Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
  • C07C59/58—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/64—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups containing six-membered aromatic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
  • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/26—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C271/28—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
  • C07C309/63—Esters of sulfonic acids
  • C07C309/64—Esters of sulfonic acids having sulfur atoms of esterified sulfo groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C309/65—Esters of sulfonic acids having sulfur atoms of esterified sulfo groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C309/66—Methanesulfonates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C07C69/66—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety
  • C07C69/73—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of unsaturated acids
  • C07C69/734—Ethers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to certain tri-substituted phenyl derivatives and analogues, to a process for preparing such compounds, having the utility in clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance, to methods for their therapeutic use and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
• Insulin resistance defined as reduced sensitivity to the actions of insulin in the whole body or individual tissues such as skeletal muscle, myocardium, fat and liver prevail in many individuals with or without diabetes mellitus.
• the insulin resistance syndrome, IRS refers to a cluster of manifestations including insulin resistance with accompanying hyperinsulinemia, possibly type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, central (visceral) obesity, dyslipidemia observed as deranged lipoprotein levels typically characterised by elevated VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) and reduced HDL (high density lipoproteins) concentrations, the presence of small, dense LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) particles and reduced fibrinolysis.
• VLDL very low density lipoproteins
• HDL high density lipoproteins
• a novel therapeutic strategy involves the use of insulin sensitising agents, such as the thiazolidinediones which at least in part mediate their effects via an agonistic action on nuclear receptors.
• Ciglitazone is the prototype in this class. In animal models of IRS these compounds seem to correct insulin resistance and the associated hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinemia, as well as hyperglycaemia in diabetes, by improving insulin sensitivity via an effect on lipid transport and handling primarily in adipocytes, leading to enhanced insulin action in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue.
• Ciglitazone as well as later described thiazolidinediones in clinical development either have been discontinued reportedly due to unacceptable toxicity or show inadequate potency. Therefore there is a need for new and better compounds with insulin sensitising properties.
• AU 650 429 discloses structurally related compounds, but claimed to have different properties: diuretic, antihypertensive, platelets anti-aggregating and anti-lipoxygenase properties.
• EP 139 421 discloses compounds having the ability to lower blood lipid and blood sugar levels. Among these compounds is troglitazone, a compound that has reached the market for treatment of NTDDM or decreased glucose tolerance.
• WO 97/31907 discloses compounds which are claimed to show good blood-glucose lowering activity and therefore to be of use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis or hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, and are of particular use in the treatment of Type II diabetes.
• These compounds are also claimed to be of use for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of other diseases including Type I diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, insulin resistance, heart failure, diabetic dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis.
• diseases including Type I diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, insulin resistance, heart failure, diabetic dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis.
• EP0428423 discloses certain substituted 1 -phenyl-2-phenoxy ethane compounds useful as anti-hypertensive or anti-platelet aggregation agents.
• WO93/25521 discloses certain l-substituted-4-(phenylmethyloxymethyl)benzene compounds as inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase.
• the invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I)
• A is situated in the ortho, meta or para position and represents
• R is hydrogen
• R a represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl
• R a and R b are the same or different and R a is as defined above and R b represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, cyano, -OH, -Oalkyl, -Oaryl, -
• R c represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl and R represents alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl;
• R 1 is alkyl, aryl, alkene, alkyne, cyano;
• R e is alkyl, acyl, aryl or alkylaryl; -O-[CH 2 ] p -OR f , wherein R f represents hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl or alkylaryl and p represents an integer 1-8;
• R a and R c are as defined above;
• R > 2 i ⁇ s hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl,
• R 3 and R 4 are the same or different and each represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or halogen; m is an integer 0- 1 , preferably m is 1 ; n is an integer 1-6, D is situated in the ortho, meta or para position and represents
• R a , R c and R k are the same or different and each represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl; -SO R d , wherein R d is as defined above; -SOR d , wherein R d is as defined above;
• R c is as defined above; -SO 2 NR a R f , wherein R f and R a are as defined above; -SO 2 OR a , wherein R a is as defined above; -CN, -CONR c R a , wherein R c and R a are as defined above; or alternatively D is -OR wherein R a is defined above; D' is situated in the ortho, meta or para position and represents hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, -CN, -NO 2 , -NR f R b , wherein R f and R b are as defined above; -OR f , wherein R is as defined above;
• D' may represent cycloalkyl, CF 3 , or aryl substituted by R f ;
• D" is situated in the ortho, meta or para position (preferably D" is in the ortho position) each D" independently represents, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, -CN, -NR f R b wherein R f and R b are as defined above;
• the compounds of formula I are surprisingly effective in conditions associated with insulin resistance.
