WO2001069689A1

WO2001069689A1 - Energy element with photovoltaic layer

Info

Publication number: WO2001069689A1
Application number: PCT/CH2001/000163
Authority: WO
Inventors: Max Roth
Original assignee: Max Roth
Priority date: 2000-03-16
Filing date: 2001-03-15
Publication date: 2001-09-20
Also published as: AU2001240395A1

Abstract

An energy element comprising a photovoltaic layer cooled by a heat exchanger (11), especially a flat heat exchanger. Preferably, the photovoltaic layer is a flexible film (73) on the surface of the flat heat exchanger (11), or part of a photovoltaic element (36) which is arranged in a parallel position at a distance from the surface of the heat exchanger (11).

Description

Energy element with photovoltaic layer

Technical field of the invention

The invention relates to an energy element with a photovoltaic layer.

State of the art

Photo Volta ^'ikelemente are temperature sensitive, that is, their efficiency decreases with increasing operating temperature. As a result, their efficiency is low, especially in high solar radiation, and the electricity yield is relatively low. The development in the Volta Photo ^'ik asks the temperature sensitivity of the photo ^Volta' to reduce ikelemente.

A flexible photovoltaic film is known which can be laminated onto sheet iron. This film, which heats up together with the sheet metal, has a lower efficiency than crystalline photocells. However, the efficiency drops much less at high temperatures than at these.

Object of the invention

It is an object of the invention to maximize the energy production per unit area of a solar energy element illuminated by the sun. In particular, the reduction of the efficiency of a known photo volta ^'ischer layers should be minimized due to the heat development in sunlight.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION An energy element with a photovoltaic layer that can be irradiated by the sun is characterized according to the invention by a heat exchanger for cooling the photovoltaic layer. By cooling the photovoltaic layer, the efficiency is kept high because the layer heats up less. In addition, heat is gained, which e.g. can be used for hot water preparation. The heat exchanger is preferably a flow through the entire surface

Flat heat exchanger. The heat exchange medium flowing therein is preferably water, optionally water with suitable additives. However, other media are also such as air or oil possible.

A particularly advantageous energy element consists of a photovoltaic element cooled by means of a heat exchanger element. The heat exchanger element and the photovoltaic element together form a unit in that the photovoltaic element is conductively applied to the heat exchanger element. It is also possible to combine two independent elements with one another in such a way that the photovoltaic element can be cooled with the heat exchanger element.

The photovoltaic layer is advantageously thermally connected to the heat exchanger. This can e.g. done with an adhesive with which the layer or the support of the layer is glued to a flat heat exchanger. This can ensure that the entire surface of the photovoltaic layer is cooled and is hardly warmer than the surface of the heat exchanger.

Heat exchangers suitable for this purpose are provided with an interior space for a heat transport medium, which is formed between two parallel walls made of sheet metal that are tightly connected at their edges. Like walls, each have a mutually interacting connection surface at a connection point arranged at a distance from the edge. The walls are connected to one another via this connecting surface. A stiffening edge is formed in each of the plates around the connection points in the surface of the heat exchanger. This prevents peeling deformation of the sheet in the area of the connection points, so that soldered or glued connection points can withstand an increased internal pressure. In this context, reference is made to the unpublished Swiss patent application No. 2000 2155/00, in which such a heat exchanger is described.

The two walls can also be interlocked at the connection points within the surface between the edges of the hollow body by deforming the material. Explicitly here is the unpublished PCT

Registration PCT / CH 00/00434 referenced. This describes a heat exchanger or, better, a surface flow heat exchanger in which sheet metal, in particular Copper sheet, a layer-shaped flow-through space for a heat exchange medium is formed by two sheet metal walls are connected to one another by means of regularly spaced, punctiform compression mold connections. Press-fit connection means that the material of the two sheet metal walls has been deformed with one another or into one another in such a way that there is a kind of non-detachable push-button connection between the sheet metal walls. The material of the one sheet metal wall grips behind the material of the other sheet metal wall. If these connection points are arranged at intervals of at most 4 cm, preferably about 2.5 cm from one another, two 0.55 mm thick copper sheet walls can be connected so stably that an overpressure of up to 5 bar can be built up without them the connections are torn apart or the sheets deform in an uncontrolled manner.

Such heat exchanger surfaces can therefore be practically flat. This makes them particularly suitable for holding a photovoltaic layer. Such heat exchangers have practically the same temperature over their entire heat exchanger surface, since the walls are in direct contact with the

Heat transfer medium are available. Therefore, they are particularly suitable for the area cooling of photo photocells.

If the photovoltaic layer is applied to the heat exchanger surface, such an energy element can be arranged in a vacuum tube. This can reduce heat loss.

