Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
  • D21F9/00—Complete machines for making continuous webs of paper
  • D21F9/003—Complete machines for making continuous webs of paper of the twin-wire type
  • D21F9/006—Complete machines for making continuous webs of paper of the twin-wire type paper or board consisting of two or more layers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
  • D21H17/28—Starch
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
  • D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
  • D21H19/12—Coatings without pigments applied as a solution using water as the only solvent, e.g. in the presence of acid or alkaline compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
  • D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
  • D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
  • D21H23/24—Addition to the formed paper during paper manufacture
  • D21H23/26—Addition to the formed paper during paper manufacture by selecting point of addition or moisture content of the paper
  • D21H23/28—Addition before the dryer section, e.g. at the wet end or press section
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
  • D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
  • D21H23/22—Addition to the formed paper
  • D21H23/30—Pretreatment of the paper

Definitions

• the present invention concerns a method according to the introductory part of claim 1 for making a coated fibre web, such as a paper or board web, an improved paper or board machine according to the introductory part of claim 10 and a coated paper or board according to the introductory part of claim 19.
• the method and paper or board machine according to the invention may be applied very largely to the manufacture of such different paper and board grades, where the conventional method would improve the quality of the paper or board by pre- coating.
• Typical such writing and printing papers are fine grade paper, LWC base paper or improved newsprint, which as such are known to the professional in the field. Coating of various board grades has also increased in recent years. However, in the following the invention will be described mainly in connection with fine grade paper, but without limiting the invention hereto in any way.
• fine grade paper means uncoated fine grade paper and coated fine grade paper.
• the grammage of uncoated fine grade paper is usually 40 ... 230 g/m , while of coated fine grade paper it is 60 ... 250 g/m .
• the typical pulp for making fine grade paper includes chemical fibre: short fibre obtained e.g. from birch and eucalyptus wood, and to this is usually added long-fibred material obtained from softwood.
• the share of mechanical pulp is usually less than 10 %.
• About 15 - 30 % of filler is added to the pulp, and the filler may be stone, calcium carbonate, kaolin and/or other suitable mineral pigments.
• makers of fine grade paper have also begun using more and more recycling fibre.
• the method and paper machine according to the invention may be used advantageously for making paper equivalent to pre-coated fine grade paper.
• traditional pre-coating is used with a view of providing the web surface with certain properties advantageous in the further treatment of the web. Such properties are e.g. the desired surface porosity and pore size distribution along with the desired oil absorption level, e.g. measuring with the Cobb-Unger method.
• the degree of pigment coverage is also one property which should be observed.
• the invention may also be advantageously applied to paper grades containing mechanical pulp, which are coated in the final stage of the manufacturing process.
• LWC and MWC are typical such paper grades.
• a better printing surface than before is more and more often demanded of boards.
• the invention offers good possibilities in this regard without any expensive investments in the dry end of the board machine.
• the invention also offers an advantageous solution to improve the printing characteristics of the webs forming the surface layers of multi-layer board.
• the mter-la inar strength of multi-layer board can also be improved by supplying e.g. starch on to the web surfaces.
• the short circulation and the other pulp system is usually constructed in such a way that it mixes the fibres, fillers, fines and additives into a pulp as homogenous as possible to be supplied to the headbox of the paper or board machine.
• Multi-layer headboxes are known as such in the state of the art, one of which is presented e.g. in the paper Odell: Multilayering, Method or Madness?, XI Valmet Paper Technology Days 1998 and one of which was also described in the paper P. Ahonen: Challenges for Digital Printing Paper, XI Valmet Paper Technology Days 1998.
• Using multi-layer headboxes desired layer structures are brought about in the web by feeding the layered pulp into the space between wires. Especially with some board grades several different headboxes and wire units have been used instead of a multi-layer headbox in order to bring about a layered structure.
• the drying section is usually formed by a conventional drying section using single and/or two wire transfer, by which drying mainly takes place as cylinder drying as the wire presses the web against a heated cylinder surface.
• the use of single- wire transfer through the entire drying section has increased with high running speeds.
• patent application PCT/FI98/00945 proposes a combination of blowing-on with cylinder drying in order to achieve a higher evaporation speed and a shorter drying section.
• the paper web is guided from the drying section to a pre-calender, which in the known solutions may be a calender with a hard or soft nip, wherein the paper web is guided from the nip between rolls in order to achieve a smooth paper web surface.