• Category A2 preferred compounds of the present invention are those of formula I, wherein A is situated in the meta or para position and represents,
• R 4 R 2 R is hydrogen
• R is as defined in Category A;
• R a and R b are the same or different and R a is as defined in Category
• a and R b represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, cyano, -OH,
• R 1 is cyano
• R > 2 is hydrogen or alkyl
• R >3 is hydrogen or alkyl;
• R ,4 is hydrogen;
• n is an integer 1-3;
• u is an integer 1 or 2;
• m is an integer 0- 1 , preferably m is 1 ;
• R d is situated in the ortho, meta or para position and represents -OSO 2 R d , wherein R d is as defined in Category A;
• R a and R c are as defined in Category A;
• R c and R d are as defined in Category A;
• R c and R a are as defined in Category A;
• R c and R d are as defined in Category A; -NR c SO 2 R d , wherein R c and R d are as defined in Category A; -NR c CONR R c , wherein R a , R c and R are as defined in Category A; -NR c CSNR a R k , wherein R a , R c and R k are as defined in Category A; -SO R d , wherein R d is as defined in Category A; -CN;
• R a and R c are as defined in Category A; or alternatively D is -OR a wherein R a is as defined in Category A; D' is situated in the ortho, meta or para position and represents hydrogen, alkyl, alkylaryl, halogen, -CN or -NO 2 ; -OR h , wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl;
• D is situated in the ortho or meta position (preferably D” is in the ortho position) and represents alkyl, alkylaryl, halogen or -CN; -OR h , wherein R h is as defined above.
• Category A3 further preferred compounds of the present invention are those within Category A2, wherein
• R is - OR ⁇ wherein R a is hydrogen, alkyl or alkylaryl
• R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkylaryl, cyano, -Oalkyl or -Oalkylaryl; R'is - Oalkyl;
• R 2 is hydrogen or alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen or alkyl
• R 4 is hydrogen
• n is an integer 1-3
• u is an integer 1 or 2;
• D is situated in the ortho, meta or para position and represents
• A is situated in the para position
• R is -OH, -Oalkyl or -Oalkylaryl; -NH 2 , -NHOalkylaryl or -NHCN;
• R 1 is -Oalkyl, preferably -Olower alkyl
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen; m is the integer 1 n is the integer 1 u is the integer 1 ;
• D" is situated in the ortho position, and represents alkyl, alkylaryl, halogen or -CN.
• Category A5 further preferred compounds of the present invention are those within Category A4, wherein
• D is situated in the ortho position, and represents alkyl or alkylaryl.
• Category A6 further preferred compounds of the present invention are those with Category A6
• Category A7 further preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds which are one of the possible enantiomers.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, where such salts are possible, includes both pharmaceutically acceptable acid and base addition salts.
• a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I is, for example, an acid-addition salt of a compound of Formula I which is sufficiently basic, for example an acid-addition salt with an inorganic or organic acid such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, trifluoroacetic, citric or maleic acid; or, for example a salt of a compound of Formula I which is sufficiently acidic, for example an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt such as a sodium, calcium or magnesium salt, or an ammonium salt, or a salt with an organic base such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.
• prodrug of the parent molecule In vivo hydrolysable esters of the compounds of Formula I are just one type of prodrug of the parent molecule.
• Other prodrugs of the parent molecule are envisaged such as amide prodrugs, and can be prepared by routine methodology well within the capabilities of someone skilled in the art.
• Prodrugs of the compound of Formula I are within the scope of the invention.
• Various prodrugs are known in the art. For examples of such prodrug derivatives, see: a) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985) and Methods in Enzymology. 42: 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et al.