The photo volta ^'ic layer is arranged in an embodiment of the invention together with a carrier of fotovoltaϊschen layer at a distance to the flat heat exchanger. This allows the use of crystalline cells with high efficiency and a variety of different commercially available photovoltaic elements.

A photo volta ^'ic film can not be bonded with a thermally conductive adhesive directly to the flat heat exchanger, but also be arranged at a distance to the heat exchanger behind a supporting glass. In the latter case, the film is advantageous with the Glued glass.

As a rule, expensive solar glass covers are to be provided for solar heat collectors. Without cover plates there is no greenhouse effect and the collector temperatures that can be reached are much lower than with a cover plate. It is therefore proposed as a cover plate to mount a photovoltaic plate at a distance from the heat collector. Alternatively, it is proposed to apply a coating of a solar heat collector, a photo volta ^'ic film directly on the heat collector.

If the photo volta ^'ic layer has no or only a bad thermal connection to the heat collector, the highest possible heat penetration is to seek the Fotovoltaϊkelements. On the other hand, a thermally conductive connection between the photovoltaic element and the heat exchanger element allows the use of photovoltaic elements that collect heat radiation. Cooling the photovoltaic element with the heat exchanger element as directly as possible brings about an increase in the efficiency of the photovoltaic element. Equipping the heat exchanger with a photovoltaic element increases the energy gain of the heat exchanger on the same surface practically by the total electrical energy obtained.

To attach such disc-shaped energy elements with a heat exchanger and photovoltaic layer to a component, it is proposed to connect an elastic elastomer or rubber profile to the energy element at least on two opposite edges of the energy element. The profile is thereby held at a distance which is based on the distance between two opposite walls of a formation

Component is matched. As a result, the energy element with the elastic profile fits on two opposite sides between the walls of the formation in such a way that the energy element is held there.

There is advantageously a tension within the energy element and profile, so that the energy element clamps between the walls. The energy element necessarily has at least one connection for a line for the energy transfer from Energy element away on. In the case of photovoltaic elements, this connection consists of an electrical line. With heat exchangers like

For this, solar heat collectors or air-water heat exchangers require a connection with supply and discharge for the heat exchange medium.

The elastic profile is advantageously matched to the cross section of the formation in which the energy element is to be fastened in such a way that the elastic profile can be arranged between two constrictions provided in the formation. The constrictions are formed on the walls by protrusions directed towards one another, the shape generally being internal and one of the constrictions being provided by a channel bottom. Again, it is useful that a tension in the elastic profile is achieved between the constriction and the channel bottom, or between the two constrictions, thanks to which the profile clamps in the formation. The coordination between the profile height (dimension perpendicular to the plane of the disk-shaped energy element) of the elastic profile and the distance between the constrictions has the effect that the energy element cannot be moved in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the disk. Wind and snow loads are therefore transferred to the component, in particular the gutter, and do not lead to a displacement of the energy element with respect to the component.

A component that forms a gutter and is suitable for accommodating energy elements is a profiled sheet roofing membrane. Profiled sheet metal facade cladding is also to be designed in a gutter shape. Furthermore, it is also conceivable that inner shapes for accommodating energy elements in e.g. masonry or concrete parts of the building are provided. The length of the channel can correspond to the length of the element or exceed it as desired. This has the advantage that the length of the element can be selected independently of the length of the shape on the component. In a long gutter e.g. Several, in particular standardized energy elements can also be arranged in a row.

If the energy element is fastened in a trough-shaped configuration, the elastic profile is advantageously designed to encircle the energy element. Because the profile is arranged on the four sides of a right-angled, disc-shaped energy element, a certain completion of the element is achieved. This creates an insulating air cushion between the energy element and the channel floor. Thanks to this air cushion, the thermal insulation of the thermal insulation can also be used, for example, in a roof structure. In the case of energy elements arranged in profiled sheet metal roofs with beads formed in the channel bottom, the strips filling the deep beads can be arranged between the elastic profile and the profiled sheet and the energy element can then be arranged at the ridge area. If the elements are arranged on the ridge, a ridge cover can adjoin the element so that rainwater or meltwater does not flow under the energy element and does not cool the energy elements from the rear. However, since hardly any solar energy is obtained when it rains, there is no significant advantage in sealing the space between the energy element and the roof skin in a watertight manner. On the other hand, a wind seal, in particular at the lower end of an energy element, can be expedient. A swiveling flap can be useful as a wind seal, which allows water to drain off and is closed by wind pressure. This prevents wind from driving under the disc-shaped element and tearing it out of its anchoring.

A groove is advantageously formed in the elastic profile, with which the edge of the energy element engages. Alternatively, a series of recesses can also be provided in the profile, into which extensions arranged on the energy element engage. However, a groove is easier to form in a profile than a series of recesses. The energy element is held in the groove or the recesses and can experience length changes under the influence of temperature differences. The changes in length are absorbed by the profile and / or by sliding between the profile and the energy element and / or between the profile and the wall.