• the pre-calender is also used for fastening loose fibres or other pulp components to the web surface, but at the same time possibly also causing density differences in the base paper and losing web bulkiness, which is important to many grades. Pre-calendering is especially important before the web is coated when using blade coating to avoid so-called blade lines.
• the web surfaces are pre-coated with a starch or pigment solution after the drying section or after pre-calendering, for example, using an applying device of the film size press type marketed under the applicant's trade name OptiSizerTM.
• pre-coating is typically done on both sides of the web at the same time, but the web surfaces may also be pre-coated separately in successive units.
• the paper web is then dried using infra driers and air-borne web driers and a short bank of cylinders following after these.
• the web is surface-coated by blade, roll or jet coating units known as such in the art, and it is dried using infra and air-borne web driers as well as cylinder drying.
• the dried paper or board web is reeled, whereupon a multi- nip calender follows, which is used to give the paper or board the desired grade of smoothness and gloss. On-line calendering has also become more widely used lately.
• a calender and reel-up often follows after the drying section.
• An unwinder then follows, from which the web is guided to an off-line coating station.
• pre-coating of one side of the paper web is first performed, whereupon the drying section follows, and then the other side of the paper web is pre-coated, whereupon the drying section follows.
• the resulting pre-coated web is finally coated with other coating layers and the web is then dried and reeled. Unwinding then follows as well as calendering and reeling of the web.
• the final machine after the drying section may thus be an on-line or an off-line machine.
• the paper Before coating, the paper may thus be very porous, as is known in the art, so after dewatering and drying treatments the paper web must be pre-coated before the actual surface coating. This also means that the paper web must be dried after pre- coating, so that the coating proper can be added to the paper web surface. The equipment and web transfers needed for these steps add considerably to the length of the fine grade paper manufacturing line.
• This double coating, that is, pre-coating and actual surface coating, of fine grade paper has aimed at achieving a coated paper surface, which is physically and visually even, as a printing basis.
• the most important task of the pre-coating in the said coating process is suitably to diminish pores existing in the surface structure of the base paper or board, so that the surface coating will remain on the surface and will not sink into the paper or board structure.
• the paper or board will be uneven even after it has been surface-coated, and it may have e.g. gloss spottiness or other visual faults.
• a film transfer technique it is possible to achieve an even surface-coating layer and thus good coverage, which is a desirable property especially in the pre-coating stage, because an even pre-coating is a precondition for an even surface coating.
• surface coating of the web is performed in known state-of-the-art blade coating in order to achieve an even surface.
• this makes space demands on the paper or board fimshing line, because the paper or board is coated in 3-4 different steps, since the different sides of the paper or board web are often coated in different steps.
• a size press or a coater of the film transfer type is thus generally used for pre-coating of the web.
• surface size or some equivalent coating material is supplied as an aqueous solution on to both sides of the paper web in one or two steps with the purpose to bind fines and fibres into the web surface and thus bring about favourable conditions for a possible following coating, hi known state-of-the-art solutions, where a separate pre-coater is thus used, it is a problem that the length of the paper or board machine or of the coating line increases. This adds to the investment costs of both' the machine itself and also of the building. Lack of space in renewals may actually prevent introduction of new technology.
• FI patent application 981330 presents an integrated paper machine, which may be used for making paper of a good quality and with a high coefficient of efficiency at a speed in excess of 2000 m/min and which is shorter than the paper machine of today.
• FI patent application 981331 presents a paper machine intended especially for making such paper, which has copying paper properties as well as good gloss and suitable porosity for colour powder printing.
• Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of traditional paper according to the known state of the art.
• the present-day surface sizing of base paper 1 for fine grade paper typically uses pastes of a low dry matter content (8 - 12 %), in order to ensure penetration of the coating paste through the paper; this means, that the size pressed into the paper from different sides must "meet" in the middle of the paper and form a bond 2 increasing the strength of the paper.
• the purpose of using a paste with a low dry matter content (8 - 12 %) is to lower the viscosity of the coating paste to be applied. With the present-day technique this is necessary to achieve sufficient strength characteristics, because when increasing the dry matter content of the paste the size will remain in the surface layers of the paper and desired bonds are not formed in the internal parts of the paper or board.
• the problems with base paper or board in office papers are distributions of the paper or board in direction z, especially filler distribution, which in copying paper ought to be of such a type that there is less filler on the surfaces in view of dusting.
• the aim is to use the paper or board in many ways, that is, the paper or board should also be suitable for use in ink-jet printing, whereby filler is needed in the surface to achieve a dense surface.
