WO2001086018A2 - Procede de fabrication de pieces qui servent a conduire du courant electrique et qui sont couvertes d'une matiere principalement metallique - Google Patents

Procede de fabrication de pieces qui servent a conduire du courant electrique et qui sont couvertes d'une matiere principalement metallique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001086018A2
WO2001086018A2 PCT/EP2001/005182 EP0105182W WO0186018A2 WO 2001086018 A2 WO2001086018 A2 WO 2001086018A2 EP 0105182 W EP0105182 W EP 0105182W WO 0186018 A2 WO0186018 A2 WO 0186018A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
silver
strips
profiles
copper
coating
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2001/005182
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO2001086018A3 (fr
Inventor
Hans Krug
Helmut Heinzel
Tobias Samtleben
Original Assignee
Ami Doduco Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE10045783A external-priority patent/DE10045783A1/de
Application filed by Ami Doduco Gmbh filed Critical Ami Doduco Gmbh
Publication of WO2001086018A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001086018A2/fr
Publication of WO2001086018A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001086018A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302—Cu as the principal constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the production of workpieces which serve to conduct electrical current, namely electrical contact pieces, carriers for electrical contact pieces, electrical conductors such as, for. B. lead frames, as well as tapes and profiles, which are intended as semi-finished products for electrical contact pieces, for their carriers and for electrical conductors. It is about workpieces that carry one or more layers of predominantly metallic materials, namely of metals and alloys as well as of mixtures or composite materials made of metal and alloys with one another or with one or more metalloids, metal oxides, metal carbides and / or metal nitrides.
  • electrical contact pieces have the task of providing them with a solder layer, with the aid of which they can be soldered to a carrier.
  • Contact pieces are usually provided with a solder layer by placing solder tape sections on the contact pieces lying in a graphite form.
  • the contact pieces with the graphite shape are passed through a continuous furnace, in which the solder tape sections melt on the contact pieces and then solidify again. Instead of melting the solder tape sections onto the contact pieces, it is also known to attach them to the contact pieces by means of resistance welding.
  • solder layers with a thickness between 0.03 mm and 0.1 mm are used for the mostly used short-term soldering by means of electrical resistance heating.
  • solder layers with a thickness of 0.005 mm to 0.015 mm would be completely sufficient for the soldering process.
  • the thinner a solder tape or a solder foil the more the costs increase. In practice, therefore, the thicker layers of solder with a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm is used, although the usual silver hard solders cause unnecessary syllables / use.
  • the solidified solder layer on the soldered contact pieces is not flat, but spherical due to the surface tension of the solder. This leads to considerable problems with the automatic feeding of soldered contact pieces to a soldering tool.
  • contactors are used in contactors and other switching devices in medium-voltage technology, which consist of silver or a silver alloy on the back and a silver-metal oxide composite material on the front, for example of silver with tin oxide and optionally further metal oxides, carbides or nitrides, the total proportion of non-metallic constituents in the silver-metal oxide composite material generally being not more than 20% by weight and not less than 5% by weight.
  • the purpose of the metal oxide content is to prevent welding of the contact pieces in the switchgear, whereby the possibly further non-metallic components of the composite material serve to optimize the switching behavior, the power line (contact resistance as low as possible with continuous current) and the service life (edge as little as possible under the influence of arcing).
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of demonstrating an inexpensive way of coming to coated workpieces and semi-finished products which serve for electrical power conduction and in particular for making electrical contact and thereby reducing or even reducing the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art avoids.
  • one or more layers of predominantly metallic materials namely of metals and alloys, as well as of mixtures or composite materials of metals and.
  • workpieces which serve to conduct electrical current and in particular the electrical contact Alloys with one another or with one or more metalloids, metal oxides, metal carbides and / or metal nitrides are applied by flame spraying or cold gas spraying.
  • flame spraying has so far been used essentially only to produce protective layers against corrosion and against wear.
  • DE 3501 410 does already disclose to apply low-melting solder alloys to large and complicated workpieces by flame spraying.
  • the person skilled in the art does not find any specific suggestion to use flame spraying to coat contact pieces and semi-finished products with a hard solder.
  • the flame spray process has been perfected in the course of its development; Possibilities have been created to reduce the temperatures to which the coating materials are exposed and to increase the speed at which the coating materials impact the workpieces to be coated, up to supersonic speeds.
  • the cold gas spraying developed from flame spraying which is disclosed in EP 0484533 B1, also works at supersonic speeds.
  • coating materials in powder form are introduced into a gas stream at room temperature or at elevated temperature, but in any case below the melting point of the powder, which is fed to a Venturi nozzle at high pressure of, for example, 0.5 MPa to 2 MPa and accelerated in the Venturi nozzle, whereby the powder particles are also accelerated so that they strike the workpiece to be coated at supersonic speed.
  • EP 0484533 B1 contains a general and not further specified reference that cold gas spraying in the fields of metallurgy, in mechanics, in aircraft construction and in agricultural engineering, in the automotive industry, in instrumentation technology and could be used in electronics to form corrosion-resistant, electrically conductive, wear-resistant, hard, magnetically conductive and insulating layers, especially on heat-sensitive parts, which are mainly formed on large objects such as seagoing and inland waterway vessels, bridges and pipes with a large nominal size.
