WO2001035746A1 - Composition de regulation de vegetaux - Google Patents

Composition de regulation de vegetaux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001035746A1
WO2001035746A1 PCT/US2000/031662 US0031662W WO0135746A1 WO 2001035746 A1 WO2001035746 A1 WO 2001035746A1 US 0031662 W US0031662 W US 0031662W WO 0135746 A1 WO0135746 A1 WO 0135746A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
plant life
composition
chlorine dioxide
agent
plant
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/031662
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Frank Manchak, Jr.
Original Assignee
Atw Incorporated
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Atw Incorporated filed Critical Atw Incorporated
Priority to US11/093,273 priority Critical patent/US20050272606A1/en
Priority to AU16205/01A priority patent/AU1620501A/en
Publication of WO2001035746A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001035746A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to plant life control compositions and, more particularly, to compositions containing an effective amount of chlorine dioxide for use in the control of plant life.
  • the invention also relates to a method for controlling plant life and a method for cleaning plant life contaminated by pesticides, waxy residues, or other pollutants using compositions containing an effective quantity of chlorine dioxide.
  • Plant life control is practiced on a wide variety of plant types in areas ranging from urban to rural, for both useful and aesthetic reasons.
  • herbicides may be of two types, selective, such as 2, 4, D; 2, 4, 5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid); phenols, carbonates, and urea derivatives, which may eliminate weeds without damaging crops, or non-selective, comprising soil sterilants such as sodium compounds and ammonium sulfate.
  • Toxic herbicides may pose a threat to people and the environment in several ways. For example, they may be carried to unintended locations during application, or enter water supplies when herbicide containers are cleaned or disposed of. Persistence of herbicidal residues on treated crops may carry herbicides to consumers. Herbicides which sterilize the soil or are slow to degrade may permanently poison the environment, making replanting of treated areas impossible. Even in areas such as industrial sites, railways and roads, where it may be preferred that the herbicide's activity persist, the effect on surrounding regions must be considered.
  • the present invention provides a composition for controlling plant life, including an effective amount of stabilized chlorine dioxide, and optionally containing an additive selected from the group consisting of a flow agent, a drift control agent, a surface retention agent, a fire retardant agent and mixtures thereof.
  • the present invention also provides a method of controlling plant life, including the step of contacting the plant life with a composition including an effective amount of stabilized chlorine dioxide.
  • the present invention further provides a method for cleaning contaminated plant life including the steps of contacting externally contaminated plant life with a composition including an effective amount of stabilized chlorine dioxide and removing the composition from the plant life.
  • the present invention is a plant life control composition containing an effective amount of a chlorine dioxide composition, preferably, a stabilized chlorine dioxide composition.
  • the plant life control composition of the invention is an alternative to conventional, toxic herbicides that are used to control plant life.
  • the present composition may also be used as a cleaner for removing contaminants from the external surface of plant life.
  • an “effective amount” when applied to controlling plant life includes an amount capable of regulating, stunning, destroying, managing, controlling or otherwise affecting the metabolism of plant life.
  • an “effective amount” includes an amount capable of reducing or eliminating pesticides, herbicides, waxy residues, or other pollutants on the plant surface.
  • concentration of chlorine dioxide necessary in a given application will depend on several factors including the desired degree of plant life control, the type of plant life involved, the type of additives in the composition, and the like. Therefore, an "effective amount" of chlorine dioxide in the present composition may be selected in light of discrete circumstances encountered in a given application.
  • compositions containing effective amounts of chlorine dioxide have been tested and found to be an effective amount for the control of a wide variety of plant life.
  • Compositions of chlorine dioxide as used in the Examples below are preferred.