• prodrugs include in vivo hydrolysable esters of a compound of the Formula I.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable esters for carboxy include C ⁇ - 8 alkyl esters, Cs-scycloalkyl esters, cyclic amine esters, Ci-6alkoxym ethyl esters for example methoxymethyl, Ci-6alkanoyloxymethyl esters for example pivaloyloxymethyl, phthalidyl esters, C3-8cycloalkoxycarbonyloxyCi-6alkyl esters for example 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl esters for example 5-methyl-l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C ⁇ _6alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters for example 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl and cyclicamino groups are optionally
• a given chemical formula or name shall encompass all stereo and optical isomers and racemates thereof as well as mixtures in different proportions of the separate enantiomers, where such isomers and enantiomers exist, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and solvates thereof such as for instance hydrates.
• Isomers may be separated using conventional techniques, e.g. chromatography or fractional crystallisation.
• the enantiomers may be isolated by separation of racemate for example by fractional crystallisation, resolution or HPLC.
• the diastereomers may be isolated by separation of isomer mixtures for instance by fractional crystallisation, HPLC or flash chromatography.
• stereoisomers may be made by chiral synthesis from chiral starting materials under conditions which will not cause racemisation or epimerisation, or by derivatisation, with a chiral reagent. All stereoisomers are included within the scope of the invention.
• alkyl denotes either a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl atom having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, the alkyl being substituted or unsubstituted.
• lower alkyl denotes either a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl having 3 carbon atoms, the alkyl being substituted or unsubstituted.
• alkyl and lower alkyl examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl and straight- and branched-chain pentyl and hexyl as well as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted straight or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkyl groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and tertiary butyl.
• alkoxy denotes a group O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• halogen shall mean fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine.
• aryl denotes a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, furyl, thienyl or pyridyl group, or a fused ring system of any of these groups, such as naphthyl.
• substituted denotes an alkyl or an aryl group as defined above which is substituted by one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, amino, thiol, nitro, hydroxy, acyl, aryl or cyano groups.
• alkylaryl denotes a
• R 1 wherein n is an integer 1 to 6 and R r and R 1 are the same or different and each represents hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group as defined above.
• acyl denotes a group
• alkenyl and alkynyl denote a straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated hydrocarbon group having one or more double or triple bonds and having a maximum of 6 carbon atoms, preferably 3 carbon atoms.
• the protective group may also be a polymer resin such as Wang resin or 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin.
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared as outlined below according to any of methods A-J. However, the invention is not limited to these methods, the compounds may also be prepared as described for structurally related compounds in the prior art.
• the compounds of the invention of formula I wherein R 2 and R 4 are hydrogen can be prepared by a condensation reaction, such as a Knoevenagel or V ittig type reaction, of a carbonyl compound of the formula II
• a dehydrating agent such as p-toluenesulfonic acid in order to achieve the formation of the double bond.
• the aldehyde or ketone starting material and the compound of formula III are combined in approximately equimolar amounts and molar excess, preferably 1-5 fold, of anhydrous sodium acetate and the mixture is heated until it melts if necessary under vacuum.
• the compound of formula I wherein A is the unsaturated moiety can then be isolated by mixing with water and acetone, followed by filtration of the formed precipitate.
• the crude product can be purified if desired, e.g. by recrystallisation or by standard chromato graphic methods.
• This reaction can also be performed conveniently in a solvent such as toluene in the presence of piperidine acetate.
• the reaction mixture is refluxed in a Dean-Stark apparatus to remove water.
• the solution is then cooled and the olefin product isolated and purified, by standard methods.
• the reaction can also be performed by mixing the aldehyde or ketone and the compound of formula in in dry tetrahydrofuran, slowly adding potassium tert-butoxide at - 20°C and quenching the reaction with acetic acid.
• the crude product is isolated and then dissolved in toluene and refluxed with p-toluenesulfonic acid in an Dean-Stark apparatus to remove the water.
• the product is then isolated and purified, by standard methods.
• the reaction can also be performed in the presence of titanium (TV) chloride and pyridine in an inert solvent, such as chloroform.
• the condensation step could also be performed as a Wittig-type reaction (cf. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis vol. 1 p. 755-781 Pergamon Press) or as described in the experimental part.
• the compound of the formula II is prepared by coupling a compound of the formula V
• the group Z can be - OH or a leaving group, such as halogen, sulfonate or triflate.
• the compounds of formula EH, EV, V or VI are either commercially available or can be prepared by standard procedures known to anyone skilled in the art from commercially available starting materials.