  • the person skilled in the art does not receive any information on the manufacture and coating of electrical contact pieces and their semi-finished products.
  • the invention is suitable for the production of layers with thicknesses of approximately 5 ⁇ m to approximately 5 mm.
  • the range from 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m is particularly interesting and advantageous. With layer thicknesses below 5 ⁇ m, the layers are too irregular and not necessarily dense. For layers that are thicker than 5 mm, the application of the method no longer makes sense. The greatest cost advantages are achieved in the layer thickness range between 10 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m. With coating thicknesses below 5 ⁇ m, other coating methods are more favorable, e.g. the electrolytic coating or PVD and CVD processes. Cold roll cladding becomes competitive with layer thicknesses above 100 ⁇ m. In the range between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, the method according to the invention is less expensive than cold roll plating on the one hand and less expensive than electrolytic and wet-chemical, electroless ones
  • Coating material are deposited.
  • the invention is suitable for coating individual contact pieces and contact carriers as well as for the continuous coating of semi-finished products for electrical contacts and contact carriers.
  • the invention is suitable for the full-surface coating of contact pieces and semi-finished products for contact pieces and contact carriers in the form of strips and profiles as well as for the coating of partial surfaces (selective coating). For example, end sections of contact springs can be coated directly with a contact material or one or more strips can be produced on tapes.
  • the exact delimitation of the layers can be done by masks, in the case of tapes, for example by sticking mask tapes or by applying masking tapes to a tape to be coated and synchronously carrying the masking tapes, the synchronization being ensured by perforation in the masking tapes and possibly in the tape to be coated in which synchronously running gears mesh.
  • the coating can be carried out discontinuously in single steps or continuously in one pass. For example, a 6 mm wide and 20 ⁇ m thick layer of solder in a pass through a
  • Flame spraying device with a belt running speed of approx. 20 m per minute to approx. 30 m per minute, which allows inexpensive production.
  • Individual contact pieces can be glued in succession to an auxiliary tape and moved continuously with it through a coating station.
  • ⁇ Layers of two or more than two components can be produced in which the concentration of one or more components changes over the thickness.
  • a silver-tin oxide layer or a silver-nickel layer can be applied to a carrier tape made of silver or a silver alloy, in which the concentration of tin oxide or nickel increases from the carrier tape to the surface of the layer, as a result of which the Switching behavior, the welding resistance and the service life can be optimized.
  • Oxidic components of a silver-metal oxide composite material can be separated extremely fine, which is favorable for the switching behavior and the service life (burn-up). When flame spraying silver-tin oxide, it can be achieved that the tin oxide precipitates very finely, in the order of magnitude of only 1 ⁇ m. This causes dispersion hardening of the deposited layer and increases the service life.
  • the coating can be carried out on supports, strips and profiles which already have the final dimensions intended for the finished contact pieces or contact supports or conductors, so that subsequent deformation is no longer necessary.
  • the desired coating does not have to go through the various deformation steps, but can only be applied at the end when the coating carrier has already reached its final dimensions. This is particularly advantageous for silver-metal oxide coatings, which are difficult to produce by powder metallurgy and are difficult to deform.
  • Solders in particular silver hard solders and hard solders containing phosphorus, can be applied inexpensively and in a material-saving manner as thinly as is sufficient for the soldering process by the method according to the invention.
  • a cost-intensive production and handling of solder tapes and solder tape sections can be replaced inexpensively by the invention, while reducing the thickness of the solder layer and the Silver consumption. While in conventional soldering with the help of soldering tapes and sections of soldering tape the costs increase with decreasing soldering tape thickness, according to the invention they decrease with decreasing soldering layer thickness.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for producing contact pieces, conductors and strips or profiles with a coating made of a hard solder, in particular with a cadmium-free silver hard solder.
  • Phosphorus-containing silver hard solders are very often used for welding electrical contact pieces, for which the invention is particularly suitable. This also applies to the common silver hard solder L-Ag15 P made from 15% by weight silver, 80% by weight copper and 5% by weight phosphorus.
  • Such brazing alloys are particularly suitable for application by flame spraying.
  • hard materials such as the hard solder L-Ag 15P, which is to be sprayed in powder form, tend to bounce back from the substrate to be coated.
  • This can be countered in a development of the invention by mixing the hard material with which the coating is to be formed with softer additives, the mixture being able to consist of up to 50% by volume of the softer powder, preferably 5 Vol .-% to 30 vol .-% consists of the softer powder.
  • solder L-Ag15P can also be applied well by cold gas spraying, if one takes a mixture of the solder L-Ag15P with up to 30 vol .-%, preferably 5 vol .-% to 20 vol .-% silver powder and / or copper powder mixes.
  • Another advantageous application of the invention is the production of conductors which are coated with a bond.
  • Bonding is a connection technique using friction welding and is mainly used when connecting semiconductor components to conductor structures, for example with lead frames.
  • the possibility of applying layers of aluminum with 1% by weight silicon (AISM) on supports made of a copper-based alloy such as CuSn6 was examined. This is possible with the invention.
  • the method of Cold spraying it is also possible to deposit other metals and alloys for electrical purposes according to the invention, in particular gold, silver and alloys of gold and silver on supports made of copper and copper-based alloys such as CuSn ⁇ , copper-beryllium and nickel silver.