Two grooves are advantageously formed side by side on the elastic profile. The edges of the energy element are arranged in a first inner groove, which is to be arranged in particular towards the groove bottom of a groove-shaped formation. A translucent pane or a photovoltaic element is arranged in a second, outer groove. Special ones are particularly suitable as the translucent pane Solar energy glasses, acrylic glass and the like. Suitable photo Volta ^'ikelemente are known in large numbers. These do not have to be translucent or particularly translucent to heat radiation. The advantage of arranging one

Heat exchanger element behind the Fotovoltaϊkelement is that the resulting heat is removed behind the Fotovoltaϊkelement, so that the photo Volta ^'ikelement a lower temperature and thus has a higher efficiency. Incidentally, heat recovery is another advantage.

The groove, or at least the outer groove, can advantageously be widened by elastically deforming a groove side wall in such a way that the groove intended for engagement in the groove

Disk (translucent disk or disk-shaped energy element) can be inserted into or removed from the groove transversely to the plane of the disk. The arrangement of a pane in front of the energy element creates a so-called heat trap provided the space between the pane and the energy element is closed.

Accordingly, an elastic profile, in particular an elastomer or rubber profile, is advantageously used as an intermediate profile between a disk-shaped energy element and a shape of a building part with two opposite walls in order to fasten the energy element to the building part. A profile is advantageously used, which has at least one groove for receiving the edge of the energy element and a back for an essentially form-fitting seat on the wall of the formation.

Accordingly, a formation having two opposite walls on a part of the building, with an essentially disk-shaped energy element between the walls of the formation, is characterized in accordance with the invention in that on two opposite pane edges of the energy element, an elastic profile is arranged between the wall and the energy element, which on the Energy element lies on the wall opposite the outside of the profile. This shape expediently has constrictions between which the profile or part of the profile is stuck. The shape is preferably channel-shaped. It is advantageously formed in a profiled sheet of building cladding. A particularly preferred embodiment of the gutter with energy element consists in the gutter walls being formed by the standing seams of a profiled sheet standing seam roofing membrane. These standing seams generally have an area that narrows the channel. This is formed by an overlap area of two adjacent profile sheets. If the energy element is embedded in the sheet metal with an elastic profile, it is not only visually unobtrusive in the roof area. It is also galvanically separated from the roof surface, which increases the freedom of choice of materials for profile sheet and energy element. If the profiled sheet is the upper shell of a warm roof, the thermal insulation of the roof structure also insulates the energy element.

If an essentially disk-shaped energy element of a certain length, width and thickness is to be fastened to a part of a building with two walls opposite one another at a distance, then the width or length of the energy element is matched to the distance between the walls, an elastic profile is arranged on the energy element and the energy element with the profile is arranged between the walls in such a way that one outer side of the profile facing the wall rests on one of the two walls. A gutter can also be formed in the part of the building. The channel is formed accordingly with a channel bottom and at a distance from the channel bottom narrowing the distance between the channel walls. The elastic profile is then placed between the channel floor and the constriction.

A channel-shaped shape of a profiled sheet of building cladding, or another shape with two opposite walls, is advantageous as a holding frame for an energy element according to the invention with an elastic element arranged on at least two sides of the energy element and held by the energy element at a distance that is matched to the dimension of the shape Profile used. Such a panel consisting of a profiled sheet metal cladding element and an energy element therein can be set up independently of the usual determination of the cladding element or can be arranged anywhere on a building. Brief description of the figures

In the following the invention is described with reference to exemplary embodiments which are illustrated by means of schematic drawings. 1 shows a section of a part of a building with a channel-shaped depression and an energy element arranged therein,

2 shows a section through a facade section of a building with two T-

Profiles and an energy element arranged between them, Fig. 3 shows a section through two spaced-apart steel profiles with an energy element arranged between them, Fig. 4 shows a section through a warm roof with a standing seam sheet metal covering and equipped with an energy element fastened according to the invention, 5 shows a section through two possible rubber profiles, which are used for standing seam

6 are a section through another rubber profile suitable for standing seam profile sheet roofing sheets, which can be used in two ways,

7 shows a perspective section of a suitable heat exchanger,

Fig. 8 is a plan view of the surface of a plate heat exchanger with circular

9 shows a plan view of the surface of a plate heat exchanger with octagonal connecting surfaces,

10 to 21 schematic sections through connection points with connection surfaces glued or soldered to one another, FIG. 22 a detailed section through a connection point at which the walls are interlocked by means of a press connection, FIG. 23 an energy element according to the invention in a vacuum tube.