  • stabilized chlorine dioxide refers to any solution containing chlorine dioxide made by any method which is suitably stable for the control or cleaning of plant life.
  • control and “controlling” plant life refers to regulating, stunning, destroying, managing, or otherwise affecting the metabolism of plant life.
  • plant life means weeds, grasses, woody plants and other forms of flora for which herbicidal control may be sought, as well as fruits and vegetables which may become externally contaminated by toxic pesticides, herbicides, waxy residues and other pollutants.
  • waxy residue means any wax-like material present on the external surfaces of a plant, whether natural or applied by the produce industry, and “pollutant” means any undesirable material that may deposited on the external surface of a plant, such as atmospheric residues.
  • Varying compositions of chlorine dioxide are effective plant life control agents and cleaning agents for the removal of contaminants from plant life.
  • these compositions include chlorine dioxide in stabilized form. While chlorine dioxide is a toxic gas only stable in solutions up to about 1 % (10 g/L), stabilized chlorine dioxide is generally colorless, substantially odorless, highly stable and reported to have minimal to no detrimental effect on health or the environment when used at suggested concentrations.
  • One relatively well understood forin of stabilized chlorine dioxide is sodium chlorite, as disclosed by Ringo, in U.S. Patent No. 5,008,096, which is hereby incorporated by reference. When sodium chlorite is subjected to chlorination or acidification, it releases chlorine dioxide.
  • the chlorination of sodium chlorite is represented by the general formula:
  • Stabilized chlorine dioxide has been used as a biocide to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in medical and personal hygiene, drinking water, wastewater and food processing, as well as in industrial applications such as, for example, paper pulp bleaching and oil field drilling.
  • chlorine dioxide may be useful as a reactant to treat hazardous wastes.
  • chlorine dioxide is capable of oxidizing and chlorinating many compounds or, as in the case of the present invention, a variety of plant life and contaminants which it comes in contact with.
  • Stabilized chlorine dioxide compositions used in a wide range of solutions may produce a number of reactions that may include bleaching, photo-decomposition and oxidation. Furthermore, in the bleaching of cellulose by stabilized chlorine dioxide in paper pulp processes, it has been discovered that the order of reactivity is many times greater than ordinary industrial bleaches, which produce only slight depolymerization leaving the cellulose content generally unchanged. Despite its powerful activity, stabilized chlorine dioxide does not act as a chlorinating agent as does chlorine; therefore, the generation of halogenated organic compounds, such as chloroform, that would harm plant life or soil is generally minimal or eliminated.
  • Stabilized chlorine dioxide is available in various forms, including commercial disinfectant compositions, such as OX1-15TM, OXINE®, PROOXINE® and PUROGENE® disinfectants manufactured by Bio-Cide International, Inc. (Norman, Oklahoma), and several stabilized chlorine dioxide products having similar concentrations manufactured by Alcide Corporation (Redmond, Washington). Stabilized chlorine dioxide is preferably used in an aqueous solution. Chlorine dioxide compositions are believed to control plant life proportionally to the composition's concentration ratio. Stronger concentrations will achieve faster and more total control as opposed to weaker solutions. For most plant life control applications, solutions of less than 0.1 PPM chlorine dioxide have been tested and found effective for plant life control.
  • the effect of chlorine dioxide compositions on the metabolism of treated plants may occur within hours or several days without toxic effects, whereas conventional herbicides may take hours, days or weeks with toxic effects.
  • the composition of the present invention When the composition of the present invention is applied to plant life it is quickly absorbed and transported throughout the plant, including the deepest roots. The plant then becomes wilted. The composition tends to accumulate in such areas of rapid growth as growing points, root tips, and areas of rapidly elongating shoots and roots.
  • the degree of movement of the composition of the present invention is generally very high under many climatic conditions as compared to herbicides, such as 2, 4-D, which suffer from limited mobility, particularly under low light, cloudy or night time conditions.