  • Gold is not only suitable as a contact material for low-voltage applications, but also as
  • the gold layer can be produced according to the invention for both applications.
  • layers can be applied not only to single-layer substrates, but also to two-layer substrates (bimetallic substrates) and to substrates which consist of more than two layers (e.g. tri-metal strips).
  • Solder layers are expediently not applied thicker than is necessary for perfect soldering to be carried out.
  • the solder slide is best thinner than 30 ⁇ m, preferably only 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m thick.
  • Suitable materials for the layers to be formed by cold gas spraying or flame spraying are all materials suitable for electrical power conduction and for electrical contacts, in particular copper, copper-based alloys, iron, iron alloys, copper-plated and nickel-plated iron, nickel, silver and silver alloys such as silver - copper - nickel and silver - nickel.
  • the composition of the Change the coating material which is introduced into the flame during flame spraying or into the cold gas flow during cold gas spraying is particularly suitable for coating individual contact pieces or contact carriers.
  • a procedure is particularly suitable for producing composite coatings with a composition that varies over the thickness, in which the contact pieces, conductors, strips or profiles to be coated are successively exposed to several flames or cold gas streams which transport different mixtures of coating materials. In this way, it is not only possible to form coatings with a gradient in the composition, but also layer sequences of different materials.
  • the particles from which a coating is to be formed are transported in the cold gas stream at supersonic speeds.
  • a supersonic speed of the melt-droplet droplets of the coating material transported with the flame is not necessary, but is preferred in order to obtain particularly dense layers.
  • the layers produced by flame spraying or cold gas spraying have a certain roughness due to the process.
  • the strips and profiles should have already been rolled down to their final thickness by flame spraying or cold gas spraying, starting from a thicker strip, rod or profile.
  • the adhesion of the layers produced by flame spraying and in particular the layers produced by cold gas spraying to the workpieces can be improved by subsequent diffusion annealing. Diffusion annealing is less of an option for solder layers because they are melted anyway during the later soldering process.
  • platelets or profiles which consist of a material for electrical contacts, in particular of a silver alloy or of a silver material, which contains one or more metal oxides, with a hard solder layer on their connecting side, that is the back of the contacting side facing away from Contact plate or the contact profile.
  • carrier tapes for electrical applications made of copper, of a copper alloy or of copper-plated or nickel-plated steel strips for electrical applications with one or more interrupted or uninterrupted strips of hard solder, around contact plates, contact profile sections or other parts suitable for carrying electrical current to be able to solder onto these carrier tapes.
  • This does not necessarily have to be electrical contact parts, but rather it can also be further support parts or connecting parts which serve to conduct electrical current, for example spring elements, in particular contact springs or wire sections, which can also be flexible.
  • suitable solder layers with a thickness of not more than 0.1 mm, preferably not more than 0.03, mm should be provided, in particular for short-time soldering by means of electrical resistance heating.
  • the joining process leads to the advantages stated above, in particular to a simplification and cheaper use of the joining process.
  • a mini profile with a cross section of 1.8 mm x 0.4 mm which consists of a silver alloy or a silver metal oxide material on the contacting side and a thin silver layer on the back to make the mini profile solderable
  • a thin silver band which is to form the silver back of the mini profile.
  • the actual contact material is then sprayed onto such a band with a width of, for example, 12 mm by flame spraying or by cold gas spraying, and a band with a cross section of 12 mm ⁇ 1.2 mm is thereby produced.
  • This strip is then rolled to reduce its thickness, while at the same time smoothing the coating, then annealing, dividing it lengthways and then profile rolling it to its nominal size of 1.8 mm x 0.4 mm by repeated rolling.
  • the strip which is coated can also be made of a material other than silver, e.g. made of copper or a copper alloy, and a back made of silver or a silver hard solder, which is required for soldering, can be sprayed onto the back of the tape, as best described before, preferably before it is divided lengthways.
  • Mini-profiles can be produced from such a band by slitting as described under 4., or contact plates can be produced by cross-cutting, e.g. in a thickness of 1.5 mm.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne l'utilisation de la métallisation au gaz froid et de la métallisation à la flamme de matières essentiellement métalliques, à savoir de métaux et d'alliages, ainsi que de mélanges ou de matières composites constitués de métaux et d'alliages mélangés entre eux ou avec un ou plusieurs métalloïdes, oxydes métalliques, carbures métalliques et / ou nitrures métalliques pour la réalisation d'une ou plusieurs couches sur des pièces qui servent à conduire du courant électrique, à savoir sur des pièces de contact électrique, sur des supports pour pièces de contact électrique, sur des conducteurs électriques et sur des bandes ou profilés destinés à la fabrication de produits semi-finis pour des pièces de contact électrique, pour les supports desdites pièces et pour des conducteurs électriques.
PCT/EP2001/005182 2000-05-08 2001-05-08 Procede de fabrication de pieces qui servent a conduire du courant electrique et qui sont couvertes d'une matiere principalement metallique WO2001086018A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10023222.1 2000-05-08
DE10023222 2000-05-08
DE10045783A DE10045783A1 (de) 2000-05-08 2000-09-07 Verfahren zum Herstellen von Werkstücken, welche der Leitung von elektrischem Strom dienen und mit einem überwiegend metallischen Material beschichtet sind
DE10045783.5 2000-09-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001086018A2 true WO2001086018A2 (fr) 2001-11-15
WO2001086018A3 WO2001086018A3 (fr) 2002-04-18