Description of the embodiments

In Figure 1 an inventive Energiepaneel 10 is shown schematically with a cooled heat exchanger with a photo Volta ^'ikelement 36 and this circumferential rubber profile 13 shown. This is arranged in a shape 15 of a component. The formation 15 has two mutually opposite walls 17, 18. The width of the energy panel 10 corresponds to the distance between the two walls 17, 18. The formation 15 is channel-shaped and therefore has a channel bottom 19 in addition to the walls 17 and 18. The rubber profile 13 bears against both the walls 17, 18 and the channel bottom 19. The energy panel 10 is held in the formation 15 by holding elements 21. The holding elements 21 are fastened to the component and prevent displacement of the energy panel 10. They are shown here as a metal bracket and plate which are screwed onto the component and press against the rubber profile from the outside. Other holding parts and other arrangements of the holding parts 21 are easily possible, for example as shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 shows a section through a facade with T-profiles 23 and facade panels 24. The energy panel 10 according to the invention, consisting of a disc-shaped heat exchanger 11 covered with a photovoltaic film 73, with its connections and two elastomer profile pieces 13 arranged on the side, has a width, which is matched to the distance between the T-profiles. The length of the energy panel 10, on the other hand, is independent of the length of the channel-shaped formation 15 formed by the T-profiles 23 and the facade panels 24. The elastomer profiles 13 have a groove 25 for receiving the edge 27 of the occupied heat exchanger 11, and this first groove 25 opposite a second groove 29. Holding parts 21 connected to the T-profiles reach into this second groove 29 from the wall 17, 18 and prevent the energy panel 10 from shifting in the formation 15. The second groove 19 can also be omitted and the holding parts 21 e.g. be screwed into the elastomer profile 13.

It can be seen from the schematic sectional drawing shown in FIG. 3 that the shape 15 need not be channel-shaped. Between the parallel walls 17, 18, which are separated by the webs 31 from two steel profiles 33 spaced apart from one another (in addition to the I profiles shown, L, U or H profiles are also equally possible, such as wooden beams or brick and cast walls and pillars) , An energy element 11 according to the invention can be fixed with elastic profiles. Thanks to flanges 37, 38 on the steel profile 33, the elastic profile 13 can be arranged and clamped between these flanges 37, 38. The flanges 37, 38 form narrowing of the distance between the two walls 17 and 18. The elastic profile 13 is on the The distance between the two constrictions formed by the flanges 37, 38 is matched, so that it abuts both flanges.

In the elastic profile 13 in Figure 3, two grooves 25,26 are provided. One groove 25 is provided for the heat exchanger element 11 and the other groove 26 for a photovoltaic element 36. It is also possible to provide three or more grooves so that a photovoltaic element 36 is to be arranged on one side of the heat exchanger 11 and an insulating rear wall is to be arranged on the other

Figure 4 shows a cross section through a profiled sheet roof with a supporting structure 41, above it a vapor diffusion brake 43, a thermal barrier layer 45 and a channel-shaped profiled sheet 47 lying directly on the dam layer 45. The profiled sheets are attached in a known manner to holders, which in turn e.g. are attached directly to the supporting structure 41 on Z-profiles resting on the supporting structure or with screws or rivets. Each profile plate 47 has two lateral flanks 48, 49, which have walls 17, 18 opposite one another, and with which flanks 48, 49 the profile plates 47 are fastened to one another on a channel bottom 53. The flanks 48, 49 have a head region 51 for fastening the profiled sheets 47 to one another on the wall 17, 18. In this head area 51, one flank 48 encompasses the other flank 49 of the adjacent profiled sheet. The two flanks 48, 49 of adjacent profiled sheets 47 thus form a common web 50. The head region 51 protrudes toward the energy element via the wall 17, 18. The disk-shaped energy element 11 is clamped between the webs 50 by means of elastic profiles 13 at its edges 27 parallel to the web 50. The cantilevering of the head region 51 has the effect that the elastic profiles 13 can become stuck between the head region 51 and the groove bottom 53 of the profile plate 47

Two grooves are formed in the elastic profiles 13. In the outer one there is a photovoltaic element 36, in the other inner one the heat exchanger 11 is arranged. Between the heat exchanger 11 and the channel bottom 53 is a dam

Liner 55 inserted. This is adapted to the shape of the channel bottom 53, which can have raised and lowered beads. It can also have a cavity in the case of the beads leaving open, just lying on the raised beads. This allows water between the intermediate layer 55 and the profiled sheet 47 to run off unhindered. The intermediate layer 55 keeps the disk-shaped heat exchanger 11 at a constant distance from the channel bottom 53 of the profiled sheet 47 in one way or another. Even without the intermediate layer 55, the heat exchanger 11 is thermally insulated, since thermal insulation 45 is arranged directly below the profiled sheet 47.