  • compositions of the present invention may also disrupt or destroy the internal structures of a plant and its cells and organs. Further, chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants that functions in photosynthesis by absorbing radiant energy from the sun, may also be destroyed. Consequently, after being sprayed, applied, or contacted with the present compositions, the plant life is typically pale green or yellow.
  • the plant life control compositions of the present invention affect a much broader range of plants than most conventional herbicides which frequently require a specific biological fit. Also, during prolonged drought a wide range of plants may form waxy cuticle layers that act to seal the plant's leaf surface, and, thus, conventional herbicides are less effective because they are prevented from passing into the leaves to disrupt their metabolism.
  • the present composition's oxidizing and bleaching actions can break down waxy cuticles allowing the composition to quickly affect the plant's metabolism.
  • compositions of the present invention In addition to controlling plant life, when the compositions of the present invention are applied to plant life for relatively short periods and removed, contaminants may be cleaned from the plant life. Toxic pesticides, herbicides and other pollutants may be oxidized or otherwise rendered inert as the oxidizing and bleaching actions of the present compositions remove waxy residues which potentially trap such contaminants onto the plant life.
  • the present compositions for the control of plant life may also contain additives to assist their application, and/or effectiveness.
  • additives which control the manner in which the composition reaches its target are desirable.
  • Such additives may reduce the tendency of the composition, once airborne, to be carried to locations other than the target plant life.
  • drift control agents may be useful additives for ensuring the composition reaches its intended target.
  • Drift control agents typically may work by increasing the density of plant life control compositions, thus reducing the chance the composition may be carried away from the target on the wind.
  • One example of a drift control agent may be MIST-CONTROLTM drift retardant made by the Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corporation of Hanover, PA.
  • the active ingredient in MIST-CONTROLTM is a polyvinyl polymer. The manufacturer recommends using between 1 and 4 quarts of MIST-CONTROLTM (containing 2% active ingredient) per 100 gallons of spray solution.
  • materials which improve the flow characteristics of the present compositions may be desirable additives.
  • a flow agent such as mineral oil or like flow agents, may be added to allow the composition to flow smoothly and predictably.
  • Additives such as surface retention agents, which improve the retention of the composition on plant surfaces may be preferable.
  • SPRAY-MATETM surface retention agent manufactured by National Chelating Corp. (Orange, California)
  • SPRAY-MATETM surface retention agent contains 90%, by volume, glycol fatty acid and 10%, by volume, inert ingredients. The manufacturer directs the use of 10 drops of SPRAY-MATETM surface retention agent per gallon of plant life control composition, though less is preferred if sufficient control is possible given the weather conditions.
  • Mineral oil or like agents may also be added to the composition to improve retention on certain types of plants, such as woody plants. If mineral oil or like agents are used as an additive, either as a flow agent or a surface retention agent, it is preferred that it is mixed thoroughly with the composition. An additional additive may be used to ensure complete dispersion. In particular, an emulsifier may be added to prevent the mineral oil or like agents from separating from the composition. The amount of emulsifier required will depend on the amount of mineral oil in the composition and is preferred to be enough to ensure complete dispersion of the mineral oil or like agents.
  • compositions of the present invention may pose no risk of fire, either from ignition of dried plant life, or due to precursor residue remaining on the surface of plant life.
  • Additives which may reduce the flammability of the compound and materials to which it is applied are therefore desirable.
  • Fire retardant chemicals should, preferably, be non-toxic and inexpensive. For example, American Fire Retardant Corporation of Broussard, Louisiana produces flame retardant chemicals according to the method disclosed by Friloux in U.S. Patent No. 5,631 ,047 which may be suitable for use with the composition of the present invention.
  • more than one additive may preferably be added to the compositions.
  • a composition containing a drift control agent to ensure the composition stays within the target region, a surface retention agent, such as mineral oil or the like to improve retention on the plant surfaces, and an emulsifier to prevent the mineral oil or the like from separating from the composition.