• the reduction of the olefin may be carried out by using a wide variety of reducing methods known to reduce carbon-carbon double bonds, such as catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, magnesium or sodium amalgam in a lower alcohol such as methanol, or hydrogen transfer reagents such as diethyl-2,5-dimethyl-l,4- dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.
• reducing methods known to reduce carbon-carbon double bonds, such as catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, magnesium or sodium amalgam in a lower alcohol such as methanol, or hydrogen transfer reagents such as diethyl-2,5-dimethyl-l,4- dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate.
• the catalytic hydrogenation can be conducted in alcohol, cellosolves, protic polar organic solvents, ethers, lower aliphatic acids, and particularly in methanol, ethanol, methoxyethanol, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimetoxyethane, ethyl acetate or acetic acid, either used alone or in mixture.
• the catalyst used include palladium black, palladium on activated charcoal, platinum oxide or Wilkinson's catalyst.
• the reaction can proceed at different temperatures and pressures depending on the reactivity of the aimed reaction.
• the compound of formula IE is reacted with a compound of formula VEI in the presence of a strong base such as LDA in an inert solvent followed by addition of a dehydroxylating agent such Suitable reaction conditions and reagents are described in Synthetic Communications Smonou I et al., (1988) 18, 833, and Synthesis Olag G. Et al., (1991) 407, and J.Heterocychc Chemistry Georgiadis, M. P. Etal, (1991) 28(3), 599-604, and Synth. Commun. Majeticj, G. et al. (1993), 23(16), 2331-2335, and Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1998) 8(2), 175-178.
• the reaction can be carried out as described in the experimental section or by standard methods know to anyone skilled in the art.
• the compound of formula VIE are either commercially available or can be prepared by standard procedures.
• X is a leaving group, such as a halogen, sulfonate or triflate, on a compound of formula VII,
• the compound of formula VIE is reacted with a compound of formula VEEI in the presence of one or more bases such as potassium carbonate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, sodium hydride, LDA, butyllithium or LHMDS and in a inert solvent such as acetonitrile, DMF or dichloromethane at a suitable temperature and time.
• bases such as potassium carbonate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, sodium hydride, LDA, butyllithium or LHMDS
• a inert solvent such as acetonitrile, DMF or dichloromethane
• reaction can be carried out as described in the examples or by standard methods known in the literature. (Synth. Comm. 19(788) 1167-1175 (1989)).
• the compound of formula VEEI can be prepared from an alcohol of formula EX
• the compound of formula EX can be prepared from a compound of formula U either by reduction with a reducing agent known to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group such as lithium borohydride or sodium borohydride or by reaction with an organometallic compound such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent by standard methods.
• a reducing agent known to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group
• an organometallic compound such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent by standard methods.
• the compounds of the invention of formula I can be prepared by reaction of a compound of the formula with a compound of the formula X
• the compound of formula X can be prepared in accordance with methods described in A from a compound of formula HI, in which the hydroxy group is protected (for example with a benzyl protecting group) and a compound of formula VI (wherein R 3 is hydrogen), followed by removal of the protecting group.
• formulas D" is as defined in Category A and P is a suitable protecting group.
• Any suitable oxidising reagent for the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde may be used, for example pyridinium chlorochromate.
• Compounds of formula Via may be formed by reducing the ester compound VIb to the alcohol Via.
• M is any group suitable for the formation of the ester to the alcohol.
• Any suitable reducing reagent, for the conversion of an ester to its alcohol may be used, for example LiALH .
• Compounds of formula VIb may be prepared from known starting materials and from routes described in the literature, such as J. Amer. Chem. Soc. (1974), 96, 2121-2129. Dl .
• the leaving group R can be a sulfonate such as mesylate, nosylate, tosylate, or a halogen, such as bromine or iodine.
• the compounds of formula V and X in approximately equimolar amounts or with an excess of one of the compounds, are heated to reflux temperature in an inert solvent, such as isopropanol or acetonitrile, in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate.
• an inert solvent such as isopropanol or acetonitrile
• a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate.
• the mixture is refluxed for the necessary time, typically between 0.5 h to 24 h, the work up procedure usually include filtration, for removal of solid salt, evaporation and extraction with water and an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, or diethyl ether.
