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid nitrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for the successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press. The quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C.
  • Extruded and quenched rods are drawn with a deformation rate of up to 15 %.
  • Tension straightening of the extruded pieces is performed to achieve a stress-free condition. Natural ageing takes 6 days.
  • Process IX Semi-continuous casting of bars. Homogenization annealing of semi- continuously cast bars for 8 hours at 490°C. Cooling of bars after homogenization to ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 230°C/h. Heating of bars to a working temperature of 380°C. Indirect extrusion of billets into rods with diameters from 12 mm to 127 mm.
  • the invention also comprises the cooling of the extrusion tool - the die - with liquid nitrogen. The cooling of the tool is required because of high working temperatures necessary for the successful solution heat treatment at the extrusion press. The quenching of the extruded pieces after the exit from the die takes place in a water wave.
  • the maximum permissible time between the working and the quenching of the material is 30 seconds, and the maximum permissible cooling of the surface is 10°C.
  • Extruded and quenched rods are drawn with a deformation rate of up to 15 %.
  • Tension straightening of the extruded pieces is performed to achieve a stress-free condition.
  • Artificial ageing takes 8 - 12 hours at temperatures from 30°C to 190°C.
  • Process I Extrusion at working temperature 380°C, press-quenching, natural ageing 6 days.
  • Process III Extrusion at working temperature 380°C, press-quenching, cold working, natural ageing 6 days.
  • Process V Extrusion at working temperature 380°C, press-quenching, tension straightening, natural ageing 6 days.
  • Process VII Extrusion at working temperature 380°C, press-quenching, cold working, tension straightening, natural ageing 6 days.
  • Alloy 4 The charge was composed from 7655 kg of secondary material. The melting took place in an induction-type melting furnace at a temperature of 740°C. The analysis by means of a spectrophotometer was followed by the addition of 540 kg Al (99.5%), 4 kg Bi and 6 kg Pb. The melt was poured into a holder and then subjected to argon flushing at 720 °C for 60 minutes with 20 kg/Nm 3 Ar. The purification in an in-line system was performed at 700 °C. The filtration was performed with the aid of a 12x12x30 inch ceramic filter. Casting was performed at 670 °C with a rate of 4.3 cm/min., and at a cooling water rate of 90 m 3 /h. at a temperature of 21 °C. During casting AITiB was added at a rate of 40 cm/min. The test alloy was cast into bars having a diameter of 28.8 cm. Homogenization took place at 739 °C.
  • Alloy 5 The charge was composed from 6115 kg of secondary material. The melting took place in an induction-type melting furnace at a temperature of 740°C. The analysis by means of a spectrophotometer was followed by the addition of 1000 kg Al (99.5%), 4 kg Bi, 36 kg Cu, 5 kg Mn (80%), 5 kg Pb and 28 kg Sn. The melt was poured into the holder and then subjected to argon flushing at 725 °C for 75 minutes with 20 kg/Nm 3 Ar. The purification in an in-line system was performed at 700 °C. The filtration was performed with the aid of a 12x12x30 inch ceramic filter.
  • Casting was performed at 672 °C with a rate of 4.3 cm/min., and at a cooling water rate of 90 m /h. at a temperature of 21 °C.
  • AITiB was added at a rate of 40 cm/min.
  • the test alloy was cast into bars having a diameter of 28.8 cm. Homogenization took place at 740 °C.
  • Alloy 6 The charge was composed from 5565 kg of secondary material. The melting took place in an induction-type melting furnace at a temperature of 740°C. The analysis by means of a spectrophotometer was followed by the addition of 805 kg Al (99.5%), 4 kg Bi, 9 kg Pb and 22 kg Sn. The melt was poured into the holder and then subjected to argon flushing at 725 °C for 40 minutes with 20 kg/Nm 3 Ar. The purification in an in-line system was performed at 700 °C. The filtration was performed with the aid of a 12x12x30 inch ceramic filter.
  • Casting was performed at 671 °C with a rate of 4.3 cm/min., and at a cooling water rate of 90 m 3 /h. at a temperature of 21 °C.
  • AITiB was added at a rate of 30 cm/min.
  • the test alloy was cast into bars having a diameter of 28.8 cm. Homogenization took place at 738 °C.
  • Table 3 Chemical composition of test alloys (in wt. %)
  • Example 3 Mechanical properties of the test alloys
  • test alloys L2, L3, 5, 6, 7 containing tin, lead and bismuth, of the K4 alloy containing tin but no lead or bismuth, and the standard K1 alloy containing lead but no tin or bismuth are recited for the heat treatments I, II, III in IV in Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7.
  • test alloys L2, L3, 5, 6, 7 containing tin, lead and bismuth, the K4 alloy containing tin but no lead or bismuth, and the standard K1 alloy containing lead but no tin or bismuth are represented in Tables 8, 9, 10 and 11 , for the heat treatments I, II, III and IV, dependent on the tin content at a constant content of Pb + Bi ⁇ 0.35 wt. %.
  • Table 8 Tensile strength depending on the tin content at the approximate content Pb +Bi ⁇ 0.35 wt. %
  • the suggested heat treatments I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII enable to attain a wide range of mechanical properties. Heat treatments 1, 11 and V, VI are suitable for attaining higher strength properties.
  • Table 12 Classification of chips of the alloys AICuMgPb (K1), AICuMgSn (K4) and AICuMg containing Sn, Pb and Bi yielded in different heat treatment operations I, II, III and IV*
  • Chips are classified into favorable (A), satisfactory (B) and unfavorable (C) groups:
  • Unfavorable chips strips, bended chips, flat spirals.
  • the reference alloy (K1) yields favorable chips.
  • Alloys 5, 4 and 6 containing approx.( ⁇ ) 0.35 wt. % (Pb +Bi) and > 0.7 wt. % Sn yield favorable chips in all heat treatments I, II, III and IV.
  • the alloy containing no (Pb + Bi), yet having 1.38 wt. % Sn yields favorable chips in heat treatments I and II. 5.
  • said Sn, Pb and Bi are distributed in the form of polygonal inclusions on the crystal grain boundaries and in the interdendritic interstices.
  • the size of these inclusions is from a few ⁇ m to several 10 ⁇ m.
  • the composition of the inclusions is not homogeneous.
  • the inclusions contain alloy constituents and incidental impurities. After extrusion working the inclusions are elongated in the working direction.
  • Alloys manufactured by press-quenching exhibit after the terminated heat treatment and thermo-mechanical treatment fibrous grains that are elongated in the working direction.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur des alliages de décolletage d'AlCuMg comportant: (a) comme éléments constitutifs: de 0,5 à 1,0 % en poids de Mn, de 0,4 à 1,8 % en poids de Mg, de 3,3 à 4,6 % en poids de Cu, de 0,4 à 1,9 % en poids de Sn, de 0,05 à 0,4 % en poids de (Pb+Bi), de 0,0 à 0,1 % en poids de Cr, et de 0,0 à 0,2 % en poids de Ti, (b) comme impuretés, pas plus de 0,5 % en poids de Si, pas plus de 0,7 % en poids de Fe, pas plus de 0,5 % en poids de Zn, les autres impuretés ne représentant individuellement pas plus de 0,05 % en poids, et collectivement, pas plus de 0,15 % en poids, et (c) le reliquat des 100 % d'aluminium. Lesdits alliages sont produits par recyclage d'alliages usuels au plomb à l'aide d'une technique optimisée du point de vue de la consommation d'énergie et favorable à l'environnement consistant à faire simultanément décroître graduellement la teneur en plomb, et croître la teneur en étain. Du point de vue de la microstructure, de l'ouvrabilité, des caractéristiques mécaniques de la résistance à la corrosion et de la facilité d'usinage, ces alliages de récupération sont l'équivalent des alliages usuels.
PCT/SI2001/000023 2000-09-04 2001-08-23 Alliages de decolletage a l'aluminium, leur procede de fabrication et leurs utilisations WO2002020862A2 (fr)