• the paper to be produced has multi-use characteristics (copying, ink-jet).
• additive and filler layering into the pulp is used in a multi-layer headbox and admixing of additives or fillers into the pulp is used in a single-layer headbox, which replaces the state-of-the-art pre-coating to be performed in the finishing section.
• the pulp can be divided into three different pulp flows for the body or base layer, that is, for the base paper's or board's surface layers and middle layer, whereby the desired additives and fillers are conducted into each, especially starch to bring about layer structures of different kinds.
• the additive and filler may be supplied from several different points or in several different steps into the pulp flow. According to an advantageous application of the invention, fines may also be added.
• fibre layering may advantageously be used in connection with the invention, where the fibre pulp is separated for the surface and middle layers of the base paper or board separately, so that a fibre pulp of the desired type is led into the surface layer of the base paper or board, or correspondingly, into the middle layer of the base paper or board.
• retention matter known in the state of the art may be used to bind the filler and fines into the surface, which will prevent them from moving away together with the water from the surface layers of the paper or board. The retention matter may also be supplied layer-wise.
• pre-coating is integrated in the first part of the paper or board machine and additives and fillers are led into the web surface immediately in the early stage of the web manufacture, hi this way a sufficiently small pore size is achieved in the surface of the body or base layer, that is, the base paper or board, so that the actual surface-coating paste, preferably a surface-sizing paste, to be applied stays in the surface of the base paper or board.
• an advantageous surface for a printing process is also achieved, from which printing colour will not penetrate deeply into the web.
• the paper or board machine according to the invention wherein pre- coating is replaced by an additive and filler layering technique into the pulp flows of the headbox, includes a multi-layer headbox, a jaw former, a press section, a drying section, a surface-coating station/stations and a multi-nip calender and a reeler.
• Short circulation arrangements may be generally known already as such in the state of the art, but it is especially advantageous in connection with the invention to apply such a short circulation marketed by the applicant under trademark OptiFeedTM, which is described e.g. in FI Patent 103676.
• OptiFeedTM By using the OptiFeedTM arrangement pulp volumes are mi iimised in the short circulation, for which reason e.g. grade exchange can be made quickly on a paper or board machine according to our invention without any long troubles e.g. in pulp proportioning.
• the former used is preferably a jaw former, which allows higher speeds than formers of other types and a possibility to perform dewatering bilaterally, whereby a symmetrical paper is obtained.
• One such jaw former is e.g. the wire section marketed under the applicant's trademark
• the invention makes no special demands on the drying section, but it is possible in connection with the invention to apply known state-of-the-art drying solutions, e.g. a drying section applying single-wire transfer, with which on-blowing can also be combined in order to achieve drying efficiency, profiling or a swift grade exchange.
• a drying section applying single-wire transfer, with which on-blowing can also be combined in order to achieve drying efficiency, profiling or a swift grade exchange.
• Such a modern drying section is presented e.g. in the international patent application PCT/FI98/00945.
• PCT/FI98/00945 With paper grades in particular it is advantageous to use the
• TM drying section marketed under the applicant's trademark OptiDry or a drying section of a similar type.
• pre-calendering may be used on the drying section, which is presented e.g. hi FI Patent 104434, wherein calendering drying against a cylinder is presented.
• pre-calendering may also be performed between two rolls.
• pre-calendering can of course be done traditionally after the drying section.
• a coating station e.g. a blade coater, or a coater of the jet
• film transfer or spray type is used in the coating.
• the coating matter is transferred freely on to die web surface either as a coherent jet or as a spray, or the coating is applied by a roll. It is advantageous to use e.g. the coater marketed by the applicant under the
• the web may be coated supported by a belt. Supported coating is presented e.g. in the applicant's Finnish patent FI 101489 and in article 1998 Coating/Paper Machine Makers Conference, TAPPI Proceedings.
• the drying after surface coating may be started by non-contact drying, e.g. by using the drier marketed by the applicant under the tradename PowerDry or a drier of a corresponding type, with which a high drying power is achieved and a quick change of drying power when required.
• non-contact drying may even form the main form of drying, so that the following short bank of cylinders after it mainly functions as a driving bank.
• a multi-nip calender which is preferably an on-line calender marketed by the applicant under trademark OptiLoad or a dander of a corresponding type, which differs from the ordinary super calenders in that its linear loads in each nip can be controlled separately.
• OptiLoad or a dander of a corresponding type which differs from the ordinary super calenders in that its linear loads in each nip can be controlled separately.