• the crude product is purified if desired e.g. by recrystallisation or by standard chromatographic methods. D2.
• the Mitsunobu reaction can be carried out according to standard methods.
• a slight molar excess of an azodicarboxylate, (1-4 equivalents) such as DEAD or ADDP and a phosphine (1-4 equivalents), such as tributylphosphine or triphenylphosphine are added and the reaction mixture is stirred at a temperature high enough, for example room temperature, and a time long enough (1-24 hours) to obtain the crude product, which can be worked up according to standard literature methods and if desired purified, e.g. by standard chromatographic methods.
• D, D', D", u, n, R, R", R J and R 4 are as defined in Category A and X" is -OH followed, if necessary, by removal of protective groups.
• the reaction may be carried out as an alkylating reaction, a Mitsunobu reaction, an esterfication reaction or by reaction with isocyanates.
• the alkylating reaction may be carried out using a variety of alkylating agents, such as alkyl halide.
• the esterfication reaction may be carried out using a variety of acylating agents such as Cl-CO-R d (wherein R d is as defined in Category A) and the Mitsunobu reaction may be carried out using an alcohol such as phenol.
• the reactions can be carried out in accordance with methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the compound of formula XI can be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula V
• D, D', D", u, n, R, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are as defined in Category A and Z is -OH or a leaving group such as halogen, sulfonate or triflate and X" is -OH followed, if necessary, by removal of protective groups.
• reaction can be performed as described above or by standard methods know to anyone skilled in the art.
• the compound of the formula XII can be prepared according to literature methods from commercially available starting materials.
• R d is as defined in Category A, can be prepared by reacting a compound of the formula XUI
• the compound of formula XEEI can be prepared in accordance to method D from either commercially available starting materials or from starting materials prepared by standard procedures from commercially available starting materials.
• G The compounds of the invention of formula I wherein D is -OSO R d ,-SR c ,
• R a , R c , R d , R f and R k are as defined in Category A, can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula XEV X' - r CH 2Jrf CH 2 - °- "HA XIV
• a suitable reagent such as a sulfonylhalide, isocyanate, acylhalide, chloroformate, anhydride or an alkylhalide in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane or toluene and when necessary in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine or pyridine and eventually followed by removal of protective groups.
• the reaction can be carried out in accordance with methods know to those skilled in the art or as described in the examples.
• the compounds of the invention of formula I where R is -OH can be prepared from a compound of formula I where in R is -OR p , wherein R p is a protective group such as alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or a polymer resin such as Wang resin or 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin, by removal of the protective group by hydrolysis.
• the hydrolysis can be performed according to standard methods either under basic or acidic conditions.
• the compound of the invention of formula I wherein R is -NR a R b can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula I when R is -OH with a compound of formula HNR a R b in the presence of a peptide coupling system (e.g. EDC, DCC, HBTU, TBTU or PyBop or oxalylchloride in DMF), an appropriate base (e.g. pyridine, DMAP, TEA or DEPEA) and a suitable organic solvent (e.g. dichloromethane, acetonitrile or DMF) in accordance to methods known to those skilled in the art or as described in the examples.
• a peptide coupling system e.g. EDC, DCC, HBTU, TBTU or PyBop or oxalylchloride in DMF
• an appropriate base e.g. pyridine, DMAP, TEA or DEPEA
• a suitable organic solvent e.g. dichlorome
• R is as defined in Category A, can be prepared by oxidizing a compound of formula XV
• D', D", u, n and A are as defined in Category A and X 2 is - SOR d or -SR d , wherein R is as defined in Category A with oxidizing agents such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid or hydrogen peroxide in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane eventually followed by removal of protective groups.
• oxidizing agents such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid or hydrogen peroxide in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane eventually followed by removal of protective groups.
• the compounds of the invention may be isolated from their reaction mixtures using conventional techniques.
• hydroxy, amino or other reactive groups may be protected using a protecting group, R p as described in the standard text "Protective groups in Organic Synthesis", 2 nd Edition (1991) by Greene and Wuts.
• the protecting group R p may also be a resin, such as Wang resin or 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin.
• the protection and deprotection of functional groups may take place before or after any of the reaction steps described hereinbefore.