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PCT/EP2001/005182 WO2001086018A2 (fr) 2000-05-08 2001-05-08 Procede de fabrication de pieces qui servent a conduire du courant electrique et qui sont couvertes d'une matiere principalement metallique

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WO (1) WO2001086018A2 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008003616A1 (de) * 2008-01-09 2009-07-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Verbindung mehrerer Teile durch Kaltgasspritzen
DE102009053987A1 (de) 2009-11-23 2011-06-01 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer mehrlagigen Spule
EP2333133A1 (fr) 2009-11-23 2011-06-15 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'une bobine multicouche
US20120305300A1 (en) * 2009-12-18 2012-12-06 Metalor Technologies International Sa Methods for manufacturing an electric contact pad and electric contact

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GB899275A (en) * 1957-12-03 1962-06-20 Union Carbide Corp Improvements in and relating to a process for the production of a coated workpiece
US3256472A (en) * 1962-12-10 1966-06-14 Gen Electric Electrical connecting structure for rolled capacitors
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DE3638342A1 (de) * 1986-11-10 1988-05-19 Siemens Ag Elektrisches bauelement aus keramik mit mehrlagenmetallisierung und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
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EP0781857A1 (fr) * 1995-12-27 1997-07-02 Schneider Electric Sa Procédé de traitement de la surface d'un conducteur électrique tel qu'une barre appartenant à un jeu de barres et barre susceptible d'etre obteneu suivant ce procédé

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GB899275A (en) * 1957-12-03 1962-06-20 Union Carbide Corp Improvements in and relating to a process for the production of a coated workpiece
US3256472A (en) * 1962-12-10 1966-06-14 Gen Electric Electrical connecting structure for rolled capacitors
US3322547A (en) * 1964-03-27 1967-05-30 Eutectic Welding Alloys Alloy powder for flame spraying
DE3304672A1 (de) * 1983-02-11 1984-08-16 ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH, 7150 Backnang Verfahren zur kontaktierung von koerpern
DE3638342A1 (de) * 1986-11-10 1988-05-19 Siemens Ag Elektrisches bauelement aus keramik mit mehrlagenmetallisierung und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
EP0484533B1 (fr) * 1990-05-19 1995-01-25 Anatoly Nikiforovich Papyrin Procede et dispositif de revetement
EP0781857A1 (fr) * 1995-12-27 1997-07-02 Schneider Electric Sa Procédé de traitement de la surface d'un conducteur électrique tel qu'une barre appartenant à un jeu de barres et barre susceptible d'etre obteneu suivant ce procédé

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008003616A1 (de) * 2008-01-09 2009-07-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Verbindung mehrerer Teile durch Kaltgasspritzen
DE102009053987A1 (de) 2009-11-23 2011-06-01 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer mehrlagigen Spule
EP2333133A1 (fr) 2009-11-23 2011-06-15 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'une bobine multicouche
US20120305300A1 (en) * 2009-12-18 2012-12-06 Metalor Technologies International Sa Methods for manufacturing an electric contact pad and electric contact

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