Figure 5 shows two possible configurations of the elastic profiles 13 left and right of a ridge 50. The two profiles have two grooves 57,59, of which an outer of a glass sheet 35 or a photo Volta ^'ikelement 36 and an interior of a disk-shaped heat exchanger 11. The the photo Volta ^'ikelement 36 has a crystalline photo ^volta' ic layer in a glass carrier. A glass pane 35, on the other hand, can also be provided with a photovoltaic film 73 on the outside or the inside. A photovoltaic film 73 can also be arranged directly on the heat exchanger 11. In any case, heat is extracted from the photovoltaic layer by the heat exchanger 11, thereby keeping its temperature low.

One profile 13a has a third groove, in which a press-in cord 61 filling and spreading this groove is arranged. The other profile 13b has lips 63, 65. These lips 63, 65 are pressed against the web 50 by the glass 35 and the heat exchanger 11. As a result, the grooves 57, 59 for the glass and the heat exchanger 11 are pressed together via compressive forces in the elastic profile 13b. As a result, both the elastic profile 13b between the head region of the web 50 and the channel bottom 53 and the disk-shaped elements 11, 36 hold in the grooves 57, 59.

The inner groove 59, in which the edge 27 of the heat exchanger 11 is seated, is expediently matched to the shape of this edge 27. As shown in FIG. 5, the groove does not have to encompass this edge 27 in such a way that the heat exchanger can only be inserted into the groove or pulled out of the groove by deforming the elastic profile. Figure 6 shows an elastic profile 13c, in which the groove 59 for the heat exchanger is adapted to the cylindrical edge 27 of the heat exchanger 11, is approximately semi-cylindrical recessed. This semi-cylindrical recess 59 is sufficient to hold the heat exchanger 11 in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the channel bottom 53. A rectangular recess 57 is provided for a photovoltaic element 36. This is delimited on the outside by a lip 71 that can be raised. This lip 71 holds the photo Volta ^'ikelement 36 in the groove 57, but can be raised to the photo ^Volta' ikelement 36 to be removed from the groove or insert into it. Can with the heat exchanger element 11, the space between Fotovoltaϊkelement 36 and groove bottom 53 is cooled so that the photo Volta ^'ikelement low as with high heat radiation with practically constant efficiency work.

Depending on the use, the elastic profile 13c can be placed in the profile plate with the groove for the energy element 11 toward the channel bottom or arranged outwards. Thereby, a heat exchanger 11 with a photo Volta ^'ikelement to cover 36, or using the same profile with a mounted thereon Fotovoltaϊkfolie 73 in the same plane as the photo ^Volta' ikelement be arranged 36th The performance of the photovoltaic film 73 can be increased by cooling. The heat medium preheated as a result can then be further heated, for example, in adjacent heat exchangers 11 which are covered with glass.

A combination of photovoltaic elements 36, 73 with heat exchanger elements 11 is of interest regardless of their attachment. Photo Volta ^'ikelemente are temperature sensitive, that is, their efficiency decreases with increasing operating temperature. As a result, their efficiency is low and high, especially in high sunlight

Electricity yield is relatively low. The development in the Fotovoltaϊk has been to reduce the temperature sensitivity of the photo Volta ^'ikelemente. On the other hand, in the case of solar heat collectors 11, expensive solar glass cover plates 35 are generally to be provided. Without cover plates 35, there is no greenhouse effect and the sensor temperatures to be achieved are significantly lower than with a cover plate. As cover plate 36 or as a coating 73 of a solar heat collector 11 is therefore proposed that a photo volta ^'ical disk 36 at a distance in front of the Heat collector 11 or to attach directly to the heat collector 11, a photo volta ^'ic film 73rd In this case, the highest possible thermal permeability of the photovoltaic element 36 should be aimed at if it has no or only a poor thermal connection to the heat collector. On the other hand, a thermally conductive connection allows. ikelement use of thermal radiation collecting Fotovoltaϊkelementen between photo Volta ^'73 and heat exchange element 73. The 11 most direct cooling of the Fotovoltaϊkelements 36, 73 effected by the heat exchanger element 11 to increase the efficiency of the fotovoltaϊschen element.

FIG. 7 shows a section of a plate heat exchanger 11 made of copper sheet with a cross section through a connection point 113. Two walls 115 and 117 are arranged opposite one another in parallel. A connecting surface 119 has been embossed in each wall 115, 117 by cold deformation of the sheet. The connecting surface 119 is arranged at a distance from the wall plane and directed parallel to it. The connecting surface has an outline shape with the smallest possible possible attack for forces that peel the sheets from one another.

Straight sections in the outline 121 are not advantageous. This is because the one stiffening edge 127, 129 arranged along the outline 121 of the connecting surface 119 has a stiffening effect on the connecting surface 119, the more the contour of the connecting point 113 is curved. This is because the peeling forces are hindered less by that area of the stiffening edge which lies on a line transverse to the peeling direction than by that which is directed in the peeling direction.