• Protecting groups may be removed in accordance to techniques which are well known to those skilled in the art.
• inert solvent refers to a solvent which does not react with the starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product.
• the compounds of the invention will normally be administered via the oral, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or in other injectable ways, buccal, rectal, vaginal, transdermal and/or nasal route and/or via inhalation, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations comprising the active ingredient either as a free acid, or a pharmaceutical acceptable organic or inorganic base addition salt, in a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form.
• the compositions may be administered at varying doses.
• the compounds of the invention may also be combined with other therapeutic agents which are useful in the treatment of disorders associated with the development and progress of atherosclerosis such as hypertension, hyperlipidemias, dyslipidemias, diabetes and obesity.
• Suitable daily doses of the compounds of the invention in therapeutic treatment of humans are about 0.001-10 mg/kg body weight, preferably 0.01-1 mg/kg body weight.
• a pharmaceutical formulation including any of the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, diluents and/or carriers.
• the present compounds of formula (I) are useful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of clinical conditions associated with reduced sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance) and associated metabolic disorders.
• These clinical conditions will include, but will not be limited to, abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the dyslipidaemia characteristically appearing with insulin resistance.
• This dyslipidaemia also known as the atherogenic lipoprotein profile, phenotype B, is characterised by moderately elevated non-esterified fatty acids, elevated very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) triglyceride rich particles, low high density lipoproteins (HDL) particle levels cholesterol and the presence of small, dense, low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles.
• VLDL very low density lipoproteins
• HDL low high density lipoproteins
• Treatment with the present compounds is expected to lower the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerosis.
• cardiovascular disease conditions include macro-angiophaties causing myocardial infarction, cerebro vascular disease and peripheral arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities.
• the compounds of formula I are also expected to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes and thus reduce the progress of clinical conditions associated with chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes type 1 such as the micro-angiophaties causing renal disease, retinal damage and peripheral vascular disease of the lower limbs.
• the compounds may be useful in treatment of various conditions outside the cardiovascular system associated with insulin resistance like polycystic ovarian syndrome.
• 1H NMR and I 3 C NMR measurements were performed on a VARJNA MERCURY 300 or Varian UNITY plus 400, 500 or 600 spectrometers, operating at 1H frequencies of 300, 400, 500 and 600 MHz, respectively, and at 13 C frequencies of 75, 100, 125 and 150 MHz, respectively. Measurements were made on the delta ( ⁇ ) scale.
• the crude product was flash chromatographed with a mixture of diethyl ether-petroleum ether, gradient from 25-75 to 50-50 from which the product was isolated (0.5 g, yield 46 %.
• Lithium aluminum hydride (1.56 g) was dissolved in diethyl ether (100 ml). A solution of compound (d) (6.2 g) in diethyl ether (25 ml) was added dropwise to the reaction vessel at room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. Over 30 minutes water (1.5 ml), sodium hydroxide (10 %, 1.5 ml) and water (4.5 ml) were added to quench the reaction. The reaction vessel was stirred for a further 1 hour. The solid material was filtered off and the solvent evaporated. Isolated product, 5.07 g, yield 89 %.
• Example 4 3-f3-BenzvI-4-( ⁇ 4-r(methylsulfonyl)oxylphenethyl ⁇ oxy)phenyl1-2- ethoxypropanoic acid
• Example 5 ( 0.23 g; 0.42 mmole) was dissolved in THF and water (2:1), lithium hydroxide (0.014 g; 0.59 mmole) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred over night. Water was added and the THF evaporated. The remaining water was acidified with diluted hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Evaporation gave 0.15 g (70% yield) of the product.
• Example 5b Ethyl (2R or 25)-3-F3-benzyl-4-((4- [(methylsulfonyl)oxy]phenethylloxy)phenyll-2-ethoxypropanoate
• the racemate of ethyl 3-[3-benzyl-4-( ⁇ 4-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]phenethyl ⁇ oxy)phenyl]-2- ethoxypropanoate 0.40 g; 0.76 mmole
• Ethyl (2Z)-3-[4-(benzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]-2-ethoxyacrylate (0.83 g, 1.57 mmole) was hydrogenated in ethylacetate (10 ml) at atmospheric pressure using Pd/C (5%) as a catalyst. The mixture was filtered through celite and evaporated in vacuo.

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