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SI200000210A SI20694A (sl) 2000-09-04 2000-09-04 Aluminijeve avtomatne zlitine, reciklirni postopek za njihovo izdelavo in njihova uporaba
SIP-200000210 2000-09-04

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CN104018045A (zh) * 2014-06-19 2014-09-03 芜湖市泰美机械设备有限公司 一种航空用铸造耐热铝合金及其热处理方法
CN104018044A (zh) * 2014-06-19 2014-09-03 芜湖市泰美机械设备有限公司 一种航空用铸造耐热铝合金及其热处理方法
CN108038319A (zh) * 2017-12-20 2018-05-15 中国地质大学（武汉） 一种镀锌机组能量流能耗优化建模的方法及系统
CN113578997A (zh) * 2021-08-03 2021-11-02 南京超明精密合金材料有限公司 超易切削精密合金棒线材的加工工艺
CN113774259A (zh) * 2021-08-20 2021-12-10 烟台南山学院 一种Al-Cu-Mg合金及消除有害含铁相的方法

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CN104018045A (zh) * 2014-06-19 2014-09-03 芜湖市泰美机械设备有限公司 一种航空用铸造耐热铝合金及其热处理方法
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CN108038319A (zh) * 2017-12-20 2018-05-15 中国地质大学（武汉） 一种镀锌机组能量流能耗优化建模的方法及系统
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CN113578997B (zh) * 2021-08-03 2024-02-02 南京超明精密合金材料有限公司 超易切削精密合金棒线材的加工工艺
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