During peeling, the wall 115, 117 progressively bulges from the outside to the center of the connection point. The bulge is formed transversely to the peeling direction in that the two walls are further apart at a point farther from the connection point than at a point closer to the connection point. This bulge is now but by a stiffening edge in the direction of the progressive development of the bulge Wall hindered better than by such a cross. Therefore, connecting points with round or polygonal outline lines, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, are preferred over straight lines according to FIG. 1. However, square, triangular, star-shaped, fish-bubble-shaped, rome-shaped, irregular etc. outline lines 121 are also possible.

At junctions 113 with a partially straight outline 121, the transitions between two straight portions of the outline 121 are to be made as continuous as possible. As shown in FIG. 7, it may be necessary to enlarge the connecting surface 119 in a region of the change in angle in the outline in order to obtain the desired continuity of the original outline. This must be taken into account in particular in connection points where the stiffening edge is low and the soldered or adhesive connection is directed practically parallel to the plane of the sheet metal wall. However, the more spatially shaped the connection surfaces of the soldered or adhesive connection, the less high the risk of peeling off, and the less the continuous shape of the outline is important.

In FIG. 7 and in FIG. 22, the connecting surfaces 119 are parallel to the wall 115, 117 and lie between the two walls. The stiffening formations 123, 123 'have a height which corresponds to half the distance between the walls 115, 117. As a result, the two walls 115, 117 can be shaped the same or opposite. However, the height of the stiffening formation depends on the height of the interior 125 between the walls 115, 117. With small distances between the walls 115, 117, the stiffening effect of the relatively low shape 123, 123 'is less than with larger distances.

Specific connection points are shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The diameter of the connection points is advantageously between 5 and 20 mm and is practically the same in any direction for a connection point 113. The particularly preferred Urruisslinie 121 is shown in Figure 8. It is circular. However, it can also be elliptical or oval, or, as shown in FIG. 9, polygonally approximated to the circle. Another possible design of outline and connecting surface: star with several, For example, 3.5, 12 or 10 peaks, triangular or square outline with a pyramidal shape, round cone or truncated cone, convex shape in concave shape etc. The arrangement of punctiform connection points 113 in the surface of the plate heat exchanger 11 can preferably be orthogonal (FIG. 8) or hexagonal (Fig. 9), but it can also be chaotic, for example.

As shown in FIGS. 10 to 17, the stiffening shape 123 can be designed very differently in cross section. In addition to the joining shape according to FIG. 7, in which the connecting surfaces lie parallel to and between the walls, the joining shape can also form connecting surfaces at an angle of up to 90 degrees to the plane of the

Have wall. The connecting surfaces 119 can also be outside the area of the interior 125. The connection points 113 projecting above the surface plane of the heat exchanger can e.g. serve as a spacer between two adjacent plate heat exchangers or as holding knobs in an insulating material.

In FIG. 10, the walls 115, 117 are continuous and have a connecting surface 119 parallel to the wall in the plane of the one wall 117 of the plate heat exchanger 11. The stiffening shapes 123, 123 'in the walls 115, 117 are different. In the upper wall 115 there is e.g. circular, basin-shaped impression formed, the stiffening edge or pool edge 127 forms the stiffening shape and has a height corresponding to the distance between the walls. The stiffening rim 27 is almost vertical to the wall 115. The shape 123 'in the lower wall 117, however, is annular. As shown, the height of the annular formation 123 'can be the distance between the

Correspond to walls, or also be made smaller. The annular shape 123 'has two stiffening edges 129, 129', which are generally arranged concentrically. An inner stiffening edge 129 of the formation 123 'in the lower wall comprises the stiffening edge 127 of the stiffening formation 23 in the upper wall 115. The connecting surface 119 comprises at least the area of the formations 123, 123' parallel to the wall 115, 117. Foreign material, for example solder or solder, can be connected very easily to this area of the upper wall 115 Glue, are applied because it protrudes from the surface of the wall 115. Likewise, the annular surface 133 of the formation 123 'in the lower wall 117 could be coated with connecting foreign material. However, the connection surface can also, additionally or exclusively, comprise the stiffening edges 127 and 129. This connecting control can also be connected to a compression mold connection according to FIG. 22.

In Figure 11, two basin-shaped formations 123, 123 'are formed in the same direction. The formation 123 in the upper wall 115 has a height which, by the height of the formation 123 'in the lower wall 117, the distance between the

Walls exceeds 115, 117. The height of the lower formation 123 'is correspondingly lower. The formations are dimensioned such that the two basin-shaped formations 123, 123 'with the pelvic floors 135, 135' lie against one another. The connecting surface 119 can also lie here between the pool floors and / or can be provided between the areas of the pool edges 127, 129 which abut one another.