  • compositions may be applied to plant life according to the invention in any conventional manner which contacts the desired plant life adequately.
  • aqueous plant life control compositions include spraying or pouring onto plants.
  • Compositions can also be applied by injection into the ground where they can contact the root structure of plants.
  • very controlled application can be accomplished, for example with a spray device adapted to provide a very narrow stream of the composition.
  • a wide applicator, or even an aerial application may be used.
  • the present composition may be removed from the exterior of the plant by conventional methods, after application and an effective retention period.
  • stabilized chlorine dioxide compositions of less than 0.1 PPM chlorine dioxide have been tested and found to be effective.
  • Removal of the composition from the plant's exterior may consist of any effective method of separating the composition from the plant life including conventional washing steps or wiping off the plant life. The washing may be done with water. Removal of the composition may occur a short period after the application of the composition onto the plant life. However, various contaminants may require longer treatment periods or compositions with higher concentrations of stabilized chlorine dioxide for effective cleaning.
  • OX1-15TM disinfectant a 15-16% acidified sodium chlorite, 1-3% sodium chloride, and 0-2% sodium chlorate composition, by volume, containing less than 0. 1 PPM chlorine dioxide, the balance water
  • Bio-Cide International, Inc. Bio-Cide International, Inc.
  • OX1-15TM disinfectant was blended with 2 1/2 drops of SPRAY-MATETM surface retention agent (National Chelating Corp.) per quart. This composition was sprayed on vegetation which had been heavily wetted with water sprinklers.
  • OXINE® disinfectant (a 3.35% acidified sodium chlorite composition, by weight, containing less than 0.1 PPM chlorine dioxide, the balance being water) (Bio-Cide International, Inc.) was sprayed on the plant life.
  • OXINE® disinfectant a 3.35% acidified sodium chlorite composition, by weight, containing less than 0.1 PPM chlorine dioxide, the balance being water
  • OXINE® disinfectant was blended with 3 drops of SPRAY-MATE® surface retention agent per quart. This composition was sprayed on water-wetted vegetation.
  • PROOXINE® and OX1-15® were evaluated PRE and POST in non-replicated greenhouse screens.
  • PROOXINE® 5% was applied PRE and POST at 20, 10, 6.6, 5.0, 3.3 and 2.5 kg/ha.
  • OX1-15 was applied PRE and POST at 60, 30, 20, 15, 10, and 7.5 kg/ha. All treatments were applied in water with 1 % v/v Sun- it II® (a multicomponent oil-surfactant system designed to maximize the performance of certain herbicides in post-emergence applications; manufactured by AGSCO, Inc., Brand Forks, ND) added to the spray solution.
  • Sun- it II® a multicomponent oil-surfactant system designed to maximize the performance of certain herbicides in post-emergence applications; manufactured by AGSCO, Inc., Brand Forks, ND
  • Treatments were applied with a laboratory belt sprayer calibrated to deliver 400 1/ha.
  • the soil used in PRE testing was piano silt loam with 2.8% organic matter and a pH of 7.2.
  • Growing media for the POST test was Metro Mix 350, a commercial mix containing no mineral soil. Visual ratings of weed control and crop injury were taken 17 days after treatment for PRE treatments and 14 days after treatment for POST treatments.
  • PROOXINE® failed to control any weeds in this test but did cause considerable injury to several weed and crop species (Table 1).
  • These weeds include Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Amaranthus rudis (common waterhemp), Ipomoea hederacea (ivyleaf morningglory) Stellaria media (common chickweed), and Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur).
  • Grass weed control was poor at this rate with only Setaria viridis (green foxtail) controlled 100%.
  • OX1-15 gave similar results to PROOXINE® when applied PRE or POST. Applied PRE it failed to control any weed species in this test but did cause considerable injury to some weeds and crops. Applied POST at 15 kg/ha it controlled six of seven broadleaf species but failed to control any of the grass weeds in this test.
  • POST plants were 7 to 21 days old (from planting) when sprayed. Grasses were in the 2 - 4 leaf stage and broadleaf weeds were in the 1 - 2 true leaf stage.