• the reeler preferably the reeler marketed by the applicant under ttrraaddeemmaarrkk OOppttiiRReeel or a reeler of the same type, which is suitable for uniform reeling of the web.
• the method according to the invention it is possible to make paper or board that is similar to a web made with a state-of-the-art machine equipped with a pre- coating unit.
• the paper or board machine according to the invention includes no pre-coating unit, therein differing from the state of the art. According to an advantageous application of the invention, neither is a surface sizing unit needed, nor preferably any pre-calender.
• the need for post-drying is reduced essentially in comparison with the traditional post-drying section.
• the dry matter content of the coating paste can be increased highly, e.g. to about 20 %, and assuming that the base paper is dry when arriving in the surface- coating section, the post-drying section can be shortened to one-half of its present length, because the water quantity to be removed is only one-half of the normal quantity. If one-half of the coating paste is layered in the web already at the headbox, the water quantity to be removed in the post-drying section is further reduced to one- half.
• the need for post drying is only 25 % of the present need, that is, only one cylinder bank is sufficient as the post-drying section instead of the earlier 12 cylinders in several banks, instead of the post-drying section.
• the high dry matter content >15 %, preferably 15 - 25 %) of the coating paste, when a smaller quantity of paste (g/m ) should be applied into the web, that the dry matter content is higher after the surface coating section, which results in less need for post- drying and in a better runability of the post-drying section, and when single-wire transfer is used the curling tendency caused by the post-drying section is reduced, when the need for post-drying is reduced.
• curling control equipment based on wetting can be abandoned, which further reduces the need for post-drying.
• Figure 2 is a schematic view of the improved paper or board machine according to the invention.
• Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the paper or board according to the invention.
• the advantageous example shown in Figure 2 of the paper or board machine according to the invention for implementing the method according to the invention includes, first, a headbox 100, which is preferably a multi-layer headbox as shown in the figure.
• the pulp is layered in such a way that the pulp flows to be conducted into the surface layers include fillers and additives, e.g. starches and hydrofobic sizes and possibly a retention matter.
• fillers and additives e.g. starches and hydrofobic sizes and possibly a retention matter.
• fines may be layered into the surface layers when required or fibre layering may be used at the same time.
• the arrangement according to the invention in the multi-layer headbox allows desired fillers, additives and fines to be conducted into the desired layer, e.g.
• the multi-layer headbox is a 3 -layer headbox
• a conventional quantity of starch is layered into the middle layer part of the base or body layer 1 (compare with Figure 3), that is, of the base paper or board.
• a quantity of starch in excess of the normal quantity is admixed mto the base paper or board.
• the headbox is followed by a wire section 200.
• the headbox 100 and the wire section 200 have such a structure that in direction z a layered structure of the paper or board web is achieved and/or a desired distribution of additives or fillers is achieved in direction z (see the applicant's patent EP 0 651 092).
• the occurrence of porosity can be enhanced by using either one or a negative pressure suitable for the purpose in support of the retention matter added before the headbox 100. However, it is also important that a good formation is achieved.
• the wire section 200 should be such that it will not damage the achieved layering.
• the jaw former 250 shown in the figure is well suitable for this purpose, but formers of other types are suitable at least partly for use. Wire section 200 is followed by a press section 300.
• a long-nip press e.g. a shoe press 350, 360
• the press section 300 shown in the figure includes two presses 350, 360.
• the front drying section 400 which follows after press section 300, is formed by an on-blowing drying section 450 and a conventional cylinder drying section 460, which includes drying banks R ⁇ N applying single-wire transfer. Of the drying banks at least one is formed by a large-diameter cylinder 420 located in a cellar space and by on-blowing drying equipment 422 placed in connection with cylinder 420.
• a film size press 500 is located, which is followed by a post-drying section 600 formed by drying banks Rj applying single-wire transfer, a shoe calender 700 and a reeler 800.
• the fibre web F such as a paper or board web
• the pulp travels as follows. From the multi-layer headbox 100 the pulp is supplied into a jaw between the former rolls 210, 220 of the jaw former 250 of wire section 200, from which jaw it is conducted in between wires 215 and 216 past dewatering equipment 230 and further supported by wire 215 on to the press section 300.
• Press section 300 includes two presses 350 and 360, and at the top fabric 315 of the first press the web W is conducted between press rolls 311, 310 of press 350 supported by bottom fabric 316. From bottom fabric 316 the web W is conducted on to the top fabric 317 of the next press 360 and further in between top fabric 317 and bottom fabric 318 in between press rolls 321, 320 of press 360.