FIG. 12 shows a variation of the connection control according to FIG. 11. The two basin-shaped formations 123, 123 'are also oriented in the same direction and, moreover, have the same design. The pool edges 127, 129 are slightly conical, so that the pool edge 127 in the upper wall 115 with its outer surface is stuck to the inner surface of the pool edge 129 in the lower wall 117 at a selected distance between the walls 115, 117. To define the distance between the walls, a small bulge 137 in the pool edge 127 or 129 can also be formed, which forms a stop. In this example, the connecting surface 119 lies between the pool edges 127, 129. If the edges of the pool do not close together, for example as a result of the bulge 37, the cavity between the two pool bottoms 135, 135 'can fill with heat transfer medium. Losses of the heat transport medium in the connection control 113 are excluded, however, since the walls 115 and 117 are both continuous and therefore there is no opening in the area of the connection control. Figure 13 shows the connection point according to Figure 12, but without the pelvic floor, but an opening 139 on the SteUe the pelvic floor. The annular connecting surface 119 between the stiffening edges 127, 129, which in this case are opening edges, can be made tight. Therefore the pelvic floor is not necessary. The stiffening edges 127, 129 do not have to be of the same height, as shown in FIG. 13. A corresponding connection point with different high stiffening edges 127, 219 is shown in FIG. The connecting surface 119 now lies between the abutting stiffening edges 127, 129 of the connecting point 113. Instead of the opening 139, a wall 115 or 117 can have a pelvic floor at the connecting point. At such a connection point, the heat exchanger can be drilled through and can be fastened with conventional fastening means.

FIG. 15 shows how a connection point 113 with an opening 139 can additionally be secured against tearing apart under the effect of excess pressure inside the heat exchanger 11. For this purpose, the stiffening edges are widened together, so that their outermost edge has a larger circumference than the smallest opening width.

The same principle of the positive connection of the two walls 115, 117 can also be applied if the stiffening edges 127, 129 do not fit into the same

Direction. FIG. 16 shows an exemplary embodiment in which the stiffening, angled edges are directed towards one another around a connecting control 113. The one tubular stiffening edge on the upper wall 115 passes through the opening 139, which is formed by the other tubular stiffening edge 129 on the lower wall 117. The opening edge of the stiffening edge 127 on the upper wall 115 projects beyond the lower wall 117. The projecting area is folded parallel to the lower wall 117.

A similar effect can be achieved if, as shown in FIG. 17, the

Stiffening edge 129 on the lower wall 117 is conically tapered and the stiffening edge 127 on the upper wall 115 within the Opening l39 of the stiffening edge 129 is arranged on the lower wall 117 and is flared out in a conically divergent manner. The conical widening of the upper stiffening edge must be done after joining the two walls.

The exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 18 and 19 are to be understood as modifications of the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 11 and 10. In the case of the former, the walls are also continuous, but the stiffening edges 127, 129 are conical in such a way that there is no or an insignificant pelvic floor. The cone-apex angle is advantageously between 30 and 120 degrees. The connecting surface lies in the abutting region of the conical jacket-shaped stiffening edges 127, 129 of the stiffening shape 123, 123 'of each connecting point 113.

A round design of the variant according to FIG. 18 is shown in FIG. A e.g. Hemispherical bulge 123 in the inside of the upper wall 115 sits in a hollow spherical hollow 123 ′ with a corresponding radius, for example 2 mm less deep. Round shapes can also be joined together with the curves with the appropriate connecting material, as shown in FIG. 115.

FIG. 22 shows the joining shape according to FIG. 7 again in a schematic detailed section. However, the connection between the sheet metal walls is not achieved here by gluing or soldering, but rather with an annular deformation of the two walls 115 and 117 one inside the other. At the junction they are

Wall of the heat exchanging sheets 115 and 117 deformed circularly. The formations 123, 123 'form a depression on the outside and an elevation on the inside of the plate 115, 117 with a connecting surface 119 parallel to the rest of the plate surface. The raised surface of the formation forms a support surface for the support of the second plate (113, 115). Compared to the rest of the wall, it is increased by 1 mm, in all cases by 1.5 to 2 mm. Such deformations can be worked into the sheet metal in series by means of roller presses or also by means of individual presses become. This deformed surface is advantageously pressed in and the material of the connecting surface 119 is stiffened with a torque applied to the surface. The stiffened material of two backs to backs with the deformed connecting surfaces 119 of sheets 115, 117 placed one on top of the other can now be connected centrally within this recessed connecting surface 119, as shown, or by means of another type of connection. The formations ensure a defined flow area 125 and, in connection with a grid-shaped arrangement of the formations and a maximum distance between the connection points 113, a dimensionally stable surface of the heat exchanger 11. The compression connection 141 in FIG. 22 is additionally equipped with parts 142, 144 securing the connection. These parts 142, 144 are made of brass, since this is harder than copper and has a lower temperature-dependent expansion coefficient. A washer 142 is pressed into the stamped-in depression in the compression mold connection 141 and a ring 144 comprises the protuberance of the compression mold connection 141 pressed into a die. The disc and ring together secure the curvature between the depression edge 146 and the crown 148. This stabilization of the compression mold connection 141 permits a higher one Load related to temperature fluctuations and ensures a higher connecting force. It can expediently be used in high-pressure heat exchangers or in heat exchangers with high temperature differences.