  • the spray volume was 50 gallons per acre (468 I/Ha). Rates of application (grams per hectare) varied depending on the concentration of chemical within each individual spray solution. Technical samples were dissolved in acetone. Formulations are suspended in water. All applications were made using a trolley belt sprayer. The test plants were placed on the belt inside the spray hood. Then the spray nozzle which is attached to the trolley, moves mechanically over the top of the plants. The spray nozzle delivers a flat fan spray pattern and is a typical nozzle used in herbicide field applications. The belt carries the plants out of the spray hood and into a drying chamber.
  • test plants were placed in a vented cabinet until dry, then placed in the greenhouse.
  • the POST tests were watered by sub-irrigation for a period of 48 hours so that the water does not-contact the foliage.
  • the trolley sprayer settings were as follows (50 (GPA) Gallons Per Acre or (468 L/Ha):
  • the materials were subjected to a multispecies screen, where they were evaluated for POST activity, and assayed for any potential PRE activity.
  • the POST screening was carried out on plants in a small stage of growth (1 to 2 leaf stage), and the materials were sprayed to run-off to insure complete coverage. Visual assessments of percent control were noted 14 days after post application and 21 days after PRE applications.
  • PROXINE® and OX1-15 were tested POST at full strength and at 4 subsequent rates derived by 1 : 1 serial dilutions with water. Based on the active ingredient the rates applied were: 50,000, 25,000, 12,500, 6250, and 3130 ppm (parts per million) of PROXINE®, and 150,000, 75,000, 37,500, 18,800 and 9,380 ppm of OX1-15. All treatments were sprayed to run off using a hand held Devilbiss atomizer.
  • PROXINE® and OX1-15 were tested PRE at full strength and at 4 subsequent rates derived by 1 : 1 serial dilutions with water. Based on the active ingredient and the area of the pot treated, the rates applied were: 125,000, 62,500, 31,250, 15,625 and 7812 g/ha (grams active per hectare) of PROXINE®, and 375,000, 187,500, 93,750, 46,875, and 23,438 g/ha of OX1-15. Application was made using a hand held syringe fitted with a hollow cone nozzle.
  • Percent weed control was evaluated visually on a 0-100 linear scale with 0 representing no control and 100 representing total control.
  • Percent crop injury was evaluated visually on a 0-100 linear scale with 0 representing no injury and 100 plant death.
  • These stabilized salts were characterized for control of 6 grass weeds, 9 broadleaf weeds and 1 sedge. Plants sprayed post emergence with high volumes of PROXINE® and OX1-15 exhibited herbicidal injury within two hours after application. Within 24 hours after application many of the plant species were dead. No crop selectivity was noted for either of the materials, however, grass crops were more tolerant of these stabilized salts than broadleaf crops.
  • OXI-15 provided broad- spectrum annual broadleaf weed control. Canada thistle,
  • CIRAR a perennial broadleaf weed was exhibiting regrowth of initial burndown from OXI-15 within 8 days after application. Regrowth of annual broadleaf weeds, CHEAL and EPHHL, as well as CIRAR was noted with ProOXINE.
  • POST grass weed control was variable for both OXI-15 and PROXINE®. Cool season grasses, ALOMY and AVEFA, were not well controlled even when treated full strength with these stabilized salts. The majority of the warm season grasses were well controlled with the higher rates of OXI-15, however, significant regrowth of ECHCG was observed at all rates tested. Overall, PROXINE® was less effective than OXI-15 but provided a similar spectrum of weed control.
  • Tomatoes, apples, pears and cucumbers which had been sprayed with pesticide and heavily waxed were obtained.
  • OXINE® disinfectant a 3.35% acidified sodium chlorite composition, by weight, containing less than 0.1 PPM chlorine dioxide, the balance being water
  • Bio-Cide International, Inc. Bio-Cide International, Inc.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition de régulation de végétaux contenant du dioxyde de chlore stabilisé. L'invention concerne également un procédé de régulation de végétaux ou d'élimination de contaminants dans des végétaux, consistant à mettre les végétaux en contact avec une composition contenant du dioxyde de chlore stabilisé. La composition de régulation de végétaux peut également contenir au moins un agent fluidifiant, au moins un agent de prévention de la dérive, au moins un agent de rétention de surface, au moins un agent ignifuge et des mélanges de ceux-ci. Ladite composition peut être appliquée sur la plante par pulvérisation ou introduction dans la terre à proximité des racines des végétaux.
PCT/US2000/031662 1999-11-19 2000-11-17 Composition de regulation de vegetaux WO2001035746A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/093,273 US20050272606A1 (en) 1999-11-19 2000-11-17 Plant life control composition
AU16205/01A AU1620501A (en) 1999-11-19 2000-11-17 Plant life control composition