• Each press 350, 360 is formed as a shoe press. From press section 300 web W is guided on transfer fabric 390, whereby vacuum box 391 keeps web W on the fabric, into an on-blowing drying unit of drying section 400, wherein web W travels supported by bottom fabric 451 past on-blowing drying unit 450 into Ri - RN of drying section 400, which apply single-wire transfer.
• cylinder drying banks R 2 is formed in such a way that it includes a large-diameter cylinder 420, which is placed in the cellar and in connection with which on-blowing drying 422 is arranged, in which drying bank the web travels supported by wire 425.
• the drying wire of drying banks applying single- wire transfer is indicated by reference number 415 and the heated drying cylinders of the top row are indicated by reference number 410, while the hitch cylinders or rolls of the bottom row are indicated by reference number 411.
• Web W travels in a zigzag fashion from the hitch cylinders/rolls 411 of the bottom row on to the heated drying cylinders 410 of the top row, on which web W is in direct contact against the heated cylinder surface. Then web W is guided through measuring equipment 490 on to film size press 500, the rolls of which are indicated by reference numbers 545 and 547, while the film transfer devices is indicated by reference numbers 548 and 549.
• web W is guided to post-drying section 600, which according to the invention includes one drying bank Rj, which preferably applies single-wire transfer and includes a drying wire 615 and heated drying cylinders 610 and hitch cylinders/rolls 611.
• post-drying section 600 the web is wetted by either water fog or steam in order to eliminate any curling with the aid of device 650.
• Web W is then guided into calender 700, which is formed as a shoe calender and whose rolls are indicated by reference numbers 750, 751.
• calender 700 web W is guided on to a reeler, wherein web W is reeled by the reeler' s reeling rolls 809, 810 into reels 811, 812.
• the base paper or board, from which the base or body layer 1 of the paper product is formed is optimally formed by in the headbox 100 layering filler, starch and possibly hydrofobic sizes with a system for layering additives, so that a suitable dense and hydrofobic surface 10 is achieved for further treatment, such as surface sizing.
• a surface- sizing layer 11 into the surface 10 a bondbonds 2 keeping the layer/layers 1, 11 together are formed in between the base or body layer 1 and the surface-sizing layer/layers 11. Bond 2 also affects the strength characteristics of the paper or board in direction z.
• the surface-sizing layer 11 is starch, the dusting problems of normal copying paper are avoided as the pulp starch improves the surface strength as well as the binding of fillers and fines.
• the surface-sizing layer 11 When the surface-sizing layer 11 is hydrofobic size, a suitable hydrofobic surface is brought about for penetration of the sizing into the paper or board (water retention) and for the important uniform absorption of ink into the surface of ink-jet paper, by which the ink is prevented from penetrating to deeply or from spreading out on the paper or board surface.
• a base paper or board web W has been formed by layering, which web has essentially dense and hydrofobic surfaces 10 and which has been taken through wire section 200 and press section 300 and front drying section 400 to the surface-coating section 500
• surface sizing of the essentially dense and hydrofobic surface of the base paper or board 1 can be performed in the surface- coating section 500 with a high consistence coating paste, wherein the increased dry matter content has been achieved by a reduced quantity of starch and/or by an increased dry matter content of the size and which penetrates inside from the surface 10 of the base paper web or base board web forming a bond 2 between base paper or board 1 and surface sizing layer 11.
• the coating paste is pressed only into the surface 10 of the layered base or body layer 1 of the paper or board in such a way that the bonds 2 in direction z of the paper or board are brought about in the internal parts of the paper or board in between the layered base or body layer 1 and the layers of chemicals 11 applied from the surface.
• the surface-coating layer 11 extends only to a part of the thickness of the base paper or board web and it forms a bond 2 in between the base paper or board 1 and the surface-coating layer 11.

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• 2000
  • 2000-08-10 FI FI20001773A patent/FI108241B/sv active
• 2001
  • 2001-08-06 AU AU2001279859A patent/AU2001279859A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-08-06 CA CA002418878A patent/CA2418878A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-08-06 WO PCT/FI2001/000696 patent/WO2002012620A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2001-08-06 US US10/344,227 patent/US20040026054A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-08-06 EP EP01958121A patent/EP1311724A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2001-08-06 JP JP2002517891A patent/JP2004506102A/ja active Pending

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