Joining shapes with connecting surfaces 119 arranged over the inside of the wall 115, 117 have the advantage that the connecting surface 119 can easily be coated with connecting material or FHeasuring means or immersed in such. Troughs in the inside of the wall 115, 117, on the other hand, can hold a quantity of liquid or liquefiable connecting material as in a shell, into which connecting material the opposite connecting surface 119 can be pressed or immersed for connection.

The connection points 113 can be connected individually, in rows or in elements. For this purpose, heaters, for example in the form of a soldering flame or a soldering iron, can be directed or pressed onto the connection point 113. When soldering, the the two walls 115, 117 are held together until the solder has cooled and hardened again.

In particular, smaller formats of heat exchanger elements 11 can be held together with a tool in the desired relative position of the walls 15, 17 and heated as whole elements. Heating can cause the solder or adhesive to melt. This connecting material must then cool again and solidify before the tool can be detached from the heat exchanger element 11. Heating can also be used to set an adhesive. This has the advantage that the heat exchanger element does not necessarily have to remain in the tool during the subsequent cooling.

It can thus be said that in a plate heat exchanger 11 suitable for the invention, the opposite parallel walls 115, 117 are made of a metal sheet with high thermal conductivity, preferably copper, with a stiffening edge 127, 129 in each of the sheets around the connection points 113 in the surface of the heat exchanger is exhausted. This prevents peeling deformations of the sheet in the area of the connecting controls 113, so that e.g. withstand soldered or glued connection controls to an increased internal pressure.

In Figure 23 is schHessHch an inventive energy element with a heat exchanger 11 which carries a photo volta ^'ic layer 73 in a vacuum tube 151 dargesteUt. The vacuum tube 151 is shown as a multi-flat hollow body, but it can also be a hollow cylindrical body, for example. The vacuum tube 151 can also be assembled so that it has, for example, a transparent front part and a mirrored back.

Claims

claims

1. Energy element with a photovoltaic layer that can be irradiated by the sun, characterized by a heat exchanger for cooling this layer.

2. Energy element according to claim 1, characterized in that the photo volta ^'ic layer is thermally connected to a flat heat exchanger.

3. Energy element according to claim 1, characterized in that the photo volta ^'ic layer is disposed together with a carrier of the photovoltaic layer at a distance to the flat heat exchanger.

4. Energy element according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the photovoltaic layer is part of a FoHe.

5. Energy element according to claim 4 and 2, characterized in that the FoHe is arranged directly on the flat heat exchanger.

6. Energy element according to claim 5, characterized in that the FoHe is glued with a thermally conductive adhesive.

7. Energy element according to claim 4 and 3, characterized in that the FoHe is arranged behind a carrier glass.

8. Energy element according to claim 8, characterized in that the FoHe is glued to the glass.

9. Energy element according to claim 3, characterized by a disc with a crystalline photovoltaic layer., Which is arranged at a distance in front of the flat heat exchanger.

10. Energy element (11) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a holder (13) of the energy element consists of at least one elastic profi (13) which is arranged at least on two opposite edges (27) of the energy element (11) and by the energy element (11) in a by the width or length of the

The energy element (11) is held at a certain distance in order to be arranged on a component (47) between two walls (17, 18) which are approximately at this distance from one another.

11. Energy element according to claim 10, characterized in that the elastic profile (13) of the energy element (11) is circumferential.

12. Energy element according to one of claims 10 or 11, characterized in that in the elastic profi (13) is a groove (25,59) with which the edge (27) of the energy element (11) is engaged.

13. Energy element according to one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that at least two paraUele grooves (57, 59) are formed next to one another on the elastic profile (13), the edges (27) of the heat exchanger ( 11) and in a second (57) the edges of the photovoltaic

Elements (36) are arranged.

14. Energy element according to one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that the groove (25), or one of the grooves (57, 59), can be expanded by resiliently deforming a groove side wall (for example 71) such that it engages in the Certain element can be inserted into the groove or removed from the groove transversely to its plane.

15. Energy element according to one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that a spreading device is provided and the heat exchanger is divided in two along a line and the two parts can be spread apart by the spreading device.