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16655999P 1999-11-19 1999-11-19
US60/166,559 1999-11-19

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/093,273 Continuation US8588751B2 (en) 2005-11-16 2005-11-16 Extending WLAN signalling

Publications (1)

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WO2001035746A1 true WO2001035746A1 (fr) 2001-05-25

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PCT/US2000/031662 WO2001035746A1 (fr) 1999-11-19 2000-11-17 Composition de regulation de vegetaux

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US (1) US20050272606A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU1620501A (fr)
WO (1) WO2001035746A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2741612A1 (fr) * 2011-08-12 2014-06-18 Herbanatur Inc. Procédé de lutte contre la dissémination des mauvaises herbes
US8992831B2 (en) 2009-09-25 2015-03-31 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Stabilized chlorine dioxide to preserve carbohydrate feedstocks
US9452229B2 (en) 2005-06-10 2016-09-27 Albemarle Corporation Highly concentrated, biocidally active compositions and aqueous mixtures and methods of making the same
WO2018146566A1 (fr) * 2017-02-11 2018-08-16 Upl Ltd Composition liquide et procédé correspondant

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US7383423B1 (en) * 2004-10-01 2008-06-03 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Shared resources in a chip multiprocessor
US8563046B2 (en) * 2007-08-23 2013-10-22 Dharma IP, LLC Compositions, systems, and/or methods involving chlorine dioxide (“ClO2”)
MX2010012967A (es) * 2008-05-30 2011-05-25 Ken Harrison Sistemas, metodos y composiciones que incluyen dioxido de cloro y zeolita.
GB2499137A (en) * 2010-10-20 2013-08-07 Dharma Ip Llc Systems, devices, and/or methods for managing crops

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9452229B2 (en) 2005-06-10 2016-09-27 Albemarle Corporation Highly concentrated, biocidally active compositions and aqueous mixtures and methods of making the same
US8992831B2 (en) 2009-09-25 2015-03-31 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Stabilized chlorine dioxide to preserve carbohydrate feedstocks
US9504710B2 (en) 2009-09-25 2016-11-29 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Stabilized chlorine dioxide to preserve carbohydrate feedstocks
EP2741612A1 (fr) * 2011-08-12 2014-06-18 Herbanatur Inc. Procédé de lutte contre la dissémination des mauvaises herbes
EP2741612A4 (fr) * 2011-08-12 2015-01-21 Herbanatur Inc Procédé de lutte contre la dissémination des mauvaises herbes
WO2018146566A1 (fr) * 2017-02-11 2018-08-16 Upl Ltd Composition liquide et procédé correspondant
KR20190116980A (ko) * 2017-02-11 2019-10-15 유피엘 리미티드 액체 조성물 및 이의 공정
US11219219B2 (en) 2017-02-11 2022-01-11 Upl Ltd. Liquid composition and process thereof
KR102375187B1 (ko) 2017-02-11 2022-03-15 유피엘 리미티드 액체 조성물 및 이의 공정

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US20050272606A1 (en) 2005-12-08

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